2 :mod:`hashlib` --- Secure hashes and message digests
3 ====================================================
6 :synopsis: Secure hash and message digest algorithms.
7 .. moduleauthor:: Gregory P. Smith <greg@krypto.org>
8 .. sectionauthor:: Gregory P. Smith <greg@krypto.org>
14 single: message digest, MD5
15 single: secure hash algorithm, SHA1, SHA224, SHA256, SHA384, SHA512
17 This module implements a common interface to many different secure hash and
18 message digest algorithms. Included are the FIPS secure hash algorithms SHA1,
19 SHA224, SHA256, SHA384, and SHA512 (defined in FIPS 180-2) as well as RSA's MD5
20 algorithm (defined in Internet :rfc:`1321`). The terms secure hash and message
21 digest are interchangeable. Older algorithms were called message digests. The
22 modern term is secure hash.
25 If you want the adler32 or crc32 hash functions they are available in
26 the :mod:`zlib` module.
30 Some algorithms have known hash collision weaknesses, see the FAQ at the end.
32 There is one constructor method named for each type of :dfn:`hash`. All return
33 a hash object with the same simple interface. For example: use :func:`sha1` to
34 create a SHA1 hash object. You can now feed this object with arbitrary strings
35 using the :meth:`update` method. At any point you can ask it for the
36 :dfn:`digest` of the concatenation of the strings fed to it so far using the
37 :meth:`digest` or :meth:`hexdigest` methods.
39 .. index:: single: OpenSSL; (use in module hashlib)
41 Constructors for hash algorithms that are always present in this module are
42 :func:`md5`, :func:`sha1`, :func:`sha224`, :func:`sha256`, :func:`sha384`, and
43 :func:`sha512`. Additional algorithms may also be available depending upon the
44 OpenSSL library that Python uses on your platform.
46 For example, to obtain the digest of the string ``'Nobody inspects the spammish
51 >>> m.update("Nobody inspects")
52 >>> m.update(" the spammish repetition")
54 '\xbbd\x9c\x83\xdd\x1e\xa5\xc9\xd9\xde\xc9\xa1\x8d\xf0\xff\xe9'
62 >>> hashlib.sha224("Nobody inspects the spammish repetition").hexdigest()
63 'a4337bc45a8fc544c03f52dc550cd6e1e87021bc896588bd79e901e2'
65 A generic :func:`new` constructor that takes the string name of the desired
66 algorithm as its first parameter also exists to allow access to the above listed
67 hashes as well as any other algorithms that your OpenSSL library may offer. The
68 named constructors are much faster than :func:`new` and should be preferred.
70 Using :func:`new` with an algorithm provided by OpenSSL:
72 >>> h = hashlib.new('ripemd160')
73 >>> h.update("Nobody inspects the spammish repetition")
75 'cc4a5ce1b3df48aec5d22d1f16b894a0b894eccc'
77 The following values are provided as constant attributes of the hash objects
78 returned by the constructors:
83 The size of the resulting hash in bytes.
87 The internal block size of the hash algorithm in bytes.
89 A hash object has the following methods:
92 .. method:: hash.update(arg)
94 Update the hash object with the string *arg*. Repeated calls are equivalent to
95 a single call with the concatenation of all the arguments: ``m.update(a);
96 m.update(b)`` is equivalent to ``m.update(a+b)``.
98 .. versionchanged:: 2.7
100 The Python GIL is released to allow other threads to run while
101 hash updates on data larger than 2048 bytes is taking place when
102 using hash algorithms supplied by OpenSSL.
105 .. method:: hash.digest()
107 Return the digest of the strings passed to the :meth:`update` method so far.
108 This is a string of :attr:`digest_size` bytes which may contain non-ASCII
109 characters, including null bytes.
112 .. method:: hash.hexdigest()
114 Like :meth:`digest` except the digest is returned as a string of double length,
115 containing only hexadecimal digits. This may be used to exchange the value
116 safely in email or other non-binary environments.
119 .. method:: hash.copy()
121 Return a copy ("clone") of the hash object. This can be used to efficiently
122 compute the digests of strings that share a common initial substring.
128 A module to generate message authentication codes using hashes.
131 Another way to encode binary hashes for non-binary environments.
133 http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips180-2/fips180-2.pdf
134 The FIPS 180-2 publication on Secure Hash Algorithms.
136 http://www.cryptography.com/cnews/hash.html
137 Hash Collision FAQ with information on which algorithms have known issues and
138 what that means regarding their use.