4 ***************************
5 Using Python on a Macintosh
6 ***************************
8 :Author: Bob Savage <bobsavage@mac.com>
11 Python on a Macintosh running Mac OS X is in principle very similar to Python on
12 any other Unix platform, but there are a number of additional features such as
13 the IDE and the Package Manager that are worth pointing out.
15 The Mac-specific modules are documented in :ref:`mac-specific-services`.
17 Python on Mac OS 9 or earlier can be quite different from Python on Unix or
18 Windows, but is beyond the scope of this manual, as that platform is no longer
19 supported, starting with Python 2.4. See http://www.cwi.nl/~jack/macpython for
20 installers for the latest 2.3 release for Mac OS 9 and related documentation.
25 Getting and Installing MacPython
26 ================================
28 Mac OS X 10.5 comes with Python 2.5.1 pre-installed by Apple. If you wish, you
29 are invited to install the most recent version of Python from the Python website
30 (http://www.python.org). A current "universal binary" build of Python, which
31 runs natively on the Mac's new Intel and legacy PPC CPU's, is available there.
33 What you get after installing is a number of things:
35 * A :file:`MacPython 2.5` folder in your :file:`Applications` folder. In here
36 you find IDLE, the development environment that is a standard part of official
37 Python distributions; PythonLauncher, which handles double-clicking Python
38 scripts from the Finder; and the "Build Applet" tool, which allows you to
39 package Python scripts as standalone applications on your system.
41 * A framework :file:`/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework`, which includes the
42 Python executable and libraries. The installer adds this location to your shell
43 path. To uninstall MacPython, you can simply remove these three things. A
44 symlink to the Python executable is placed in /usr/local/bin/.
46 The Apple-provided build of Python is installed in
47 :file:`/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework` and :file:`/usr/bin/python`,
48 respectively. You should never modify or delete these, as they are
49 Apple-controlled and are used by Apple- or third-party software. Remember that
50 if you choose to install a newer Python version from python.org, you will have
51 two different but functional Python installations on your computer, so it will
52 be important that your paths and usages are consistent with what you want to do.
54 IDLE includes a help menu that allows you to access Python documentation. If you
55 are completely new to Python you should start reading the tutorial introduction
58 If you are familiar with Python on other Unix platforms you should read the
59 section on running Python scripts from the Unix shell.
62 How to run a Python script
63 --------------------------
65 Your best way to get started with Python on Mac OS X is through the IDLE
66 integrated development environment, see section :ref:`ide` and use the Help menu
67 when the IDE is running.
69 If you want to run Python scripts from the Terminal window command line or from
70 the Finder you first need an editor to create your script. Mac OS X comes with a
71 number of standard Unix command line editors, :program:`vim` and
72 :program:`emacs` among them. If you want a more Mac-like editor,
73 :program:`BBEdit` or :program:`TextWrangler` from Bare Bones Software (see
74 http://www.barebones.com/products/bbedit/index.shtml) are good choices, as is
75 :program:`TextMate` (see http://macromates.com/). Other editors include
76 :program:`Gvim` (http://macvim.org) and :program:`Aquamacs`
77 (http://aquamacs.org).
79 To run your script from the Terminal window you must make sure that
80 :file:`/usr/local/bin` is in your shell search path.
82 To run your script from the Finder you have two options:
84 * Drag it to :program:`PythonLauncher`
86 * Select :program:`PythonLauncher` as the default application to open your
87 script (or any .py script) through the finder Info window and double-click it.
88 :program:`PythonLauncher` has various preferences to control how your script is
89 launched. Option-dragging allows you to change these for one invocation, or use
90 its Preferences menu to change things globally.
95 Running scripts with a GUI
96 --------------------------
98 With older versions of Python, there is one Mac OS X quirk that you need to be
99 aware of: programs that talk to the Aqua window manager (in other words,
100 anything that has a GUI) need to be run in a special way. Use :program:`pythonw`
101 instead of :program:`python` to start such scripts.
103 With Python 2.5, you can use either :program:`python` or :program:`pythonw`.
109 Python on OS X honors all standard Unix environment variables such as
110 :envvar:`PYTHONPATH`, but setting these variables for programs started from the
111 Finder is non-standard as the Finder does not read your :file:`.profile` or
112 :file:`.cshrc` at startup. You need to create a file :file:`~
113 /.MacOSX/environment.plist`. See Apple's Technical Document QA1067 for details.
115 For more information on installation Python packages in MacPython, see section
116 :ref:`mac-package-manager`.
124 MacPython ships with the standard IDLE development environment. A good
125 introduction to using IDLE can be found at http://hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu/
126 dyoo/python/idle_intro/index.html.
129 .. _mac-package-manager:
131 Installing Additional Python Packages
132 =====================================
134 There are several methods to install additional Python packages:
136 * http://pythonmac.org/packages/ contains selected compiled packages for Python
139 * Packages can be installed via the standard Python distutils mode (``python
142 * Many packages can also be installed via the :program:`setuptools` extension.
145 GUI Programming on the Mac
146 ==========================
148 There are several options for building GUI applications on the Mac with Python.
150 *PyObjC* is a Python binding to Apple's Objective-C/Cocoa framework, which is
151 the foundation of most modern Mac development. Information on PyObjC is
152 available from http://pyobjc.sourceforge.net.
154 The standard Python GUI toolkit is :mod:`Tkinter`, based on the cross-platform
155 Tk toolkit (http://www.tcl.tk). An Aqua-native version of Tk is bundled with OS
156 X by Apple, and the latest version can be downloaded and installed from
157 http://www.activestate.com; it can also be built from source.
159 *wxPython* is another popular cross-platform GUI toolkit that runs natively on
160 Mac OS X. Packages and documentation are available from http://www.wxpython.org.
162 *PyQt* is another popular cross-platform GUI toolkit that runs natively on Mac
163 OS X. More information can be found at
164 http://www.riverbankcomputing.co.uk/software/pyqt/intro.
167 Distributing Python Applications on the Mac
168 ===========================================
170 The "Build Applet" tool that is placed in the MacPython 2.5 folder is fine for
171 packaging small Python scripts on your own machine to run as a standard Mac
172 application. This tool, however, is not robust enough to distribute Python
173 applications to other users.
175 The standard tool for deploying standalone Python applications on the Mac is
176 :program:`py2app`. More information on installing and using py2app can be found
177 at http://undefined.org/python/#py2app.
180 Application Scripting
181 =====================
183 Python can also be used to script other Mac applications via Apple's Open
184 Scripting Architecture (OSA); see http://appscript.sourceforge.net. Appscript is
185 a high-level, user-friendly Apple event bridge that allows you to control
186 scriptable Mac OS X applications using ordinary Python scripts. Appscript makes
187 Python a serious alternative to Apple's own *AppleScript* language for
188 automating your Mac. A related package, *PyOSA*, is an OSA language component
189 for the Python scripting language, allowing Python code to be executed by any
190 OSA-enabled application (Script Editor, Mail, iTunes, etc.). PyOSA makes Python
191 a full peer to AppleScript.
197 The MacPython mailing list is an excellent support resource for Python users and
198 developers on the Mac:
200 http://www.python.org/community/sigs/current/pythonmac-sig/
202 Another useful resource is the MacPython wiki:
204 http://wiki.python.org/moin/MacPython