2 :mod:`xml.dom.minidom` --- Lightweight DOM implementation
3 =========================================================
5 .. module:: xml.dom.minidom
6 :synopsis: Lightweight Document Object Model (DOM) implementation.
7 .. moduleauthor:: Paul Prescod <paul@prescod.net>
8 .. sectionauthor:: Paul Prescod <paul@prescod.net>
9 .. sectionauthor:: Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
14 :mod:`xml.dom.minidom` is a light-weight implementation of the Document Object
15 Model interface. It is intended to be simpler than the full DOM and also
16 significantly smaller.
18 DOM applications typically start by parsing some XML into a DOM. With
19 :mod:`xml.dom.minidom`, this is done through the parse functions::
21 from xml.dom.minidom import parse, parseString
23 dom1 = parse('c:\\temp\\mydata.xml') # parse an XML file by name
25 datasource = open('c:\\temp\\mydata.xml')
26 dom2 = parse(datasource) # parse an open file
28 dom3 = parseString('<myxml>Some data<empty/> some more data</myxml>')
30 The :func:`parse` function can take either a filename or an open file object.
33 .. function:: parse(filename_or_file[, parser[, bufsize]])
35 Return a :class:`Document` from the given input. *filename_or_file* may be
36 either a file name, or a file-like object. *parser*, if given, must be a SAX2
37 parser object. This function will change the document handler of the parser and
38 activate namespace support; other parser configuration (like setting an entity
39 resolver) must have been done in advance.
41 If you have XML in a string, you can use the :func:`parseString` function
45 .. function:: parseString(string[, parser])
47 Return a :class:`Document` that represents the *string*. This method creates a
48 :class:`StringIO` object for the string and passes that on to :func:`parse`.
50 Both functions return a :class:`Document` object representing the content of the
53 What the :func:`parse` and :func:`parseString` functions do is connect an XML
54 parser with a "DOM builder" that can accept parse events from any SAX parser and
55 convert them into a DOM tree. The name of the functions are perhaps misleading,
56 but are easy to grasp when learning the interfaces. The parsing of the document
57 will be completed before these functions return; it's simply that these
58 functions do not provide a parser implementation themselves.
60 You can also create a :class:`Document` by calling a method on a "DOM
61 Implementation" object. You can get this object either by calling the
62 :func:`getDOMImplementation` function in the :mod:`xml.dom` package or the
63 :mod:`xml.dom.minidom` module. Using the implementation from the
64 :mod:`xml.dom.minidom` module will always return a :class:`Document` instance
65 from the minidom implementation, while the version from :mod:`xml.dom` may
66 provide an alternate implementation (this is likely if you have the `PyXML
67 package <http://pyxml.sourceforge.net/>`_ installed). Once you have a
68 :class:`Document`, you can add child nodes to it to populate the DOM::
70 from xml.dom.minidom import getDOMImplementation
72 impl = getDOMImplementation()
74 newdoc = impl.createDocument(None, "some_tag", None)
75 top_element = newdoc.documentElement
76 text = newdoc.createTextNode('Some textual content.')
77 top_element.appendChild(text)
79 Once you have a DOM document object, you can access the parts of your XML
80 document through its properties and methods. These properties are defined in
81 the DOM specification. The main property of the document object is the
82 :attr:`documentElement` property. It gives you the main element in the XML
83 document: the one that holds all others. Here is an example program::
85 dom3 = parseString("<myxml>Some data</myxml>")
86 assert dom3.documentElement.tagName == "myxml"
88 When you are finished with a DOM, you should clean it up. This is necessary
89 because some versions of Python do not support garbage collection of objects
90 that refer to each other in a cycle. Until this restriction is removed from all
91 versions of Python, it is safest to write your code as if cycles would not be
94 The way to clean up a DOM is to call its :meth:`unlink` method::
100 :meth:`unlink` is a :mod:`xml.dom.minidom`\ -specific extension to the DOM API.
101 After calling :meth:`unlink` on a node, the node and its descendants are
107 `Document Object Model (DOM) Level 1 Specification <http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-DOM-Level-1/>`_
108 The W3C recommendation for the DOM supported by :mod:`xml.dom.minidom`.
116 The definition of the DOM API for Python is given as part of the :mod:`xml.dom`
117 module documentation. This section lists the differences between the API and
118 :mod:`xml.dom.minidom`.
121 .. method:: Node.unlink()
123 Break internal references within the DOM so that it will be garbage collected on
124 versions of Python without cyclic GC. Even when cyclic GC is available, using
125 this can make large amounts of memory available sooner, so calling this on DOM
126 objects as soon as they are no longer needed is good practice. This only needs
127 to be called on the :class:`Document` object, but may be called on child nodes
128 to discard children of that node.
131 .. method:: Node.writexml(writer[, indent=""[, addindent=""[, newl=""[, encoding=""]]]])
133 Write XML to the writer object. The writer should have a :meth:`write` method
134 which matches that of the file object interface. The *indent* parameter is the
135 indentation of the current node. The *addindent* parameter is the incremental
136 indentation to use for subnodes of the current one. The *newl* parameter
137 specifies the string to use to terminate newlines.
139 .. versionchanged:: 2.1
140 The optional keyword parameters *indent*, *addindent*, and *newl* were added to
141 support pretty output.
143 .. versionchanged:: 2.3
144 For the :class:`Document` node, an additional keyword argument
145 *encoding* can be used to specify the encoding field of the XML header.
148 .. method:: Node.toxml([encoding])
150 Return the XML that the DOM represents as a string.
152 With no argument, the XML header does not specify an encoding, and the result is
153 Unicode string if the default encoding cannot represent all characters in the
154 document. Encoding this string in an encoding other than UTF-8 is likely
155 incorrect, since UTF-8 is the default encoding of XML.
157 With an explicit *encoding* [1]_ argument, the result is a byte string in the
158 specified encoding. It is recommended that this argument is always specified. To
159 avoid :exc:`UnicodeError` exceptions in case of unrepresentable text data, the
160 encoding argument should be specified as "utf-8".
162 .. versionchanged:: 2.3
163 the *encoding* argument was introduced; see :meth:`writexml`.
166 .. method:: Node.toprettyxml([indent=""[, newl=""[, encoding=""]]])
168 Return a pretty-printed version of the document. *indent* specifies the
169 indentation string and defaults to a tabulator; *newl* specifies the string
170 emitted at the end of each line and defaults to ``\n``.
172 .. versionadded:: 2.1
174 .. versionchanged:: 2.3
175 the encoding argument was introduced; see :meth:`writexml`.
177 The following standard DOM methods have special considerations with
178 :mod:`xml.dom.minidom`:
181 .. method:: Node.cloneNode(deep)
183 Although this method was present in the version of :mod:`xml.dom.minidom`
184 packaged with Python 2.0, it was seriously broken. This has been corrected for
193 This example program is a fairly realistic example of a simple program. In this
194 particular case, we do not take much advantage of the flexibility of the DOM.
196 .. literalinclude:: ../includes/minidom-example.py
201 minidom and the DOM standard
202 ----------------------------
204 The :mod:`xml.dom.minidom` module is essentially a DOM 1.0-compatible DOM with
205 some DOM 2 features (primarily namespace features).
207 Usage of the DOM interface in Python is straight-forward. The following mapping
210 * Interfaces are accessed through instance objects. Applications should not
211 instantiate the classes themselves; they should use the creator functions
212 available on the :class:`Document` object. Derived interfaces support all
213 operations (and attributes) from the base interfaces, plus any new operations.
215 * Operations are used as methods. Since the DOM uses only :keyword:`in`
216 parameters, the arguments are passed in normal order (from left to right).
217 There are no optional arguments. ``void`` operations return ``None``.
219 * IDL attributes map to instance attributes. For compatibility with the OMG IDL
220 language mapping for Python, an attribute ``foo`` can also be accessed through
221 accessor methods :meth:`_get_foo` and :meth:`_set_foo`. ``readonly``
222 attributes must not be changed; this is not enforced at runtime.
224 * The types ``short int``, ``unsigned int``, ``unsigned long long``, and
225 ``boolean`` all map to Python integer objects.
227 * The type ``DOMString`` maps to Python strings. :mod:`xml.dom.minidom` supports
228 either byte or Unicode strings, but will normally produce Unicode strings.
229 Values of type ``DOMString`` may also be ``None`` where allowed to have the IDL
230 ``null`` value by the DOM specification from the W3C.
232 * ``const`` declarations map to variables in their respective scope (e.g.
233 ``xml.dom.minidom.Node.PROCESSING_INSTRUCTION_NODE``); they must not be changed.
235 * ``DOMException`` is currently not supported in :mod:`xml.dom.minidom`.
236 Instead, :mod:`xml.dom.minidom` uses standard Python exceptions such as
237 :exc:`TypeError` and :exc:`AttributeError`.
239 * :class:`NodeList` objects are implemented using Python's built-in list type.
240 Starting with Python 2.2, these objects provide the interface defined in the DOM
241 specification, but with earlier versions of Python they do not support the
242 official API. They are, however, much more "Pythonic" than the interface
243 defined in the W3C recommendations.
245 The following interfaces have no implementation in :mod:`xml.dom.minidom`:
247 * :class:`DOMTimeStamp`
249 * :class:`DocumentType` (added in Python 2.1)
251 * :class:`DOMImplementation` (added in Python 2.1)
253 * :class:`CharacterData`
255 * :class:`CDATASection`
261 * :class:`EntityReference`
263 * :class:`DocumentFragment`
265 Most of these reflect information in the XML document that is not of general
266 utility to most DOM users.
268 .. rubric:: Footnotes
270 .. [#] The encoding string included in XML output should conform to the
271 appropriate standards. For example, "UTF-8" is valid, but "UTF8" is
272 not. See http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xml11-20060816/#NT-EncodingDecl
273 and http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets .