Lib/imputil.py

   1 """
   2 Import utilities
   3
   4 Exported classes:
   5     ImportManager   Manage the import process
   6
   7     Importer        Base class for replacing standard import functions
   8     BuiltinImporter Emulate the import mechanism for builtin and frozen modules
   9
  10     DynLoadSuffixImporter
  11 """
  12 from warnings import warnpy3k
  13 warnpy3k("the imputil module has been removed in Python 3.0", stacklevel=2)
  14 del warnpy3k
  15
  16 # note: avoid importing non-builtin modules
  17 import imp                      ### not available in Jython?
  18 import sys
  19 import __builtin__
  20
  21 # for the DirectoryImporter
  22 import struct
  23 import marshal
  24
  25 __all__ = ["ImportManager","Importer","BuiltinImporter"]
  26
  27 _StringType = type('')
  28 _ModuleType = type(sys)         ### doesn't work in Jython...
  29
  30 class ImportManager:
  31     "Manage the import process."
  32
  33     def install(self, namespace=vars(__builtin__)):
  34         "Install this ImportManager into the specified namespace."
  35
  36         if isinstance(namespace, _ModuleType):
  37             namespace = vars(namespace)
  38
  39         # Note: we have no notion of "chaining"
  40
  41         # Record the previous import hook, then install our own.
  42         self.previous_importer = namespace['__import__']
  43         self.namespace = namespace
  44         namespace['__import__'] = self._import_hook
  45
  46         ### fix this
  47         #namespace['reload'] = self._reload_hook
  48
  49     def uninstall(self):
  50         "Restore the previous import mechanism."
  51         self.namespace['__import__'] = self.previous_importer
  52
  53     def add_suffix(self, suffix, importFunc):
  54         assert hasattr(importFunc, '__call__')
  55         self.fs_imp.add_suffix(suffix, importFunc)
  56
  57     ######################################################################
  58     #
  59     # PRIVATE METHODS
  60     #
  61
  62     clsFilesystemImporter = None
  63
  64     def __init__(self, fs_imp=None):
  65         # we're definitely going to be importing something in the future,
  66         # so let's just load the OS-related facilities.
  67         if not _os_stat:
  68             _os_bootstrap()
  69
  70         # This is the Importer that we use for grabbing stuff from the
  71         # filesystem. It defines one more method (import_from_dir) for our use.
  72         if fs_imp is None:
  73             cls = self.clsFilesystemImporter or _FilesystemImporter
  74             fs_imp = cls()
  75         self.fs_imp = fs_imp
  76
  77         # Initialize the set of suffixes that we recognize and import.
  78         # The default will import dynamic-load modules first, followed by
  79         # .py files (or a .py file's cached bytecode)
  80         for desc in imp.get_suffixes():
  81             if desc[2] == imp.C_EXTENSION:
  82                 self.add_suffix(desc[0],
  83                                 DynLoadSuffixImporter(desc).import_file)
  84         self.add_suffix('.py', py_suffix_importer)
  85
  86     def _import_hook(self, fqname, globals=None, locals=None, fromlist=None):
  87         """Python calls this hook to locate and import a module."""
  88
  89         parts = fqname.split('.')
  90
  91         # determine the context of this import
  92         parent = self._determine_import_context(globals)
  93
  94         # if there is a parent, then its importer should manage this import
  95         if parent:
  96             module = parent.__importer__._do_import(parent, parts, fromlist)
  97             if module:
  98                 return module
  99
 100         # has the top module already been imported?
 101         try:
 102             top_module = sys.modules[parts[0]]
 103         except KeyError:
 104
 105             # look for the topmost module
 106             top_module = self._import_top_module(parts[0])
 107             if not top_module:
 108                 # the topmost module wasn't found at all.
 109                 raise ImportError, 'No module named ' + fqname
 110
 111         # fast-path simple imports
 112         if len(parts) == 1:
 113             if not fromlist:
 114                 return top_module
 115
 116             if not top_module.__dict__.get('__ispkg__'):
 117                 # __ispkg__ isn't defined (the module was not imported by us),
 118                 # or it is zero.
 119                 #
 120                 # In the former case, there is no way that we could import
 121                 # sub-modules that occur in the fromlist (but we can't raise an
 122                 # error because it may just be names) because we don't know how
 123                 # to deal with packages that were imported by other systems.
 124                 #
 125                 # In the latter case (__ispkg__ == 0), there can't be any sub-
 126                 # modules present, so we can just return.
 127                 #
 128                 # In both cases, since len(parts) == 1, the top_module is also
 129                 # the "bottom" which is the defined return when a fromlist
 130                 # exists.
 131                 return top_module
 132
 133         importer = top_module.__dict__.get('__importer__')
 134         if importer:
 135             return importer._finish_import(top_module, parts[1:], fromlist)
 136
 137         # Grrr, some people "import os.path" or do "from os.path import ..."
 138         if len(parts) == 2 and hasattr(top_module, parts[1]):
 139             if fromlist:
 140                 return getattr(top_module, parts[1])
 141             else:
 142                 return top_module
 143
 144         # If the importer does not exist, then we have to bail. A missing
 145         # importer means that something else imported the module, and we have
 146         # no knowledge of how to get sub-modules out of the thing.
 147         raise ImportError, 'No module named ' + fqname
 148
 149     def _determine_import_context(self, globals):
 150         """Returns the context in which a module should be imported.
 151
 152         The context could be a loaded (package) module and the imported module
 153         will be looked for within that package. The context could also be None,
 154         meaning there is no context -- the module should be looked for as a
 155         "top-level" module.
 156         """
 157
 158         if not globals or not globals.get('__importer__'):
 159             # globals does not refer to one of our modules or packages. That
 160             # implies there is no relative import context (as far as we are
 161             # concerned), and it should just pick it off the standard path.
 162             return None
 163
 164         # The globals refer to a module or package of ours. It will define
 165         # the context of the new import. Get the module/package fqname.
 166         parent_fqname = globals['__name__']
 167
 168         # if a package is performing the import, then return itself (imports
 169         # refer to pkg contents)
 170         if globals['__ispkg__']:
 171             parent = sys.modules[parent_fqname]
 172             assert globals is parent.__dict__
 173             return parent
 174
 175         i = parent_fqname.rfind('.')
 176
 177         # a module outside of a package has no particular import context
 178         if i == -1:
 179             return None
 180
 181         # if a module in a package is performing the import, then return the
 182         # package (imports refer to siblings)
 183         parent_fqname = parent_fqname[:i]
 184         parent = sys.modules[parent_fqname]
 185         assert parent.__name__ == parent_fqname
 186         return parent
 187
 188     def _import_top_module(self, name):
 189         # scan sys.path looking for a location in the filesystem that contains
 190         # the module, or an Importer object that can import the module.
 191         for item in sys.path:
 192             if isinstance(item, _StringType):
 193                 module = self.fs_imp.import_from_dir(item, name)
 194             else:
 195                 module = item.import_top(name)
 196             if module:
 197                 return module
 198         return None
 199
 200     def _reload_hook(self, module):
 201         "Python calls this hook to reload a module."
 202
 203         # reloading of a module may or may not be possible (depending on the
 204         # importer), but at least we can validate that it's ours to reload
 205         importer = module.__dict__.get('__importer__')
 206         if not importer:
 207             ### oops. now what...
 208             pass
 209
 210         # okay. it is using the imputil system, and we must delegate it, but
 211         # we don't know what to do (yet)
 212         ### we should blast the module dict and do another get_code(). need to
 213         ### flesh this out and add proper docco...
 214         raise SystemError, "reload not yet implemented"
 215
 216
 217 class Importer:
 218     "Base class for replacing standard import functions."
 219
 220     def import_top(self, name):
 221         "Import a top-level module."
 222         return self._import_one(None, name, name)
 223
 224     ######################################################################
 225     #
 226     # PRIVATE METHODS
 227     #
 228     def _finish_import(self, top, parts, fromlist):
 229         # if "a.b.c" was provided, then load the ".b.c" portion down from
 230         # below the top-level module.
 231         bottom = self._load_tail(top, parts)
 232
 233         # if the form is "import a.b.c", then return "a"
 234         if not fromlist:
 235             # no fromlist: return the top of the import tree
 236             return top
 237
 238         # the top module was imported by self.
 239         #
 240         # this means that the bottom module was also imported by self (just
 241         # now, or in the past and we fetched it from sys.modules).
 242         #
 243         # since we imported/handled the bottom module, this means that we can
 244         # also handle its fromlist (and reliably use __ispkg__).
 245
 246         # if the bottom node is a package, then (potentially) import some
 247         # modules.
 248         #
 249         # note: if it is not a package, then "fromlist" refers to names in
 250         #       the bottom module rather than modules.
 251         # note: for a mix of names and modules in the fromlist, we will
 252         #       import all modules and insert those into the namespace of
 253         #       the package module. Python will pick up all fromlist names
 254         #       from the bottom (package) module; some will be modules that
 255         #       we imported and stored in the namespace, others are expected
 256         #       to be present already.
 257         if bottom.__ispkg__:
 258             self._import_fromlist(bottom, fromlist)
 259
 260         # if the form is "from a.b import c, d" then return "b"
 261         return bottom
 262
 263     def _import_one(self, parent, modname, fqname):
 264         "Import a single module."
 265
 266         # has the module already been imported?
 267         try:
 268             return sys.modules[fqname]
 269         except KeyError:
 270             pass
 271
 272         # load the module's code, or fetch the module itself
 273         result = self.get_code(parent, modname, fqname)
 274         if result is None:
 275             return None
 276
 277         module = self._process_result(result, fqname)
 278
 279         # insert the module into its parent
 280         if parent:
 281             setattr(parent, modname, module)
 282         return module
 283
 284     def _process_result(self, (ispkg, code, values), fqname):
 285         # did get_code() return an actual module? (rather than a code object)
 286         is_module = isinstance(code, _ModuleType)
 287
 288         # use the returned module, or create a new one to exec code into
 289         if is_module:
 290             module = code
 291         else:
 292             module = imp.new_module(fqname)
 293
 294         ### record packages a bit differently??
 295         module.__importer__ = self
 296         module.__ispkg__ = ispkg
 297
 298         # insert additional values into the module (before executing the code)
 299         module.__dict__.update(values)
 300
 301         # the module is almost ready... make it visible
 302         sys.modules[fqname] = module
 303
 304         # execute the code within the module's namespace
 305         if not is_module:
 306             try:
 307                 exec code in module.__dict__
 308             except:
 309                 if fqname in sys.modules:
 310                     del sys.modules[fqname]
 311                 raise
 312
 313         # fetch from sys.modules instead of returning module directly.
 314         # also make module's __name__ agree with fqname, in case
 315         # the "exec code in module.__dict__" played games on us.
 316         module = sys.modules[fqname]
 317         module.__name__ = fqname
 318         return module
 319
 320     def _load_tail(self, m, parts):
 321         """Import the rest of the modules, down from the top-level module.
 322
 323         Returns the last module in the dotted list of modules.
 324         """
 325         for part in parts:
 326             fqname = "%s.%s" % (m.__name__, part)
 327             m = self._import_one(m, part, fqname)
 328             if not m:
 329                 raise ImportError, "No module named " + fqname
 330         return m
 331
 332     def _import_fromlist(self, package, fromlist):
 333         'Import any sub-modules in the "from" list.'
 334
 335         # if '*' is present in the fromlist, then look for the '__all__'
 336         # variable to find additional items (modules) to import.
 337         if '*' in fromlist:
 338             fromlist = list(fromlist) + \
 339                        list(package.__dict__.get('__all__', []))
 340
 341         for sub in fromlist:
 342             # if the name is already present, then don't try to import it (it
 343             # might not be a module!).
 344             if sub != '*' and not hasattr(package, sub):
 345                 subname = "%s.%s" % (package.__name__, sub)
 346                 submod = self._import_one(package, sub, subname)
 347                 if not submod:
 348                     raise ImportError, "cannot import name " + subname
 349
 350     def _do_import(self, parent, parts, fromlist):
 351         """Attempt to import the module relative to parent.
 352
 353         This method is used when the import context specifies that <self>
 354         imported the parent module.
 355         """
 356         top_name = parts[0]
 357         top_fqname = parent.__name__ + '.' + top_name
 358         top_module = self._import_one(parent, top_name, top_fqname)
 359         if not top_module:
 360             # this importer and parent could not find the module (relatively)
 361             return None
 362
 363         return self._finish_import(top_module, parts[1:], fromlist)
 364
 365     ######################################################################
 366     #
 367     # METHODS TO OVERRIDE
 368     #
 369     def get_code(self, parent, modname, fqname):
 370         """Find and retrieve the code for the given module.
 371
 372         parent specifies a parent module to define a context for importing. It
 373         may be None, indicating no particular context for the search.
 374
 375         modname specifies a single module (not dotted) within the parent.
 376
 377         fqname specifies the fully-qualified module name. This is a
 378         (potentially) dotted name from the "root" of the module namespace
 379         down to the modname.
 380         If there is no parent, then modname==fqname.
 381
 382         This method should return None, or a 3-tuple.
 383
 384         * If the module was not found, then None should be returned.
 385
 386         * The first item of the 2- or 3-tuple should be the integer 0 or 1,
 387             specifying whether the module that was found is a package or not.
 388
 389         * The second item is the code object for the module (it will be
 390             executed within the new module's namespace). This item can also
 391             be a fully-loaded module object (e.g. loaded from a shared lib).
 392
 393         * The third item is a dictionary of name/value pairs that will be
 394             inserted into new module before the code object is executed. This
 395             is provided in case the module's code expects certain values (such
 396             as where the module was found). When the second item is a module
 397             object, then these names/values will be inserted *after* the module
 398             has been loaded/initialized.
 399         """
 400         raise RuntimeError, "get_code not implemented"
 401
 402
 403 ######################################################################
 404 #
 405 # Some handy stuff for the Importers
 406 #
 407
 408 # byte-compiled file suffix character
 409 _suffix_char = __debug__ and 'c' or 'o'
 410
 411 # byte-compiled file suffix
 412 _suffix = '.py' + _suffix_char
 413
 414 def _compile(pathname, timestamp):
 415     """Compile (and cache) a Python source file.
 416
 417     The file specified by <pathname> is compiled to a code object and
 418     returned.
 419
 420     Presuming the appropriate privileges exist, the bytecodes will be
 421     saved back to the filesystem for future imports. The source file's
 422     modification timestamp must be provided as a Long value.
 423     """
 424     codestring = open(pathname, 'rU').read()
 425     if codestring and codestring[-1] != '\n':
 426         codestring = codestring + '\n'
 427     code = __builtin__.compile(codestring, pathname, 'exec')
 428
 429     # try to cache the compiled code
 430     try:
 431         f = open(pathname + _suffix_char, 'wb')
 432     except IOError:
 433         pass
 434     else:
 435         f.write('\0\0\0\0')
 436         f.write(struct.pack('<I', timestamp))
 437         marshal.dump(code, f)
 438         f.flush()
 439         f.seek(0, 0)
 440         f.write(imp.get_magic())
 441         f.close()
 442
 443     return code
 444
 445 _os_stat = _os_path_join = None
 446 def _os_bootstrap():
 447     "Set up 'os' module replacement functions for use during import bootstrap."
 448
 449     names = sys.builtin_module_names
 450
 451     join = None
 452     if 'posix' in names:
 453         sep = '/'
 454         from posix import stat
 455     elif 'nt' in names:
 456         sep = '\\'
 457         from nt import stat
 458     elif 'dos' in names:
 459         sep = '\\'
 460         from dos import stat
 461     elif 'os2' in names:
 462         sep = '\\'
 463         from os2 import stat
 464     elif 'mac' in names:
 465         from mac import stat
 466         def join(a, b):
 467             if a == '':
 468                 return b
 469             if ':' not in a:
 470                 a = ':' + a
 471             if a[-1:] != ':':
 472                 a = a + ':'
 473             return a + b
 474     else:
 475         raise ImportError, 'no os specific module found'
 476
 477     if join is None:
 478         def join(a, b, sep=sep):
 479             if a == '':
 480                 return b
 481             lastchar = a[-1:]
 482             if lastchar == '/' or lastchar == sep:
 483                 return a + b
 484             return a + sep + b
 485
 486     global _os_stat
 487     _os_stat = stat
 488
 489     global _os_path_join
 490     _os_path_join = join
 491
 492 def _os_path_isdir(pathname):
 493     "Local replacement for os.path.isdir()."
 494     try:
 495         s = _os_stat(pathname)
 496     except OSError:
 497         return None
 498     return (s.st_mode & 0170000) == 0040000
 499
 500 def _timestamp(pathname):
 501     "Return the file modification time as a Long."
 502     try:
 503         s = _os_stat(pathname)
 504     except OSError:
 505         return None
 506     return long(s.st_mtime)
 507
 508
 509 ######################################################################
 510 #
 511 # Emulate the import mechanism for builtin and frozen modules
 512 #
 513 class BuiltinImporter(Importer):
 514     def get_code(self, parent, modname, fqname):
 515         if parent:
 516             # these modules definitely do not occur within a package context
 517             return None
 518
 519         # look for the module
 520         if imp.is_builtin(modname):
 521             type = imp.C_BUILTIN
 522         elif imp.is_frozen(modname):
 523             type = imp.PY_FROZEN
 524         else:
 525             # not found
 526             return None
 527
 528         # got it. now load and return it.
 529         module = imp.load_module(modname, None, modname, ('', '', type))
 530         return 0, module, { }
 531
 532
 533 ######################################################################
 534 #
 535 # Internal importer used for importing from the filesystem
 536 #
 537 class _FilesystemImporter(Importer):
 538     def __init__(self):
 539         self.suffixes = [ ]
 540
 541     def add_suffix(self, suffix, importFunc):
 542         assert hasattr(importFunc, '__call__')
 543         self.suffixes.append((suffix, importFunc))
 544
 545     def import_from_dir(self, dir, fqname):
 546         result = self._import_pathname(_os_path_join(dir, fqname), fqname)
 547         if result:
 548             return self._process_result(result, fqname)
 549         return None
 550
 551     def get_code(self, parent, modname, fqname):
 552         # This importer is never used with an empty parent. Its existence is
 553         # private to the ImportManager. The ImportManager uses the
 554         # import_from_dir() method to import top-level modules/packages.
 555         # This method is only used when we look for a module within a package.
 556         assert parent
 557
 558         for submodule_path in parent.__path__:
 559             code = self._import_pathname(_os_path_join(submodule_path, modname), fqname)
 560             if code is not None:
 561                 return code
 562         return self._import_pathname(_os_path_join(parent.__pkgdir__, modname),
 563                                      fqname)
 564
 565     def _import_pathname(self, pathname, fqname):
 566         if _os_path_isdir(pathname):
 567             result = self._import_pathname(_os_path_join(pathname, '__init__'),
 568                                            fqname)
 569             if result:
 570                 values = result[2]
 571                 values['__pkgdir__'] = pathname
 572                 values['__path__'] = [ pathname ]
 573                 return 1, result[1], values
 574             return None
 575
 576         for suffix, importFunc in self.suffixes:
 577             filename = pathname + suffix
 578             try:
 579                 finfo = _os_stat(filename)
 580             except OSError:
 581                 pass
 582             else:
 583                 return importFunc(filename, finfo, fqname)
 584         return None
 585
 586 ######################################################################
 587 #
 588 # SUFFIX-BASED IMPORTERS
 589 #
 590
 591 def py_suffix_importer(filename, finfo, fqname):
 592     file = filename[:-3] + _suffix
 593     t_py = long(finfo[8])
 594     t_pyc = _timestamp(file)
 595
 596     code = None
 597     if t_pyc is not None and t_pyc >= t_py:
 598         f = open(file, 'rb')
 599         if f.read(4) == imp.get_magic():
 600             t = struct.unpack('<I', f.read(4))[0]
 601             if t == t_py:
 602                 code = marshal.load(f)
 603         f.close()
 604     if code is None:
 605         file = filename
 606         code = _compile(file, t_py)
 607
 608     return 0, code, { '__file__' : file }
 609
 610 class DynLoadSuffixImporter:
 611     def __init__(self, desc):
 612         self.desc = desc
 613
 614     def import_file(self, filename, finfo, fqname):
 615         fp = open(filename, self.desc[1])
 616         module = imp.load_module(fqname, fp, filename, self.desc)
 617         module.__file__ = filename
 618         return 0, module, { }
 619
 620
 621 ######################################################################
 622
 623 def _print_importers():
 624     items = sys.modules.items()
 625     items.sort()
 626     for name, module in items:
 627         if module:
 628             print name, module.__dict__.get('__importer__', '-- no importer')
 629         else:
 630             print name, '-- non-existent module'
 631
 632 def _test_revamp():
 633     ImportManager().install()
 634     sys.path.insert(0, BuiltinImporter())
 635
 636 ######################################################################
 637
 638 #
 639 # TODO
 640 #
 641 # from Finn Bock:
 642 #   type(sys) is not a module in Jython. what to use instead?
 643 #   imp.C_EXTENSION is not in Jython. same for get_suffixes and new_module
 644 #
 645 #   given foo.py of:
 646 #      import sys
 647 #      sys.modules['foo'] = sys
 648 #
 649 #   ---- standard import mechanism
 650 #   >>> import foo
 651 #   >>> foo
 652 #   <module 'sys' (built-in)>
 653 #
 654 #   ---- revamped import mechanism
 655 #   >>> import imputil
 656 #   >>> imputil._test_revamp()
 657 #   >>> import foo
 658 #   >>> foo
 659 #   <module 'foo' from 'foo.py'>
 660 #
 661 #
 662 # from MAL:
 663 #   should BuiltinImporter exist in sys.path or hard-wired in ImportManager?
 664 #   need __path__ processing
 665 #   performance
 666 #   move chaining to a subclass [gjs: it's been nuked]
 667 #   deinstall should be possible
 668 #   query mechanism needed: is a specific Importer installed?
 669 #   py/pyc/pyo piping hooks to filter/process these files
 670 #   wish list:
 671 #     distutils importer hooked to list of standard Internet repositories
 672 #     module->file location mapper to speed FS-based imports
 673 #     relative imports
 674 #     keep chaining so that it can play nice with other import hooks
 675 #
 676 # from Gordon:
 677 #   push MAL's mapper into sys.path[0] as a cache (hard-coded for apps)
 678 #
 679 # from Guido:
 680 #   need to change sys.* references for rexec environs
 681 #   need hook for MAL's walk-me-up import strategy, or Tim's absolute strategy
 682 #   watch out for sys.modules[...] is None
 683 #   flag to force absolute imports? (speeds _determine_import_context and
 684 #       checking for a relative module)
 685 #   insert names of archives into sys.path  (see quote below)
 686 #   note: reload does NOT blast module dict
 687 #   shift import mechanisms and policies around; provide for hooks, overrides
 688 #       (see quote below)
 689 #   add get_source stuff
 690 #   get_topcode and get_subcode
 691 #   CRLF handling in _compile
 692 #   race condition in _compile
 693 #   refactoring of os.py to deal with _os_bootstrap problem
 694 #   any special handling to do for importing a module with a SyntaxError?
 695 #       (e.g. clean up the traceback)
 696 #   implement "domain" for path-type functionality using pkg namespace
 697 #       (rather than FS-names like __path__)
 698 #   don't use the word "private"... maybe "internal"
 699 #
 700 #
 701 # Guido's comments on sys.path caching:
 702 #
 703 # We could cache this in a dictionary: the ImportManager can have a
 704 # cache dict mapping pathnames to importer objects, and a separate
 705 # method for coming up with an importer given a pathname that's not yet
 706 # in the cache.  The method should do a stat and/or look at the
 707 # extension to decide which importer class to use; you can register new
 708 # importer classes by registering a suffix or a Boolean function, plus a
 709 # class.  If you register a new importer class, the cache is zapped.
 710 # The cache is independent from sys.path (but maintained per
 711 # ImportManager instance) so that rearrangements of sys.path do the
 712 # right thing.  If a path is dropped from sys.path the corresponding
 713 # cache entry is simply no longer used.
 714 #
 715 # My/Guido's comments on factoring ImportManager and Importer:
 716 #
 717 # > However, we still have a tension occurring here:
 718 # >
 719 # > 1) implementing policy in ImportManager assists in single-point policy
 720 # >    changes for app/rexec situations
 721 # > 2) implementing policy in Importer assists in package-private policy
 722 # >    changes for normal, operating conditions
 723 # >
 724 # > I'll see if I can sort out a way to do this. Maybe the Importer class will
 725 # > implement the methods (which can be overridden to change policy) by
 726 # > delegating to ImportManager.
 727 #
 728 # Maybe also think about what kind of policies an Importer would be
 729 # likely to want to change.  I have a feeling that a lot of the code
 730 # there is actually not so much policy but a *necessity* to get things
 731 # working given the calling conventions for the __import__ hook: whether
 732 # to return the head or tail of a dotted name, or when to do the "finish
 733 # fromlist" stuff.
 734 #