5 Common Object Structures
6 ========================
8 There are a large number of structures which are used in the definition of
9 object types for Python. This section describes these structures and how they
12 All Python objects ultimately share a small number of fields at the beginning
13 of the object's representation in memory. These are represented by the
14 :ctype:`PyObject` and :ctype:`PyVarObject` types, which are defined, in turn,
15 by the expansions of some macros also used, whether directly or indirectly, in
16 the definition of all other Python objects.
21 All object types are extensions of this type. This is a type which
22 contains the information Python needs to treat a pointer to an object as an
23 object. In a normal "release" build, it contains only the object's
24 reference count and a pointer to the corresponding type object. It
25 corresponds to the fields defined by the expansion of the ``PyObject_HEAD``
29 .. ctype:: PyVarObject
31 This is an extension of :ctype:`PyObject` that adds the :attr:`ob_size`
32 field. This is only used for objects that have some notion of *length*.
33 This type does not often appear in the Python/C API. It corresponds to the
34 fields defined by the expansion of the ``PyObject_VAR_HEAD`` macro.
36 These macros are used in the definition of :ctype:`PyObject` and
40 .. cmacro:: PyObject_HEAD
42 This is a macro which expands to the declarations of the fields of the
43 :ctype:`PyObject` type; it is used when declaring new types which represent
44 objects without a varying length. The specific fields it expands to depend
45 on the definition of :cmacro:`Py_TRACE_REFS`. By default, that macro is
46 not defined, and :cmacro:`PyObject_HEAD` expands to::
49 PyTypeObject *ob_type;
51 When :cmacro:`Py_TRACE_REFS` is defined, it expands to::
53 PyObject *_ob_next, *_ob_prev;
55 PyTypeObject *ob_type;
58 .. cmacro:: PyObject_VAR_HEAD
60 This is a macro which expands to the declarations of the fields of the
61 :ctype:`PyVarObject` type; it is used when declaring new types which
62 represent objects with a length that varies from instance to instance.
63 This macro always expands to::
68 Note that :cmacro:`PyObject_HEAD` is part of the expansion, and that its own
69 expansion varies depending on the definition of :cmacro:`Py_TRACE_REFS`.
72 .. cmacro:: PyObject_HEAD_INIT(type)
74 This is a macro which expands to initialization values for a new
75 :ctype:`PyObject` type. This macro expands to::
81 .. cmacro:: PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(type, size)
83 This is a macro which expands to initialization values for a new
84 :ctype:`PyVarObject` type, including the :attr:`ob_size` field.
85 This macro expands to::
91 .. ctype:: PyCFunction
93 Type of the functions used to implement most Python callables in C.
94 Functions of this type take two :ctype:`PyObject\*` parameters and return
95 one such value. If the return value is *NULL*, an exception shall have
96 been set. If not *NULL*, the return value is interpreted as the return
97 value of the function as exposed in Python. The function must return a new
101 .. ctype:: PyMethodDef
103 Structure used to describe a method of an extension type. This structure has
106 +------------------+-------------+-------------------------------+
107 | Field | C Type | Meaning |
108 +==================+=============+===============================+
109 | :attr:`ml_name` | char \* | name of the method |
110 +------------------+-------------+-------------------------------+
111 | :attr:`ml_meth` | PyCFunction | pointer to the C |
112 | | | implementation |
113 +------------------+-------------+-------------------------------+
114 | :attr:`ml_flags` | int | flag bits indicating how the |
115 | | | call should be constructed |
116 +------------------+-------------+-------------------------------+
117 | :attr:`ml_doc` | char \* | points to the contents of the |
119 +------------------+-------------+-------------------------------+
121 The :attr:`ml_meth` is a C function pointer. The functions may be of different
122 types, but they always return :ctype:`PyObject\*`. If the function is not of
123 the :ctype:`PyCFunction`, the compiler will require a cast in the method table.
124 Even though :ctype:`PyCFunction` defines the first parameter as
125 :ctype:`PyObject\*`, it is common that the method implementation uses a the
126 specific C type of the *self* object.
128 The :attr:`ml_flags` field is a bitfield which can include the following flags.
129 The individual flags indicate either a calling convention or a binding
130 convention. Of the calling convention flags, only :const:`METH_VARARGS` and
131 :const:`METH_KEYWORDS` can be combined (but note that :const:`METH_KEYWORDS`
132 alone is equivalent to ``METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS``). Any of the calling
133 convention flags can be combined with a binding flag.
136 .. data:: METH_VARARGS
138 This is the typical calling convention, where the methods have the type
139 :ctype:`PyCFunction`. The function expects two :ctype:`PyObject\*` values.
140 The first one is the *self* object for methods; for module functions, it
141 has the value given to :cfunc:`Py_InitModule4` (or *NULL* if
142 :cfunc:`Py_InitModule` was used). The second parameter (often called
143 *args*) is a tuple object representing all arguments. This parameter is
144 typically processed using :cfunc:`PyArg_ParseTuple` or
145 :cfunc:`PyArg_UnpackTuple`.
148 .. data:: METH_KEYWORDS
150 Methods with these flags must be of type :ctype:`PyCFunctionWithKeywords`.
151 The function expects three parameters: *self*, *args*, and a dictionary of
152 all the keyword arguments. The flag is typically combined with
153 :const:`METH_VARARGS`, and the parameters are typically processed using
154 :cfunc:`PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords`.
157 .. data:: METH_NOARGS
159 Methods without parameters don't need to check whether arguments are given if
160 they are listed with the :const:`METH_NOARGS` flag. They need to be of type
161 :ctype:`PyCFunction`. When used with object methods, the first parameter is
162 typically named ``self`` and will hold a reference to the object instance.
163 In all cases the second parameter will be *NULL*.
168 Methods with a single object argument can be listed with the :const:`METH_O`
169 flag, instead of invoking :cfunc:`PyArg_ParseTuple` with a ``"O"`` argument.
170 They have the type :ctype:`PyCFunction`, with the *self* parameter, and a
171 :ctype:`PyObject\*` parameter representing the single argument.
174 .. data:: METH_OLDARGS
176 This calling convention is deprecated. The method must be of type
177 :ctype:`PyCFunction`. The second argument is *NULL* if no arguments are
178 given, a single object if exactly one argument is given, and a tuple of
179 objects if more than one argument is given. There is no way for a function
180 using this convention to distinguish between a call with multiple arguments
181 and a call with a tuple as the only argument.
183 These two constants are not used to indicate the calling convention but the
184 binding when use with methods of classes. These may not be used for functions
185 defined for modules. At most one of these flags may be set for any given
191 .. index:: builtin: classmethod
193 The method will be passed the type object as the first parameter rather
194 than an instance of the type. This is used to create *class methods*,
195 similar to what is created when using the :func:`classmethod` built-in
198 .. versionadded:: 2.3
201 .. data:: METH_STATIC
203 .. index:: builtin: staticmethod
205 The method will be passed *NULL* as the first parameter rather than an
206 instance of the type. This is used to create *static methods*, similar to
207 what is created when using the :func:`staticmethod` built-in function.
209 .. versionadded:: 2.3
211 One other constant controls whether a method is loaded in place of another
212 definition with the same method name.
215 .. data:: METH_COEXIST
217 The method will be loaded in place of existing definitions. Without
218 *METH_COEXIST*, the default is to skip repeated definitions. Since slot
219 wrappers are loaded before the method table, the existence of a
220 *sq_contains* slot, for example, would generate a wrapped method named
221 :meth:`__contains__` and preclude the loading of a corresponding
222 PyCFunction with the same name. With the flag defined, the PyCFunction
223 will be loaded in place of the wrapper object and will co-exist with the
224 slot. This is helpful because calls to PyCFunctions are optimized more
225 than wrapper object calls.
227 .. versionadded:: 2.4
230 .. ctype:: PyMemberDef
232 Structure which describes an attribute of a type which corresponds to a C
233 struct member. Its fields are:
235 +------------------+-------------+-------------------------------+
236 | Field | C Type | Meaning |
237 +==================+=============+===============================+
238 | :attr:`name` | char \* | name of the member |
239 +------------------+-------------+-------------------------------+
240 | :attr:`type` | int | the type of the member in the |
242 +------------------+-------------+-------------------------------+
243 | :attr:`offset` | Py_ssize_t | the offset in bytes that the |
244 | | | member is located on the |
245 | | | type's object struct |
246 +------------------+-------------+-------------------------------+
247 | :attr:`flags` | int | flag bits indicating if the |
248 | | | field should be read-only or |
250 +------------------+-------------+-------------------------------+
251 | :attr:`doc` | char \* | points to the contents of the |
253 +------------------+-------------+-------------------------------+
255 :attr:`type` can be one of many ``T_`` macros corresponding to various C
256 types. When the member is accessed in Python, it will be converted to the
257 equivalent Python type.
259 =============== ==================
261 =============== ==================
269 T_OBJECT_EX PyObject \*
272 T_UBYTE unsigned char
274 T_USHORT unsigned short
275 T_ULONG unsigned long
278 T_ULONGLONG unsigned long long
279 T_PYSSIZET Py_ssize_t
280 =============== ==================
282 :cmacro:`T_OBJECT` and :cmacro:`T_OBJECT_EX` differ in that
283 :cmacro:`T_OBJECT` returns ``None`` if the member is *NULL* and
284 :cmacro:`T_OBJECT_EX` raises an :exc:`AttributeError`.
286 :attr:`flags` can be 0 for write and read access or :cmacro:`READONLY` for
287 read-only access. Using :cmacro:`T_STRING` for :attr:`type` implies
288 :cmacro:`READONLY`. Only :cmacro:`T_OBJECT` and :cmacro:`T_OBJECT_EX`
289 members can be deleted. (They are set to *NULL*).
292 .. cfunction:: PyObject* Py_FindMethod(PyMethodDef table[], PyObject *ob, char *name)
294 Return a bound method object for an extension type implemented in C. This
295 can be useful in the implementation of a :attr:`tp_getattro` or
296 :attr:`tp_getattr` handler that does not use the
297 :cfunc:`PyObject_GenericGetAttr` function.