2 :mod:`getopt` --- Parser for command line options
3 =================================================
6 :synopsis: Portable parser for command line options; support both short and long option
10 This module helps scripts to parse the command line arguments in ``sys.argv``.
11 It supports the same conventions as the Unix :cfunc:`getopt` function (including
12 the special meanings of arguments of the form '``-``' and '``--``'). Long
13 options similar to those supported by GNU software may be used as well via an
14 optional third argument.
16 A more convenient, flexible, and powerful alternative is the
17 :mod:`optparse` module.
19 This module provides two functions and an
23 .. function:: getopt(args, options[, long_options])
25 Parses command line options and parameter list. *args* is the argument list to
26 be parsed, without the leading reference to the running program. Typically, this
27 means ``sys.argv[1:]``. *options* is the string of option letters that the
28 script wants to recognize, with options that require an argument followed by a
29 colon (``':'``; i.e., the same format that Unix :cfunc:`getopt` uses).
33 Unlike GNU :cfunc:`getopt`, after a non-option argument, all further arguments
34 are considered also non-options. This is similar to the way non-GNU Unix systems
37 *long_options*, if specified, must be a list of strings with the names of the
38 long options which should be supported. The leading ``'-``\ ``-'`` characters
39 should not be included in the option name. Long options which require an
40 argument should be followed by an equal sign (``'='``). To accept only long
41 options, *options* should be an empty string. Long options on the command line
42 can be recognized so long as they provide a prefix of the option name that
43 matches exactly one of the accepted options. For example, if *long_options* is
44 ``['foo', 'frob']``, the option :option:`--fo` will match as :option:`--foo`,
45 but :option:`--f` will not match uniquely, so :exc:`GetoptError` will be raised.
47 The return value consists of two elements: the first is a list of ``(option,
48 value)`` pairs; the second is the list of program arguments left after the
49 option list was stripped (this is a trailing slice of *args*). Each
50 option-and-value pair returned has the option as its first element, prefixed
51 with a hyphen for short options (e.g., ``'-x'``) or two hyphens for long
52 options (e.g., ``'-``\ ``-long-option'``), and the option argument as its
53 second element, or an empty string if the option has no argument. The
54 options occur in the list in the same order in which they were found, thus
55 allowing multiple occurrences. Long and short options may be mixed.
58 .. function:: gnu_getopt(args, options[, long_options])
60 This function works like :func:`getopt`, except that GNU style scanning mode is
61 used by default. This means that option and non-option arguments may be
62 intermixed. The :func:`getopt` function stops processing options as soon as a
63 non-option argument is encountered.
65 If the first character of the option string is '+', or if the environment
66 variable :envvar:`POSIXLY_CORRECT` is set, then option processing stops as
67 soon as a non-option argument is encountered.
72 .. exception:: GetoptError
74 This is raised when an unrecognized option is found in the argument list or when
75 an option requiring an argument is given none. The argument to the exception is
76 a string indicating the cause of the error. For long options, an argument given
77 to an option which does not require one will also cause this exception to be
78 raised. The attributes :attr:`msg` and :attr:`opt` give the error message and
79 related option; if there is no specific option to which the exception relates,
80 :attr:`opt` is an empty string.
82 .. versionchanged:: 1.6
83 Introduced :exc:`GetoptError` as a synonym for :exc:`error`.
88 Alias for :exc:`GetoptError`; for backward compatibility.
90 An example using only Unix style options:
93 >>> args = '-a -b -cfoo -d bar a1 a2'.split()
95 ['-a', '-b', '-cfoo', '-d', 'bar', 'a1', 'a2']
96 >>> optlist, args = getopt.getopt(args, 'abc:d:')
98 [('-a', ''), ('-b', ''), ('-c', 'foo'), ('-d', 'bar')]
102 Using long option names is equally easy:
104 >>> s = '--condition=foo --testing --output-file abc.def -x a1 a2'
107 ['--condition=foo', '--testing', '--output-file', 'abc.def', '-x', 'a1', 'a2']
108 >>> optlist, args = getopt.getopt(args, 'x', [
109 ... 'condition=', 'output-file=', 'testing'])
111 [('--condition', 'foo'), ('--testing', ''), ('--output-file', 'abc.def'), ('-x', '')]
115 In a script, typical usage is something like this::
121 opts, args = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], "ho:v", ["help", "output="])
122 except getopt.GetoptError, err:
123 # print help information and exit:
124 print str(err) # will print something like "option -a not recognized"
132 elif o in ("-h", "--help"):
135 elif o in ("-o", "--output"):
138 assert False, "unhandled option"
141 if __name__ == "__main__":
147 Module :mod:`optparse`
148 More object-oriented command line option parsing.