10 The functions described in this chapter will let you handle and raise Python
11 exceptions. It is important to understand some of the basics of Python
12 exception handling. It works somewhat like the Unix :cdata:`errno` variable:
13 there is a global indicator (per thread) of the last error that occurred. Most
14 functions don't clear this on success, but will set it to indicate the cause of
15 the error on failure. Most functions also return an error indicator, usually
16 *NULL* if they are supposed to return a pointer, or ``-1`` if they return an
17 integer (exception: the :cfunc:`PyArg_\*` functions return ``1`` for success and
20 When a function must fail because some function it called failed, it generally
21 doesn't set the error indicator; the function it called already set it. It is
22 responsible for either handling the error and clearing the exception or
23 returning after cleaning up any resources it holds (such as object references or
24 memory allocations); it should *not* continue normally if it is not prepared to
25 handle the error. If returning due to an error, it is important to indicate to
26 the caller that an error has been set. If the error is not handled or carefully
27 propagated, additional calls into the Python/C API may not behave as intended
28 and may fail in mysterious ways.
31 single: exc_type (in module sys)
32 single: exc_value (in module sys)
33 single: exc_traceback (in module sys)
35 The error indicator consists of three Python objects corresponding to the
36 Python variables ``sys.exc_type``, ``sys.exc_value`` and ``sys.exc_traceback``.
37 API functions exist to interact with the error indicator in various ways. There
38 is a separate error indicator for each thread.
40 .. XXX Order of these should be more thoughtful.
41 Either alphabetical or some kind of structure.
44 .. cfunction:: void PyErr_PrintEx(int set_sys_last_vars)
46 Print a standard traceback to ``sys.stderr`` and clear the error indicator.
47 Call this function only when the error indicator is set. (Otherwise it will
50 If *set_sys_last_vars* is nonzero, the variables :data:`sys.last_type`,
51 :data:`sys.last_value` and :data:`sys.last_traceback` will be set to the
52 type, value and traceback of the printed exception, respectively.
55 .. cfunction:: void PyErr_Print()
57 Alias for ``PyErr_PrintEx(1)``.
60 .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyErr_Occurred()
62 Test whether the error indicator is set. If set, return the exception *type*
63 (the first argument to the last call to one of the :cfunc:`PyErr_Set\*`
64 functions or to :cfunc:`PyErr_Restore`). If not set, return *NULL*. You do not
65 own a reference to the return value, so you do not need to :cfunc:`Py_DECREF`
70 Do not compare the return value to a specific exception; use
71 :cfunc:`PyErr_ExceptionMatches` instead, shown below. (The comparison could
72 easily fail since the exception may be an instance instead of a class, in the
73 case of a class exception, or it may the a subclass of the expected exception.)
76 .. cfunction:: int PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyObject *exc)
78 Equivalent to ``PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(PyErr_Occurred(), exc)``. This
79 should only be called when an exception is actually set; a memory access
80 violation will occur if no exception has been raised.
83 .. cfunction:: int PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(PyObject *given, PyObject *exc)
85 Return true if the *given* exception matches the exception in *exc*. If
86 *exc* is a class object, this also returns true when *given* is an instance
87 of a subclass. If *exc* is a tuple, all exceptions in the tuple (and
88 recursively in subtuples) are searched for a match.
91 .. cfunction:: void PyErr_NormalizeException(PyObject**exc, PyObject**val, PyObject**tb)
93 Under certain circumstances, the values returned by :cfunc:`PyErr_Fetch` below
94 can be "unnormalized", meaning that ``*exc`` is a class object but ``*val`` is
95 not an instance of the same class. This function can be used to instantiate
96 the class in that case. If the values are already normalized, nothing happens.
97 The delayed normalization is implemented to improve performance.
100 .. cfunction:: void PyErr_Clear()
102 Clear the error indicator. If the error indicator is not set, there is no
106 .. cfunction:: void PyErr_Fetch(PyObject **ptype, PyObject **pvalue, PyObject **ptraceback)
108 Retrieve the error indicator into three variables whose addresses are passed.
109 If the error indicator is not set, set all three variables to *NULL*. If it is
110 set, it will be cleared and you own a reference to each object retrieved. The
111 value and traceback object may be *NULL* even when the type object is not.
115 This function is normally only used by code that needs to handle exceptions or
116 by code that needs to save and restore the error indicator temporarily.
119 .. cfunction:: void PyErr_Restore(PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *traceback)
121 Set the error indicator from the three objects. If the error indicator is
122 already set, it is cleared first. If the objects are *NULL*, the error
123 indicator is cleared. Do not pass a *NULL* type and non-*NULL* value or
124 traceback. The exception type should be a class. Do not pass an invalid
125 exception type or value. (Violating these rules will cause subtle problems
126 later.) This call takes away a reference to each object: you must own a
127 reference to each object before the call and after the call you no longer own
128 these references. (If you don't understand this, don't use this function. I
133 This function is normally only used by code that needs to save and restore the
134 error indicator temporarily; use :cfunc:`PyErr_Fetch` to save the current
138 .. cfunction:: void PyErr_SetString(PyObject *type, const char *message)
140 This is the most common way to set the error indicator. The first argument
141 specifies the exception type; it is normally one of the standard exceptions,
142 e.g. :cdata:`PyExc_RuntimeError`. You need not increment its reference count.
143 The second argument is an error message; it is converted to a string object.
146 .. cfunction:: void PyErr_SetObject(PyObject *type, PyObject *value)
148 This function is similar to :cfunc:`PyErr_SetString` but lets you specify an
149 arbitrary Python object for the "value" of the exception.
152 .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyErr_Format(PyObject *exception, const char *format, ...)
154 This function sets the error indicator and returns *NULL*. *exception* should be
155 a Python exception (class, not an instance). *format* should be a string,
156 containing format codes, similar to :cfunc:`printf`. The ``width.precision``
157 before a format code is parsed, but the width part is ignored.
159 .. % This should be exactly the same as the table in PyString_FromFormat.
160 .. % One should just refer to the other.
161 .. % The descriptions for %zd and %zu are wrong, but the truth is complicated
162 .. % because not all compilers support the %z width modifier -- we fake it
163 .. % when necessary via interpolating PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T.
164 .. % %u, %lu, %zu should have "new in Python 2.5" blurbs.
166 +-------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
167 | Format Characters | Type | Comment |
168 +===================+===============+================================+
169 | :attr:`%%` | *n/a* | The literal % character. |
170 +-------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
171 | :attr:`%c` | int | A single character, |
172 | | | represented as an C int. |
173 +-------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
174 | :attr:`%d` | int | Exactly equivalent to |
175 | | | ``printf("%d")``. |
176 +-------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
177 | :attr:`%u` | unsigned int | Exactly equivalent to |
178 | | | ``printf("%u")``. |
179 +-------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
180 | :attr:`%ld` | long | Exactly equivalent to |
181 | | | ``printf("%ld")``. |
182 +-------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
183 | :attr:`%lu` | unsigned long | Exactly equivalent to |
184 | | | ``printf("%lu")``. |
185 +-------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
186 | :attr:`%zd` | Py_ssize_t | Exactly equivalent to |
187 | | | ``printf("%zd")``. |
188 +-------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
189 | :attr:`%zu` | size_t | Exactly equivalent to |
190 | | | ``printf("%zu")``. |
191 +-------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
192 | :attr:`%i` | int | Exactly equivalent to |
193 | | | ``printf("%i")``. |
194 +-------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
195 | :attr:`%x` | int | Exactly equivalent to |
196 | | | ``printf("%x")``. |
197 +-------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
198 | :attr:`%s` | char\* | A null-terminated C character |
200 +-------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
201 | :attr:`%p` | void\* | The hex representation of a C |
202 | | | pointer. Mostly equivalent to |
203 | | | ``printf("%p")`` except that |
204 | | | it is guaranteed to start with |
205 | | | the literal ``0x`` regardless |
206 | | | of what the platform's |
207 | | | ``printf`` yields. |
208 +-------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
210 An unrecognized format character causes all the rest of the format string to be
211 copied as-is to the result string, and any extra arguments discarded.
214 .. cfunction:: void PyErr_SetNone(PyObject *type)
216 This is a shorthand for ``PyErr_SetObject(type, Py_None)``.
219 .. cfunction:: int PyErr_BadArgument()
221 This is a shorthand for ``PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, message)``, where
222 *message* indicates that a built-in operation was invoked with an illegal
223 argument. It is mostly for internal use.
226 .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyErr_NoMemory()
228 This is a shorthand for ``PyErr_SetNone(PyExc_MemoryError)``; it returns *NULL*
229 so an object allocation function can write ``return PyErr_NoMemory();`` when it
233 .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyObject *type)
235 .. index:: single: strerror()
237 This is a convenience function to raise an exception when a C library function
238 has returned an error and set the C variable :cdata:`errno`. It constructs a
239 tuple object whose first item is the integer :cdata:`errno` value and whose
240 second item is the corresponding error message (gotten from :cfunc:`strerror`),
241 and then calls ``PyErr_SetObject(type, object)``. On Unix, when the
242 :cdata:`errno` value is :const:`EINTR`, indicating an interrupted system call,
243 this calls :cfunc:`PyErr_CheckSignals`, and if that set the error indicator,
244 leaves it set to that. The function always returns *NULL*, so a wrapper
245 function around a system call can write ``return PyErr_SetFromErrno(type);``
246 when the system call returns an error.
249 .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilename(PyObject *type, const char *filename)
251 Similar to :cfunc:`PyErr_SetFromErrno`, with the additional behavior that if
252 *filename* is not *NULL*, it is passed to the constructor of *type* as a third
253 parameter. In the case of exceptions such as :exc:`IOError` and :exc:`OSError`,
254 this is used to define the :attr:`filename` attribute of the exception instance.
257 .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(int ierr)
259 This is a convenience function to raise :exc:`WindowsError`. If called with
260 *ierr* of :cdata:`0`, the error code returned by a call to :cfunc:`GetLastError`
261 is used instead. It calls the Win32 function :cfunc:`FormatMessage` to retrieve
262 the Windows description of error code given by *ierr* or :cfunc:`GetLastError`,
263 then it constructs a tuple object whose first item is the *ierr* value and whose
264 second item is the corresponding error message (gotten from
265 :cfunc:`FormatMessage`), and then calls ``PyErr_SetObject(PyExc_WindowsError,
266 object)``. This function always returns *NULL*. Availability: Windows.
269 .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyErr_SetExcFromWindowsErr(PyObject *type, int ierr)
271 Similar to :cfunc:`PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr`, with an additional parameter
272 specifying the exception type to be raised. Availability: Windows.
274 .. versionadded:: 2.3
277 .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyErr_SetFromWindowsErrWithFilename(int ierr, const char *filename)
279 Similar to :cfunc:`PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr`, with the additional behavior that
280 if *filename* is not *NULL*, it is passed to the constructor of
281 :exc:`WindowsError` as a third parameter. Availability: Windows.
284 .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyErr_SetExcFromWindowsErrWithFilename(PyObject *type, int ierr, char *filename)
286 Similar to :cfunc:`PyErr_SetFromWindowsErrWithFilename`, with an additional
287 parameter specifying the exception type to be raised. Availability: Windows.
289 .. versionadded:: 2.3
292 .. cfunction:: void PyErr_BadInternalCall()
294 This is a shorthand for ``PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError, message)``,
295 where *message* indicates that an internal operation (e.g. a Python/C API
296 function) was invoked with an illegal argument. It is mostly for internal
300 .. cfunction:: int PyErr_WarnEx(PyObject *category, char *message, int stacklevel)
302 Issue a warning message. The *category* argument is a warning category (see
303 below) or *NULL*; the *message* argument is a message string. *stacklevel* is a
304 positive number giving a number of stack frames; the warning will be issued from
305 the currently executing line of code in that stack frame. A *stacklevel* of 1
306 is the function calling :cfunc:`PyErr_WarnEx`, 2 is the function above that,
309 This function normally prints a warning message to *sys.stderr*; however, it is
310 also possible that the user has specified that warnings are to be turned into
311 errors, and in that case this will raise an exception. It is also possible that
312 the function raises an exception because of a problem with the warning machinery
313 (the implementation imports the :mod:`warnings` module to do the heavy lifting).
314 The return value is ``0`` if no exception is raised, or ``-1`` if an exception
315 is raised. (It is not possible to determine whether a warning message is
316 actually printed, nor what the reason is for the exception; this is
317 intentional.) If an exception is raised, the caller should do its normal
318 exception handling (for example, :cfunc:`Py_DECREF` owned references and return
321 Warning categories must be subclasses of :cdata:`Warning`; the default warning
322 category is :cdata:`RuntimeWarning`. The standard Python warning categories are
323 available as global variables whose names are ``PyExc_`` followed by the Python
324 exception name. These have the type :ctype:`PyObject\*`; they are all class
325 objects. Their names are :cdata:`PyExc_Warning`, :cdata:`PyExc_UserWarning`,
326 :cdata:`PyExc_UnicodeWarning`, :cdata:`PyExc_DeprecationWarning`,
327 :cdata:`PyExc_SyntaxWarning`, :cdata:`PyExc_RuntimeWarning`, and
328 :cdata:`PyExc_FutureWarning`. :cdata:`PyExc_Warning` is a subclass of
329 :cdata:`PyExc_Exception`; the other warning categories are subclasses of
330 :cdata:`PyExc_Warning`.
332 For information about warning control, see the documentation for the
333 :mod:`warnings` module and the :option:`-W` option in the command line
334 documentation. There is no C API for warning control.
337 .. cfunction:: int PyErr_Warn(PyObject *category, char *message)
339 Issue a warning message. The *category* argument is a warning category (see
340 below) or *NULL*; the *message* argument is a message string. The warning will
341 appear to be issued from the function calling :cfunc:`PyErr_Warn`, equivalent to
342 calling :cfunc:`PyErr_WarnEx` with a *stacklevel* of 1.
344 Deprecated; use :cfunc:`PyErr_WarnEx` instead.
347 .. cfunction:: int PyErr_WarnExplicit(PyObject *category, const char *message, const char *filename, int lineno, const char *module, PyObject *registry)
349 Issue a warning message with explicit control over all warning attributes. This
350 is a straightforward wrapper around the Python function
351 :func:`warnings.warn_explicit`, see there for more information. The *module*
352 and *registry* arguments may be set to *NULL* to get the default effect
356 .. cfunction:: int PyErr_WarnPy3k(char *message, int stacklevel)
358 Issue a :exc:`DeprecationWarning` with the given *message* and *stacklevel*
359 if the :cdata:`Py_Py3kWarningFlag` flag is enabled.
361 .. versionadded:: 2.6
364 .. cfunction:: int PyErr_CheckSignals()
369 single: KeyboardInterrupt (built-in exception)
371 This function interacts with Python's signal handling. It checks whether a
372 signal has been sent to the processes and if so, invokes the corresponding
373 signal handler. If the :mod:`signal` module is supported, this can invoke a
374 signal handler written in Python. In all cases, the default effect for
375 :const:`SIGINT` is to raise the :exc:`KeyboardInterrupt` exception. If an
376 exception is raised the error indicator is set and the function returns ``-1``;
377 otherwise the function returns ``0``. The error indicator may or may not be
378 cleared if it was previously set.
381 .. cfunction:: void PyErr_SetInterrupt()
385 single: KeyboardInterrupt (built-in exception)
387 This function simulates the effect of a :const:`SIGINT` signal arriving --- the
388 next time :cfunc:`PyErr_CheckSignals` is called, :exc:`KeyboardInterrupt` will
389 be raised. It may be called without holding the interpreter lock.
391 .. % XXX This was described as obsolete, but is used in
392 .. % thread.interrupt_main() (used from IDLE), so it's still needed.
395 .. cfunction:: int PySignal_SetWakeupFd(int fd)
397 This utility function specifies a file descriptor to which a ``'\0'`` byte will
398 be written whenever a signal is received. It returns the previous such file
399 descriptor. The value ``-1`` disables the feature; this is the initial state.
400 This is equivalent to :func:`signal.set_wakeup_fd` in Python, but without any
401 error checking. *fd* should be a valid file descriptor. The function should
402 only be called from the main thread.
405 .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyErr_NewException(char *name, PyObject *base, PyObject *dict)
407 This utility function creates and returns a new exception object. The *name*
408 argument must be the name of the new exception, a C string of the form
409 ``module.class``. The *base* and *dict* arguments are normally *NULL*. This
410 creates a class object derived from :exc:`Exception` (accessible in C as
411 :cdata:`PyExc_Exception`).
413 The :attr:`__module__` attribute of the new class is set to the first part (up
414 to the last dot) of the *name* argument, and the class name is set to the last
415 part (after the last dot). The *base* argument can be used to specify alternate
416 base classes; it can either be only one class or a tuple of classes. The *dict*
417 argument can be used to specify a dictionary of class variables and methods.
420 .. cfunction:: void PyErr_WriteUnraisable(PyObject *obj)
422 This utility function prints a warning message to ``sys.stderr`` when an
423 exception has been set but it is impossible for the interpreter to actually
424 raise the exception. It is used, for example, when an exception occurs in an
425 :meth:`__del__` method.
427 The function is called with a single argument *obj* that identifies the context
428 in which the unraisable exception occurred. The repr of *obj* will be printed in
432 .. _standardexceptions:
437 All standard Python exceptions are available as global variables whose names are
438 ``PyExc_`` followed by the Python exception name. These have the type
439 :ctype:`PyObject\*`; they are all class objects. For completeness, here are all
442 +------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
443 | C Name | Python Name | Notes |
444 +====================================+============================+==========+
445 | :cdata:`PyExc_BaseException` | :exc:`BaseException` | (1), (4) |
446 +------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
447 | :cdata:`PyExc_Exception` | :exc:`Exception` | \(1) |
448 +------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
449 | :cdata:`PyExc_StandardError` | :exc:`StandardError` | \(1) |
450 +------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
451 | :cdata:`PyExc_ArithmeticError` | :exc:`ArithmeticError` | \(1) |
452 +------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
453 | :cdata:`PyExc_LookupError` | :exc:`LookupError` | \(1) |
454 +------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
455 | :cdata:`PyExc_AssertionError` | :exc:`AssertionError` | |
456 +------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
457 | :cdata:`PyExc_AttributeError` | :exc:`AttributeError` | |
458 +------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
459 | :cdata:`PyExc_EOFError` | :exc:`EOFError` | |
460 +------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
461 | :cdata:`PyExc_EnvironmentError` | :exc:`EnvironmentError` | \(1) |
462 +------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
463 | :cdata:`PyExc_FloatingPointError` | :exc:`FloatingPointError` | |
464 +------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
465 | :cdata:`PyExc_IOError` | :exc:`IOError` | |
466 +------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
467 | :cdata:`PyExc_ImportError` | :exc:`ImportError` | |
468 +------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
469 | :cdata:`PyExc_IndexError` | :exc:`IndexError` | |
470 +------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
471 | :cdata:`PyExc_KeyError` | :exc:`KeyError` | |
472 +------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
473 | :cdata:`PyExc_KeyboardInterrupt` | :exc:`KeyboardInterrupt` | |
474 +------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
475 | :cdata:`PyExc_MemoryError` | :exc:`MemoryError` | |
476 +------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
477 | :cdata:`PyExc_NameError` | :exc:`NameError` | |
478 +------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
479 | :cdata:`PyExc_NotImplementedError` | :exc:`NotImplementedError` | |
480 +------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
481 | :cdata:`PyExc_OSError` | :exc:`OSError` | |
482 +------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
483 | :cdata:`PyExc_OverflowError` | :exc:`OverflowError` | |
484 +------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
485 | :cdata:`PyExc_ReferenceError` | :exc:`ReferenceError` | \(2) |
486 +------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
487 | :cdata:`PyExc_RuntimeError` | :exc:`RuntimeError` | |
488 +------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
489 | :cdata:`PyExc_SyntaxError` | :exc:`SyntaxError` | |
490 +------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
491 | :cdata:`PyExc_SystemError` | :exc:`SystemError` | |
492 +------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
493 | :cdata:`PyExc_SystemExit` | :exc:`SystemExit` | |
494 +------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
495 | :cdata:`PyExc_TypeError` | :exc:`TypeError` | |
496 +------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
497 | :cdata:`PyExc_ValueError` | :exc:`ValueError` | |
498 +------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
499 | :cdata:`PyExc_WindowsError` | :exc:`WindowsError` | \(3) |
500 +------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
501 | :cdata:`PyExc_ZeroDivisionError` | :exc:`ZeroDivisionError` | |
502 +------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
505 single: PyExc_BaseException
506 single: PyExc_Exception
507 single: PyExc_StandardError
508 single: PyExc_ArithmeticError
509 single: PyExc_LookupError
510 single: PyExc_AssertionError
511 single: PyExc_AttributeError
512 single: PyExc_EOFError
513 single: PyExc_EnvironmentError
514 single: PyExc_FloatingPointError
515 single: PyExc_IOError
516 single: PyExc_ImportError
517 single: PyExc_IndexError
518 single: PyExc_KeyError
519 single: PyExc_KeyboardInterrupt
520 single: PyExc_MemoryError
521 single: PyExc_NameError
522 single: PyExc_NotImplementedError
523 single: PyExc_OSError
524 single: PyExc_OverflowError
525 single: PyExc_ReferenceError
526 single: PyExc_RuntimeError
527 single: PyExc_SyntaxError
528 single: PyExc_SystemError
529 single: PyExc_SystemExit
530 single: PyExc_TypeError
531 single: PyExc_ValueError
532 single: PyExc_WindowsError
533 single: PyExc_ZeroDivisionError
538 This is a base class for other standard exceptions.
541 This is the same as :exc:`weakref.ReferenceError`.
544 Only defined on Windows; protect code that uses this by testing that the
545 preprocessor macro ``MS_WINDOWS`` is defined.
548 .. versionadded:: 2.5
551 Deprecation of String Exceptions
552 ================================
554 .. index:: single: BaseException (built-in exception)
556 All exceptions built into Python or provided in the standard library are derived
557 from :exc:`BaseException`.
559 String exceptions are still supported in the interpreter to allow existing code
560 to run unmodified, but this will also change in a future release.