1 :mod:`thread` --- Multiple threads of control
2 =============================================
5 :synopsis: Create multiple threads of control within one interpreter.
8 The :mod:`thread` module has been renamed to :mod:`_thread` in Python 3.0.
9 The :term:`2to3` tool will automatically adapt imports when converting your
10 sources to 3.0; however, you should consider using the high-level
11 :mod:`threading` module instead.
15 single: light-weight processes
16 single: processes, light-weight
17 single: binary semaphores
18 single: semaphores, binary
20 This module provides low-level primitives for working with multiple threads
21 (also called :dfn:`light-weight processes` or :dfn:`tasks`) --- multiple threads of
22 control sharing their global data space. For synchronization, simple locks
23 (also called :dfn:`mutexes` or :dfn:`binary semaphores`) are provided.
24 The :mod:`threading` module provides an easier to use and higher-level
25 threading API built on top of this module.
31 The module is optional. It is supported on Windows, Linux, SGI IRIX, Solaris
32 2.x, as well as on systems that have a POSIX thread (a.k.a. "pthread")
33 implementation. For systems lacking the :mod:`thread` module, the
34 :mod:`dummy_thread` module is available. It duplicates this module's interface
35 and can be used as a drop-in replacement.
37 It defines the following constant and functions:
42 Raised on thread-specific errors.
47 This is the type of lock objects.
50 .. function:: start_new_thread(function, args[, kwargs])
52 Start a new thread and return its identifier. The thread executes the function
53 *function* with the argument list *args* (which must be a tuple). The optional
54 *kwargs* argument specifies a dictionary of keyword arguments. When the function
55 returns, the thread silently exits. When the function terminates with an
56 unhandled exception, a stack trace is printed and then the thread exits (but
57 other threads continue to run).
60 .. function:: interrupt_main()
62 Raise a :exc:`KeyboardInterrupt` exception in the main thread. A subthread can
63 use this function to interrupt the main thread.
70 Raise the :exc:`SystemExit` exception. When not caught, this will cause the
71 thread to exit silently.
74 function:: exit_prog(status)
76 Exit all threads and report the value of the integer argument
77 *status* as the exit status of the entire program.
78 **Caveat:** code in pending :keyword:`finally` clauses, in this thread
79 or in other threads, is not executed.
82 .. function:: allocate_lock()
84 Return a new lock object. Methods of locks are described below. The lock is
88 .. function:: get_ident()
90 Return the 'thread identifier' of the current thread. This is a nonzero
91 integer. Its value has no direct meaning; it is intended as a magic cookie to
92 be used e.g. to index a dictionary of thread-specific data. Thread identifiers
93 may be recycled when a thread exits and another thread is created.
96 .. function:: stack_size([size])
98 Return the thread stack size used when creating new threads. The optional
99 *size* argument specifies the stack size to be used for subsequently created
100 threads, and must be 0 (use platform or configured default) or a positive
101 integer value of at least 32,768 (32kB). If changing the thread stack size is
102 unsupported, the :exc:`error` exception is raised. If the specified stack size is
103 invalid, a :exc:`ValueError` is raised and the stack size is unmodified. 32kB
104 is currently the minimum supported stack size value to guarantee sufficient
105 stack space for the interpreter itself. Note that some platforms may have
106 particular restrictions on values for the stack size, such as requiring a
107 minimum stack size > 32kB or requiring allocation in multiples of the system
108 memory page size - platform documentation should be referred to for more
109 information (4kB pages are common; using multiples of 4096 for the stack size is
110 the suggested approach in the absence of more specific information).
111 Availability: Windows, systems with POSIX threads.
113 .. versionadded:: 2.5
115 Lock objects have the following methods:
118 .. method:: lock.acquire([waitflag])
120 Without the optional argument, this method acquires the lock unconditionally, if
121 necessary waiting until it is released by another thread (only one thread at a
122 time can acquire a lock --- that's their reason for existence). If the integer
123 *waitflag* argument is present, the action depends on its value: if it is zero,
124 the lock is only acquired if it can be acquired immediately without waiting,
125 while if it is nonzero, the lock is acquired unconditionally as before. The
126 return value is ``True`` if the lock is acquired successfully, ``False`` if not.
129 .. method:: lock.release()
131 Releases the lock. The lock must have been acquired earlier, but not
132 necessarily by the same thread.
135 .. method:: lock.locked()
137 Return the status of the lock: ``True`` if it has been acquired by some thread,
140 In addition to these methods, lock objects can also be used via the
141 :keyword:`with` statement, e.g.::
145 a_lock = thread.allocate_lock()
148 print "a_lock is locked while this executes"
152 .. index:: module: signal
154 * Threads interact strangely with interrupts: the :exc:`KeyboardInterrupt`
155 exception will be received by an arbitrary thread. (When the :mod:`signal`
156 module is available, interrupts always go to the main thread.)
158 * Calling :func:`sys.exit` or raising the :exc:`SystemExit` exception is
159 equivalent to calling :func:`exit`.
161 * Not all built-in functions that may block waiting for I/O allow other threads
162 to run. (The most popular ones (:func:`time.sleep`, :meth:`file.read`,
163 :func:`select.select`) work as expected.)
165 * It is not possible to interrupt the :meth:`acquire` method on a lock --- the
166 :exc:`KeyboardInterrupt` exception will happen after the lock has been acquired.
168 .. index:: pair: threads; IRIX
170 * When the main thread exits, it is system defined whether the other threads
171 survive. On SGI IRIX using the native thread implementation, they survive. On
172 most other systems, they are killed without executing :keyword:`try` ...
173 :keyword:`finally` clauses or executing object destructors.
175 * When the main thread exits, it does not do any of its usual cleanup (except
176 that :keyword:`try` ... :keyword:`finally` clauses are honored), and the
177 standard I/O files are not flushed.