2 :mod:`gc` --- Garbage Collector interface
3 =========================================
6 :synopsis: Interface to the cycle-detecting garbage collector.
7 .. moduleauthor:: Neil Schemenauer <nas@arctrix.com>
8 .. sectionauthor:: Neil Schemenauer <nas@arctrix.com>
11 This module provides an interface to the optional garbage collector. It
12 provides the ability to disable the collector, tune the collection frequency,
13 and set debugging options. It also provides access to unreachable objects that
14 the collector found but cannot free. Since the collector supplements the
15 reference counting already used in Python, you can disable the collector if you
16 are sure your program does not create reference cycles. Automatic collection
17 can be disabled by calling ``gc.disable()``. To debug a leaking program call
18 ``gc.set_debug(gc.DEBUG_LEAK)``. Notice that this includes
19 ``gc.DEBUG_SAVEALL``, causing garbage-collected objects to be saved in
20 gc.garbage for inspection.
22 The :mod:`gc` module provides the following functions:
25 .. function:: enable()
27 Enable automatic garbage collection.
30 .. function:: disable()
32 Disable automatic garbage collection.
35 .. function:: isenabled()
37 Returns true if automatic collection is enabled.
40 .. function:: collect([generation])
42 With no arguments, run a full collection. The optional argument *generation*
43 may be an integer specifying which generation to collect (from 0 to 2). A
44 :exc:`ValueError` is raised if the generation number is invalid. The number of
45 unreachable objects found is returned.
47 .. versionchanged:: 2.5
48 The optional *generation* argument was added.
50 .. versionchanged:: 2.6
51 The free lists maintained for a number of built-in types are cleared
52 whenever a full collection or collection of the highest generation (2)
53 is run. Not all items in some free lists may be freed due to the
54 particular implementation, in particular :class:`int` and :class:`float`.
57 .. function:: set_debug(flags)
59 Set the garbage collection debugging flags. Debugging information will be
60 written to ``sys.stderr``. See below for a list of debugging flags which can be
61 combined using bit operations to control debugging.
64 .. function:: get_debug()
66 Return the debugging flags currently set.
69 .. function:: get_objects()
71 Returns a list of all objects tracked by the collector, excluding the list
77 .. function:: set_threshold(threshold0[, threshold1[, threshold2]])
79 Set the garbage collection thresholds (the collection frequency). Setting
80 *threshold0* to zero disables collection.
82 The GC classifies objects into three generations depending on how many
83 collection sweeps they have survived. New objects are placed in the youngest
84 generation (generation ``0``). If an object survives a collection it is moved
85 into the next older generation. Since generation ``2`` is the oldest
86 generation, objects in that generation remain there after a collection. In
87 order to decide when to run, the collector keeps track of the number object
88 allocations and deallocations since the last collection. When the number of
89 allocations minus the number of deallocations exceeds *threshold0*, collection
90 starts. Initially only generation ``0`` is examined. If generation ``0`` has
91 been examined more than *threshold1* times since generation ``1`` has been
92 examined, then generation ``1`` is examined as well. Similarly, *threshold2*
93 controls the number of collections of generation ``1`` before collecting
97 .. function:: get_count()
99 Return the current collection counts as a tuple of ``(count0, count1,
102 .. versionadded:: 2.5
105 .. function:: get_threshold()
107 Return the current collection thresholds as a tuple of ``(threshold0,
108 threshold1, threshold2)``.
111 .. function:: get_referrers(*objs)
113 Return the list of objects that directly refer to any of objs. This function
114 will only locate those containers which support garbage collection; extension
115 types which do refer to other objects but do not support garbage collection will
118 Note that objects which have already been dereferenced, but which live in cycles
119 and have not yet been collected by the garbage collector can be listed among the
120 resulting referrers. To get only currently live objects, call :func:`collect`
121 before calling :func:`get_referrers`.
123 Care must be taken when using objects returned by :func:`get_referrers` because
124 some of them could still be under construction and hence in a temporarily
125 invalid state. Avoid using :func:`get_referrers` for any purpose other than
128 .. versionadded:: 2.2
131 .. function:: get_referents(*objs)
133 Return a list of objects directly referred to by any of the arguments. The
134 referents returned are those objects visited by the arguments' C-level
135 :attr:`tp_traverse` methods (if any), and may not be all objects actually
136 directly reachable. :attr:`tp_traverse` methods are supported only by objects
137 that support garbage collection, and are only required to visit objects that may
138 be involved in a cycle. So, for example, if an integer is directly reachable
139 from an argument, that integer object may or may not appear in the result list.
141 .. versionadded:: 2.3
143 .. function:: is_tracked(obj)
145 Returns True if the object is currently tracked by the garbage collector,
146 False otherwise. As a general rule, instances of atomic types aren't
147 tracked and instances of non-atomic types (containers, user-defined
148 objects...) are. However, some type-specific optimizations can be present
149 in order to suppress the garbage collector footprint of simple instances
150 (e.g. dicts containing only atomic keys and values)::
154 >>> gc.is_tracked("a")
156 >>> gc.is_tracked([])
158 >>> gc.is_tracked({})
160 >>> gc.is_tracked({"a": 1})
162 >>> gc.is_tracked({"a": []})
165 .. versionadded:: 2.7
168 The following variable is provided for read-only access (you can mutate its
169 value but should not rebind it):
174 A list of objects which the collector found to be unreachable but could not be
175 freed (uncollectable objects). By default, this list contains only objects with
176 :meth:`__del__` methods. [#]_ Objects that have :meth:`__del__` methods and are
177 part of a reference cycle cause the entire reference cycle to be uncollectable,
178 including objects not necessarily in the cycle but reachable only from it.
179 Python doesn't collect such cycles automatically because, in general, it isn't
180 possible for Python to guess a safe order in which to run the :meth:`__del__`
181 methods. If you know a safe order, you can force the issue by examining the
182 *garbage* list, and explicitly breaking cycles due to your objects within the
183 list. Note that these objects are kept alive even so by virtue of being in the
184 *garbage* list, so they should be removed from *garbage* too. For example,
185 after breaking cycles, do ``del gc.garbage[:]`` to empty the list. It's
186 generally better to avoid the issue by not creating cycles containing objects
187 with :meth:`__del__` methods, and *garbage* can be examined in that case to
188 verify that no such cycles are being created.
190 If :const:`DEBUG_SAVEALL` is set, then all unreachable objects will be added to
191 this list rather than freed.
193 The following constants are provided for use with :func:`set_debug`:
196 .. data:: DEBUG_STATS
198 Print statistics during collection. This information can be useful when tuning
199 the collection frequency.
202 .. data:: DEBUG_COLLECTABLE
204 Print information on collectable objects found.
207 .. data:: DEBUG_UNCOLLECTABLE
209 Print information of uncollectable objects found (objects which are not
210 reachable but cannot be freed by the collector). These objects will be added to
211 the ``garbage`` list.
214 .. data:: DEBUG_INSTANCES
216 When :const:`DEBUG_COLLECTABLE` or :const:`DEBUG_UNCOLLECTABLE` is set, print
217 information about instance objects found.
220 .. data:: DEBUG_OBJECTS
222 When :const:`DEBUG_COLLECTABLE` or :const:`DEBUG_UNCOLLECTABLE` is set, print
223 information about objects other than instance objects found.
226 .. data:: DEBUG_SAVEALL
228 When set, all unreachable objects found will be appended to *garbage* rather
229 than being freed. This can be useful for debugging a leaking program.
234 The debugging flags necessary for the collector to print information about a
235 leaking program (equal to ``DEBUG_COLLECTABLE | DEBUG_UNCOLLECTABLE |
236 DEBUG_INSTANCES | DEBUG_OBJECTS | DEBUG_SAVEALL``).
238 .. rubric:: Footnotes
240 .. [#] Prior to Python 2.2, the list contained all instance objects in unreachable
241 cycles, not only those with :meth:`__del__` methods.