2 :mod:`UserDict` --- Class wrapper for dictionary objects
3 ========================================================
6 :synopsis: Class wrapper for dictionary objects.
9 The module defines a mixin, :class:`DictMixin`, defining all dictionary methods
10 for classes that already have a minimum mapping interface. This greatly
11 simplifies writing classes that need to be substitutable for dictionaries (such
12 as the shelve module).
14 This module also defines a class, :class:`UserDict`, that acts as a wrapper
15 around dictionary objects. The need for this class has been largely supplanted
16 by the ability to subclass directly from :class:`dict` (a feature that became
17 available starting with Python version 2.2). Prior to the introduction of
18 :class:`dict`, the :class:`UserDict` class was used to create dictionary-like
19 sub-classes that obtained new behaviors by overriding existing methods or adding
22 The :mod:`UserDict` module defines the :class:`UserDict` class and
26 .. class:: UserDict([initialdata])
28 Class that simulates a dictionary. The instance's contents are kept in a
29 regular dictionary, which is accessible via the :attr:`data` attribute of
30 :class:`UserDict` instances. If *initialdata* is provided, :attr:`data` is
31 initialized with its contents; note that a reference to *initialdata* will not
32 be kept, allowing it be used for other purposes.
36 For backward compatibility, instances of :class:`UserDict` are not iterable.
39 .. class:: IterableUserDict([initialdata])
41 Subclass of :class:`UserDict` that supports direct iteration (e.g. ``for key in
44 In addition to supporting the methods and operations of mappings (see section
45 :ref:`typesmapping`), :class:`UserDict` and :class:`IterableUserDict` instances
46 provide the following attribute:
49 .. attribute:: IterableUserDict.data
51 A real dictionary used to store the contents of the :class:`UserDict` class.
54 .. class:: DictMixin()
56 Mixin defining all dictionary methods for classes that already have a minimum
57 dictionary interface including :meth:`__getitem__`, :meth:`__setitem__`,
58 :meth:`__delitem__`, and :meth:`keys`.
60 This mixin should be used as a superclass. Adding each of the above methods
61 adds progressively more functionality. For instance, defining all but
62 :meth:`__delitem__` will preclude only :meth:`pop` and :meth:`popitem` from the
65 In addition to the four base methods, progressively more efficiency comes with
66 defining :meth:`__contains__`, :meth:`__iter__`, and :meth:`iteritems`.
68 Since the mixin has no knowledge of the subclass constructor, it does not define
69 :meth:`__init__` or :meth:`copy`.
71 Starting with Python version 2.6, it is recommended to use
72 :class:`collections.MutableMapping` instead of :class:`DictMixin`.
74 :mod:`UserList` --- Class wrapper for list objects
75 ==================================================
78 :synopsis: Class wrapper for list objects.
83 This module is available for backward compatibility only. If you are writing
84 code that does not need to work with versions of Python earlier than Python 2.2,
85 please consider subclassing directly from the built-in :class:`list` type.
87 This module defines a class that acts as a wrapper around list objects. It is a
88 useful base class for your own list-like classes, which can inherit from them
89 and override existing methods or add new ones. In this way one can add new
92 The :mod:`UserList` module defines the :class:`UserList` class:
95 .. class:: UserList([list])
97 Class that simulates a list. The instance's contents are kept in a regular
98 list, which is accessible via the :attr:`data` attribute of :class:`UserList`
99 instances. The instance's contents are initially set to a copy of *list*,
100 defaulting to the empty list ``[]``. *list* can be any iterable, e.g. a
101 real Python list or a :class:`UserList` object.
104 The :class:`UserList` class has been moved to the :mod:`collections`
105 module in Python 3.0. The :term:`2to3` tool will automatically adapt
106 imports when converting your sources to 3.0.
109 In addition to supporting the methods and operations of mutable sequences (see
110 section :ref:`typesseq`), :class:`UserList` instances provide the following
114 .. attribute:: UserList.data
116 A real Python list object used to store the contents of the :class:`UserList`
119 **Subclassing requirements:** Subclasses of :class:`UserList` are expect to
120 offer a constructor which can be called with either no arguments or one
121 argument. List operations which return a new sequence attempt to create an
122 instance of the actual implementation class. To do so, it assumes that the
123 constructor can be called with a single parameter, which is a sequence object
124 used as a data source.
126 If a derived class does not wish to comply with this requirement, all of the
127 special methods supported by this class will need to be overridden; please
128 consult the sources for information about the methods which need to be provided
131 .. versionchanged:: 2.0
132 Python versions 1.5.2 and 1.6 also required that the constructor be callable
133 with no parameters, and offer a mutable :attr:`data` attribute. Earlier
134 versions of Python did not attempt to create instances of the derived class.
137 :mod:`UserString` --- Class wrapper for string objects
138 ======================================================
140 .. module:: UserString
141 :synopsis: Class wrapper for string objects.
142 .. moduleauthor:: Peter Funk <pf@artcom-gmbh.de>
143 .. sectionauthor:: Peter Funk <pf@artcom-gmbh.de>
148 This :class:`UserString` class from this module is available for backward
149 compatibility only. If you are writing code that does not need to work with
150 versions of Python earlier than Python 2.2, please consider subclassing directly
151 from the built-in :class:`str` type instead of using :class:`UserString` (there
152 is no built-in equivalent to :class:`MutableString`).
154 This module defines a class that acts as a wrapper around string objects. It is
155 a useful base class for your own string-like classes, which can inherit from
156 them and override existing methods or add new ones. In this way one can add new
157 behaviors to strings.
159 It should be noted that these classes are highly inefficient compared to real
160 string or Unicode objects; this is especially the case for
161 :class:`MutableString`.
163 The :mod:`UserString` module defines the following classes:
166 .. class:: UserString([sequence])
168 Class that simulates a string or a Unicode string object. The instance's
169 content is kept in a regular string or Unicode string object, which is
170 accessible via the :attr:`data` attribute of :class:`UserString` instances. The
171 instance's contents are initially set to a copy of *sequence*. *sequence* can
172 be either a regular Python string or Unicode string, an instance of
173 :class:`UserString` (or a subclass) or an arbitrary sequence which can be
174 converted into a string using the built-in :func:`str` function.
177 The :class:`UserString` class has been moved to the :mod:`collections`
178 module in Python 3.0. The :term:`2to3` tool will automatically adapt
179 imports when converting your sources to 3.0.
183 .. class:: MutableString([sequence])
185 This class is derived from the :class:`UserString` above and redefines strings
186 to be *mutable*. Mutable strings can't be used as dictionary keys, because
187 dictionaries require *immutable* objects as keys. The main intention of this
188 class is to serve as an educational example for inheritance and necessity to
189 remove (override) the :meth:`__hash__` method in order to trap attempts to use a
190 mutable object as dictionary key, which would be otherwise very error prone and
194 The :class:`MutableString` class has been removed in Python 3.0.
196 In addition to supporting the methods and operations of string and Unicode
197 objects (see section :ref:`string-methods`), :class:`UserString` instances
198 provide the following attribute:
201 .. attribute:: MutableString.data
203 A real Python string or Unicode object used to store the content of the
204 :class:`UserString` class.