6 *************************
7 The Very High Level Layer
8 *************************
10 The functions in this chapter will let you execute Python source code given in a
11 file or a buffer, but they will not let you interact in a more detailed way with
14 Several of these functions accept a start symbol from the grammar as a
15 parameter. The available start symbols are :const:`Py_eval_input`,
16 :const:`Py_file_input`, and :const:`Py_single_input`. These are described
17 following the functions which accept them as parameters.
19 Note also that several of these functions take :ctype:`FILE\*` parameters. One
20 particular issue which needs to be handled carefully is that the :ctype:`FILE`
21 structure for different C libraries can be different and incompatible. Under
22 Windows (at least), it is possible for dynamically linked extensions to actually
23 use different libraries, so care should be taken that :ctype:`FILE\*` parameters
24 are only passed to these functions if it is certain that they were created by
25 the same library that the Python runtime is using.
28 .. cfunction:: int Py_Main(int argc, char **argv)
30 The main program for the standard interpreter. This is made available for
31 programs which embed Python. The *argc* and *argv* parameters should be
32 prepared exactly as those which are passed to a C program's :cfunc:`main`
33 function. It is important to note that the argument list may be modified (but
34 the contents of the strings pointed to by the argument list are not). The return
35 value will be the integer passed to the :func:`sys.exit` function, ``1`` if the
36 interpreter exits due to an exception, or ``2`` if the parameter list does not
37 represent a valid Python command line.
39 Note that if an otherwise unhandled :exc:`SystemError` is raised, this
40 function will not return ``1``, but exit the process, as long as
41 ``Py_InspectFlag`` is not set.
44 .. cfunction:: int PyRun_AnyFile(FILE *fp, const char *filename)
46 This is a simplified interface to :cfunc:`PyRun_AnyFileExFlags` below, leaving
47 *closeit* set to ``0`` and *flags* set to *NULL*.
50 .. cfunction:: int PyRun_AnyFileFlags(FILE *fp, const char *filename, PyCompilerFlags *flags)
52 This is a simplified interface to :cfunc:`PyRun_AnyFileExFlags` below, leaving
53 the *closeit* argument set to ``0``.
56 .. cfunction:: int PyRun_AnyFileEx(FILE *fp, const char *filename, int closeit)
58 This is a simplified interface to :cfunc:`PyRun_AnyFileExFlags` below, leaving
59 the *flags* argument set to *NULL*.
62 .. cfunction:: int PyRun_AnyFileExFlags(FILE *fp, const char *filename, int closeit, PyCompilerFlags *flags)
64 If *fp* refers to a file associated with an interactive device (console or
65 terminal input or Unix pseudo-terminal), return the value of
66 :cfunc:`PyRun_InteractiveLoop`, otherwise return the result of
67 :cfunc:`PyRun_SimpleFile`. If *filename* is *NULL*, this function uses
68 ``"???"`` as the filename.
71 .. cfunction:: int PyRun_SimpleString(const char *command)
73 This is a simplified interface to :cfunc:`PyRun_SimpleStringFlags` below,
74 leaving the *PyCompilerFlags\** argument set to NULL.
77 .. cfunction:: int PyRun_SimpleStringFlags(const char *command, PyCompilerFlags *flags)
79 Executes the Python source code from *command* in the :mod:`__main__` module
80 according to the *flags* argument. If :mod:`__main__` does not already exist, it
81 is created. Returns ``0`` on success or ``-1`` if an exception was raised. If
82 there was an error, there is no way to get the exception information. For the
83 meaning of *flags*, see below.
85 Note that if an otherwise unhandled :exc:`SystemError` is raised, this
86 function will not return ``-1``, but exit the process, as long as
87 ``Py_InspectFlag`` is not set.
90 .. cfunction:: int PyRun_SimpleFile(FILE *fp, const char *filename)
92 This is a simplified interface to :cfunc:`PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags` below,
93 leaving *closeit* set to ``0`` and *flags* set to *NULL*.
96 .. cfunction:: int PyRun_SimpleFileFlags(FILE *fp, const char *filename, PyCompilerFlags *flags)
98 This is a simplified interface to :cfunc:`PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags` below,
99 leaving *closeit* set to ``0``.
102 .. cfunction:: int PyRun_SimpleFileEx(FILE *fp, const char *filename, int closeit)
104 This is a simplified interface to :cfunc:`PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags` below,
105 leaving *flags* set to *NULL*.
108 .. cfunction:: int PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags(FILE *fp, const char *filename, int closeit, PyCompilerFlags *flags)
110 Similar to :cfunc:`PyRun_SimpleStringFlags`, but the Python source code is read
111 from *fp* instead of an in-memory string. *filename* should be the name of the
112 file. If *closeit* is true, the file is closed before PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags
116 .. cfunction:: int PyRun_InteractiveOne(FILE *fp, const char *filename)
118 This is a simplified interface to :cfunc:`PyRun_InteractiveOneFlags` below,
119 leaving *flags* set to *NULL*.
122 .. cfunction:: int PyRun_InteractiveOneFlags(FILE *fp, const char *filename, PyCompilerFlags *flags)
124 Read and execute a single statement from a file associated with an interactive
125 device according to the *flags* argument. If *filename* is *NULL*, ``"???"`` is
126 used instead. The user will be prompted using ``sys.ps1`` and ``sys.ps2``.
127 Returns ``0`` when the input was executed successfully, ``-1`` if there was an
128 exception, or an error code from the :file:`errcode.h` include file distributed
129 as part of Python if there was a parse error. (Note that :file:`errcode.h` is
130 not included by :file:`Python.h`, so must be included specifically if needed.)
133 .. cfunction:: int PyRun_InteractiveLoop(FILE *fp, const char *filename)
135 This is a simplified interface to :cfunc:`PyRun_InteractiveLoopFlags` below,
136 leaving *flags* set to *NULL*.
139 .. cfunction:: int PyRun_InteractiveLoopFlags(FILE *fp, const char *filename, PyCompilerFlags *flags)
141 Read and execute statements from a file associated with an interactive device
142 until EOF is reached. If *filename* is *NULL*, ``"???"`` is used instead. The
143 user will be prompted using ``sys.ps1`` and ``sys.ps2``. Returns ``0`` at EOF.
146 .. cfunction:: struct _node* PyParser_SimpleParseString(const char *str, int start)
148 This is a simplified interface to
149 :cfunc:`PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlagsFilename` below, leaving *filename* set
150 to *NULL* and *flags* set to ``0``.
153 .. cfunction:: struct _node* PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlags( const char *str, int start, int flags)
155 This is a simplified interface to
156 :cfunc:`PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlagsFilename` below, leaving *filename* set
160 .. cfunction:: struct _node* PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlagsFilename( const char *str, const char *filename, int start, int flags)
162 Parse Python source code from *str* using the start token *start* according to
163 the *flags* argument. The result can be used to create a code object which can
164 be evaluated efficiently. This is useful if a code fragment must be evaluated
168 .. cfunction:: struct _node* PyParser_SimpleParseFile(FILE *fp, const char *filename, int start)
170 This is a simplified interface to :cfunc:`PyParser_SimpleParseFileFlags` below,
171 leaving *flags* set to ``0``
174 .. cfunction:: struct _node* PyParser_SimpleParseFileFlags(FILE *fp, const char *filename, int start, int flags)
176 Similar to :cfunc:`PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlagsFilename`, but the Python
177 source code is read from *fp* instead of an in-memory string.
180 .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyRun_String(const char *str, int start, PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals)
182 This is a simplified interface to :cfunc:`PyRun_StringFlags` below, leaving
183 *flags* set to *NULL*.
186 .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyRun_StringFlags(const char *str, int start, PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals, PyCompilerFlags *flags)
188 Execute Python source code from *str* in the context specified by the
189 dictionaries *globals* and *locals* with the compiler flags specified by
190 *flags*. The parameter *start* specifies the start token that should be used to
191 parse the source code.
193 Returns the result of executing the code as a Python object, or *NULL* if an
194 exception was raised.
197 .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyRun_File(FILE *fp, const char *filename, int start, PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals)
199 This is a simplified interface to :cfunc:`PyRun_FileExFlags` below, leaving
200 *closeit* set to ``0`` and *flags* set to *NULL*.
203 .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyRun_FileEx(FILE *fp, const char *filename, int start, PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals, int closeit)
205 This is a simplified interface to :cfunc:`PyRun_FileExFlags` below, leaving
206 *flags* set to *NULL*.
209 .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyRun_FileFlags(FILE *fp, const char *filename, int start, PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals, PyCompilerFlags *flags)
211 This is a simplified interface to :cfunc:`PyRun_FileExFlags` below, leaving
212 *closeit* set to ``0``.
215 .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyRun_FileExFlags(FILE *fp, const char *filename, int start, PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals, int closeit, PyCompilerFlags *flags)
217 Similar to :cfunc:`PyRun_StringFlags`, but the Python source code is read from
218 *fp* instead of an in-memory string. *filename* should be the name of the file.
219 If *closeit* is true, the file is closed before :cfunc:`PyRun_FileExFlags`
223 .. cfunction:: PyObject* Py_CompileString(const char *str, const char *filename, int start)
225 This is a simplified interface to :cfunc:`Py_CompileStringFlags` below, leaving
226 *flags* set to *NULL*.
229 .. cfunction:: PyObject* Py_CompileStringFlags(const char *str, const char *filename, int start, PyCompilerFlags *flags)
231 Parse and compile the Python source code in *str*, returning the resulting code
232 object. The start token is given by *start*; this can be used to constrain the
233 code which can be compiled and should be :const:`Py_eval_input`,
234 :const:`Py_file_input`, or :const:`Py_single_input`. The filename specified by
235 *filename* is used to construct the code object and may appear in tracebacks or
236 :exc:`SyntaxError` exception messages. This returns *NULL* if the code cannot
237 be parsed or compiled.
240 .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyEval_EvalCode(PyCodeObject *co, PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals)
242 This is a simplified interface to :cfunc:`PyEval_EvalCodeEx`, with just
243 the code object, and the dictionaries of global and local variables.
244 The other arguments are set to *NULL*.
247 .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyEval_EvalCodeEx(PyCodeObject *co, PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals, PyObject **args, int argcount, PyObject **kws, int kwcount, PyObject **defs, int defcount, PyObject *closure)
249 Evaluate a precompiled code object, given a particular environment for its
250 evaluation. This environment consists of dictionaries of global and local
251 variables, arrays of arguments, keywords and defaults, and a closure tuple of
255 .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyEval_EvalFrame(PyFrameObject *f)
257 Evaluate an execution frame. This is a simplified interface to
258 PyEval_EvalFrameEx, for backward compatibility.
261 .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyEval_EvalFrameEx(PyFrameObject *f, int throwflag)
263 This is the main, unvarnished function of Python interpretation. It is
264 literally 2000 lines long. The code object associated with the execution
265 frame *f* is executed, interpreting bytecode and executing calls as needed.
266 The additional *throwflag* parameter can mostly be ignored - if true, then
267 it causes an exception to immediately be thrown; this is used for the
268 :meth:`throw` methods of generator objects.
271 .. cfunction:: int PyEval_MergeCompilerFlags(PyCompilerFlags *cf)
273 This function changes the flags of the current evaluation frame, and returns
274 true on success, false on failure.
277 .. cvar:: int Py_eval_input
279 .. index:: single: Py_CompileString()
281 The start symbol from the Python grammar for isolated expressions; for use with
282 :cfunc:`Py_CompileString`.
285 .. cvar:: int Py_file_input
287 .. index:: single: Py_CompileString()
289 The start symbol from the Python grammar for sequences of statements as read
290 from a file or other source; for use with :cfunc:`Py_CompileString`. This is
291 the symbol to use when compiling arbitrarily long Python source code.
294 .. cvar:: int Py_single_input
296 .. index:: single: Py_CompileString()
298 The start symbol from the Python grammar for a single statement; for use with
299 :cfunc:`Py_CompileString`. This is the symbol used for the interactive
303 .. ctype:: struct PyCompilerFlags
305 This is the structure used to hold compiler flags. In cases where code is only
306 being compiled, it is passed as ``int flags``, and in cases where code is being
307 executed, it is passed as ``PyCompilerFlags *flags``. In this case, ``from
308 __future__ import`` can modify *flags*.
310 Whenever ``PyCompilerFlags *flags`` is *NULL*, :attr:`cf_flags` is treated as
311 equal to ``0``, and any modification due to ``from __future__ import`` is
314 struct PyCompilerFlags {
319 .. cvar:: int CO_FUTURE_DIVISION
321 This bit can be set in *flags* to cause division operator ``/`` to be
322 interpreted as "true division" according to :pep:`238`.