2 :mod:`calendar` --- General calendar-related functions
3 ======================================================
6 :synopsis: Functions for working with calendars, including some emulation of the Unix cal
8 .. sectionauthor:: Drew Csillag <drew_csillag@geocities.com>
11 This module allows you to output calendars like the Unix :program:`cal` program,
12 and provides additional useful functions related to the calendar. By default,
13 these calendars have Monday as the first day of the week, and Sunday as the last
14 (the European convention). Use :func:`setfirstweekday` to set the first day of
15 the week to Sunday (6) or to any other weekday. Parameters that specify dates
16 are given as integers. For related
17 functionality, see also the :mod:`datetime` and :mod:`time` modules.
19 Most of these functions and classses rely on the :mod:`datetime` module which
20 uses an idealized calendar, the current Gregorian calendar indefinitely extended
21 in both directions. This matches the definition of the "proleptic Gregorian"
22 calendar in Dershowitz and Reingold's book "Calendrical Calculations", where
23 it's the base calendar for all computations.
26 .. class:: Calendar([firstweekday])
28 Creates a :class:`Calendar` object. *firstweekday* is an integer specifying the
29 first day of the week. ``0`` is Monday (the default), ``6`` is Sunday.
31 A :class:`Calendar` object provides several methods that can be used for
32 preparing the calendar data for formatting. This class doesn't do any formatting
33 itself. This is the job of subclasses.
37 :class:`Calendar` instances have the following methods:
40 .. method:: iterweekdays()
42 Return an iterator for the week day numbers that will be used for one
43 week. The first value from the iterator will be the same as the value of
44 the :attr:`firstweekday` property.
47 .. method:: itermonthdates(year, month)
49 Return an iterator for the month *month* (1-12) in the year *year*. This
50 iterator will return all days (as :class:`datetime.date` objects) for the
51 month and all days before the start of the month or after the end of the
52 month that are required to get a complete week.
55 .. method:: itermonthdays2(year, month)
57 Return an iterator for the month *month* in the year *year* similar to
58 :meth:`itermonthdates`. Days returned will be tuples consisting of a day
59 number and a week day number.
62 .. method:: itermonthdays(year, month)
64 Return an iterator for the month *month* in the year *year* similar to
65 :meth:`itermonthdates`. Days returned will simply be day numbers.
68 .. method:: monthdatescalendar(year, month)
70 Return a list of the weeks in the month *month* of the *year* as full
71 weeks. Weeks are lists of seven :class:`datetime.date` objects.
74 .. method:: monthdays2calendar(year, month)
76 Return a list of the weeks in the month *month* of the *year* as full
77 weeks. Weeks are lists of seven tuples of day numbers and weekday
81 .. method:: monthdayscalendar(year, month)
83 Return a list of the weeks in the month *month* of the *year* as full
84 weeks. Weeks are lists of seven day numbers.
87 .. method:: yeardatescalendar(year[, width])
89 Return the data for the specified year ready for formatting. The return
90 value is a list of month rows. Each month row contains up to *width*
91 months (defaulting to 3). Each month contains between 4 and 6 weeks and
92 each week contains 1--7 days. Days are :class:`datetime.date` objects.
95 .. method:: yeardays2calendar(year[, width])
97 Return the data for the specified year ready for formatting (similar to
98 :meth:`yeardatescalendar`). Entries in the week lists are tuples of day
99 numbers and weekday numbers. Day numbers outside this month are zero.
102 .. method:: yeardayscalendar(year[, width])
104 Return the data for the specified year ready for formatting (similar to
105 :meth:`yeardatescalendar`). Entries in the week lists are day numbers. Day
106 numbers outside this month are zero.
109 .. class:: TextCalendar([firstweekday])
111 This class can be used to generate plain text calendars.
113 .. versionadded:: 2.5
115 :class:`TextCalendar` instances have the following methods:
118 .. method:: formatmonth(theyear, themonth[, w[, l]])
120 Return a month's calendar in a multi-line string. If *w* is provided, it
121 specifies the width of the date columns, which are centered. If *l* is
122 given, it specifies the number of lines that each week will use. Depends
123 on the first weekday as specified in the constructor or set by the
124 :meth:`setfirstweekday` method.
127 .. method:: prmonth(theyear, themonth[, w[, l]])
129 Print a month's calendar as returned by :meth:`formatmonth`.
132 .. method:: formatyear(theyear[, w[, l[, c[, m]]]])
134 Return a *m*-column calendar for an entire year as a multi-line string.
135 Optional parameters *w*, *l*, and *c* are for date column width, lines per
136 week, and number of spaces between month columns, respectively. Depends on
137 the first weekday as specified in the constructor or set by the
138 :meth:`setfirstweekday` method. The earliest year for which a calendar
139 can be generated is platform-dependent.
142 .. method:: pryear(theyear[, w[, l[, c[, m]]]])
144 Print the calendar for an entire year as returned by :meth:`formatyear`.
147 .. class:: HTMLCalendar([firstweekday])
149 This class can be used to generate HTML calendars.
151 .. versionadded:: 2.5
153 :class:`HTMLCalendar` instances have the following methods:
156 .. method:: formatmonth(theyear, themonth[, withyear])
158 Return a month's calendar as an HTML table. If *withyear* is true the year
159 will be included in the header, otherwise just the month name will be
163 .. method:: formatyear(theyear[, width])
165 Return a year's calendar as an HTML table. *width* (defaulting to 3)
166 specifies the number of months per row.
169 .. method:: formatyearpage(theyear[, width[, css[, encoding]]])
171 Return a year's calendar as a complete HTML page. *width* (defaulting to
172 3) specifies the number of months per row. *css* is the name for the
173 cascading style sheet to be used. :const:`None` can be passed if no style
174 sheet should be used. *encoding* specifies the encoding to be used for the
175 output (defaulting to the system default encoding).
178 .. class:: LocaleTextCalendar([firstweekday[, locale]])
180 This subclass of :class:`TextCalendar` can be passed a locale name in the
181 constructor and will return month and weekday names in the specified
182 locale. If this locale includes an encoding all strings containing month and
183 weekday names will be returned as unicode.
185 .. versionadded:: 2.5
188 .. class:: LocaleHTMLCalendar([firstweekday[, locale]])
190 This subclass of :class:`HTMLCalendar` can be passed a locale name in the
191 constructor and will return month and weekday names in the specified
192 locale. If this locale includes an encoding all strings containing month and
193 weekday names will be returned as unicode.
195 .. versionadded:: 2.5
197 For simple text calendars this module provides the following functions.
200 .. function:: setfirstweekday(weekday)
202 Sets the weekday (``0`` is Monday, ``6`` is Sunday) to start each week. The
203 values :const:`MONDAY`, :const:`TUESDAY`, :const:`WEDNESDAY`, :const:`THURSDAY`,
204 :const:`FRIDAY`, :const:`SATURDAY`, and :const:`SUNDAY` are provided for
205 convenience. For example, to set the first weekday to Sunday::
208 calendar.setfirstweekday(calendar.SUNDAY)
210 .. versionadded:: 2.0
213 .. function:: firstweekday()
215 Returns the current setting for the weekday to start each week.
217 .. versionadded:: 2.0
220 .. function:: isleap(year)
222 Returns :const:`True` if *year* is a leap year, otherwise :const:`False`.
225 .. function:: leapdays(y1, y2)
227 Returns the number of leap years in the range from *y1* to *y2* (exclusive),
228 where *y1* and *y2* are years.
230 .. versionchanged:: 2.0
231 This function didn't work for ranges spanning a century change in Python
235 .. function:: weekday(year, month, day)
237 Returns the day of the week (``0`` is Monday) for *year* (``1970``--...),
238 *month* (``1``--``12``), *day* (``1``--``31``).
241 .. function:: weekheader(n)
243 Return a header containing abbreviated weekday names. *n* specifies the width in
244 characters for one weekday.
247 .. function:: monthrange(year, month)
249 Returns weekday of first day of the month and number of days in month, for the
250 specified *year* and *month*.
253 .. function:: monthcalendar(year, month)
255 Returns a matrix representing a month's calendar. Each row represents a week;
256 days outside of the month a represented by zeros. Each week begins with Monday
257 unless set by :func:`setfirstweekday`.
260 .. function:: prmonth(theyear, themonth[, w[, l]])
262 Prints a month's calendar as returned by :func:`month`.
265 .. function:: month(theyear, themonth[, w[, l]])
267 Returns a month's calendar in a multi-line string using the :meth:`formatmonth`
268 of the :class:`TextCalendar` class.
270 .. versionadded:: 2.0
273 .. function:: prcal(year[, w[, l[c]]])
275 Prints the calendar for an entire year as returned by :func:`calendar`.
278 .. function:: calendar(year[, w[, l[c]]])
280 Returns a 3-column calendar for an entire year as a multi-line string using the
281 :meth:`formatyear` of the :class:`TextCalendar` class.
283 .. versionadded:: 2.0
286 .. function:: timegm(tuple)
288 An unrelated but handy function that takes a time tuple such as returned by the
289 :func:`gmtime` function in the :mod:`time` module, and returns the corresponding
290 Unix timestamp value, assuming an epoch of 1970, and the POSIX encoding. In
291 fact, :func:`time.gmtime` and :func:`timegm` are each others' inverse.
293 .. versionadded:: 2.0
295 The :mod:`calendar` module exports the following data attributes:
300 An array that represents the days of the week in the current locale.
305 An array that represents the abbreviated days of the week in the current locale.
310 An array that represents the months of the year in the current locale. This
311 follows normal convention of January being month number 1, so it has a length of
312 13 and ``month_name[0]`` is the empty string.
317 An array that represents the abbreviated months of the year in the current
318 locale. This follows normal convention of January being month number 1, so it
319 has a length of 13 and ``month_abbr[0]`` is the empty string.
324 Module :mod:`datetime`
325 Object-oriented interface to dates and times with similar functionality to the
329 Low-level time related functions.