1 :mod:`email`: Miscellaneous utilities
2 -------------------------------------
4 .. module:: email.utils
5 :synopsis: Miscellaneous email package utilities.
8 There are several useful utilities provided in the :mod:`email.utils` module:
11 .. function:: quote(str)
13 Return a new string with backslashes in *str* replaced by two backslashes, and
14 double quotes replaced by backslash-double quote.
17 .. function:: unquote(str)
19 Return a new string which is an *unquoted* version of *str*. If *str* ends and
20 begins with double quotes, they are stripped off. Likewise if *str* ends and
21 begins with angle brackets, they are stripped off.
24 .. function:: parseaddr(address)
26 Parse address -- which should be the value of some address-containing field such
27 as :mailheader:`To` or :mailheader:`Cc` -- into its constituent *realname* and
28 *email address* parts. Returns a tuple of that information, unless the parse
29 fails, in which case a 2-tuple of ``('', '')`` is returned.
32 .. function:: formataddr(pair)
34 The inverse of :meth:`parseaddr`, this takes a 2-tuple of the form ``(realname,
35 email_address)`` and returns the string value suitable for a :mailheader:`To` or
36 :mailheader:`Cc` header. If the first element of *pair* is false, then the
37 second element is returned unmodified.
40 .. function:: getaddresses(fieldvalues)
42 This method returns a list of 2-tuples of the form returned by ``parseaddr()``.
43 *fieldvalues* is a sequence of header field values as might be returned by
44 :meth:`Message.get_all`. Here's a simple example that gets all the recipients
47 from email.utils import getaddresses
49 tos = msg.get_all('to', [])
50 ccs = msg.get_all('cc', [])
51 resent_tos = msg.get_all('resent-to', [])
52 resent_ccs = msg.get_all('resent-cc', [])
53 all_recipients = getaddresses(tos + ccs + resent_tos + resent_ccs)
56 .. function:: parsedate(date)
58 Attempts to parse a date according to the rules in :rfc:`2822`. however, some
59 mailers don't follow that format as specified, so :func:`parsedate` tries to
60 guess correctly in such cases. *date* is a string containing an :rfc:`2822`
61 date, such as ``"Mon, 20 Nov 1995 19:12:08 -0500"``. If it succeeds in parsing
62 the date, :func:`parsedate` returns a 9-tuple that can be passed directly to
63 :func:`time.mktime`; otherwise ``None`` will be returned. Note that indexes 6,
64 7, and 8 of the result tuple are not usable.
67 .. function:: parsedate_tz(date)
69 Performs the same function as :func:`parsedate`, but returns either ``None`` or
70 a 10-tuple; the first 9 elements make up a tuple that can be passed directly to
71 :func:`time.mktime`, and the tenth is the offset of the date's timezone from UTC
72 (which is the official term for Greenwich Mean Time) [#]_. If the input string
73 has no timezone, the last element of the tuple returned is ``None``. Note that
74 indexes 6, 7, and 8 of the result tuple are not usable.
77 .. function:: mktime_tz(tuple)
79 Turn a 10-tuple as returned by :func:`parsedate_tz` into a UTC timestamp. It
80 the timezone item in the tuple is ``None``, assume local time. Minor
81 deficiency: :func:`mktime_tz` interprets the first 8 elements of *tuple* as a
82 local time and then compensates for the timezone difference. This may yield a
83 slight error around changes in daylight savings time, though not worth worrying
87 .. function:: formatdate([timeval[, localtime][, usegmt]])
89 Returns a date string as per :rfc:`2822`, e.g.::
91 Fri, 09 Nov 2001 01:08:47 -0000
93 Optional *timeval* if given is a floating point time value as accepted by
94 :func:`time.gmtime` and :func:`time.localtime`, otherwise the current time is
97 Optional *localtime* is a flag that when ``True``, interprets *timeval*, and
98 returns a date relative to the local timezone instead of UTC, properly taking
99 daylight savings time into account. The default is ``False`` meaning UTC is
102 Optional *usegmt* is a flag that when ``True``, outputs a date string with the
103 timezone as an ascii string ``GMT``, rather than a numeric ``-0000``. This is
104 needed for some protocols (such as HTTP). This only applies when *localtime* is
107 .. versionadded:: 2.4
110 .. function:: make_msgid([idstring])
112 Returns a string suitable for an :rfc:`2822`\ -compliant
113 :mailheader:`Message-ID` header. Optional *idstring* if given, is a string used
114 to strengthen the uniqueness of the message id.
117 .. function:: decode_rfc2231(s)
119 Decode the string *s* according to :rfc:`2231`.
122 .. function:: encode_rfc2231(s[, charset[, language]])
124 Encode the string *s* according to :rfc:`2231`. Optional *charset* and
125 *language*, if given is the character set name and language name to use. If
126 neither is given, *s* is returned as-is. If *charset* is given but *language*
127 is not, the string is encoded using the empty string for *language*.
130 .. function:: collapse_rfc2231_value(value[, errors[, fallback_charset]])
132 When a header parameter is encoded in :rfc:`2231` format,
133 :meth:`Message.get_param` may return a 3-tuple containing the character set,
134 language, and value. :func:`collapse_rfc2231_value` turns this into a unicode
135 string. Optional *errors* is passed to the *errors* argument of the built-in
136 :func:`unicode` function; it defaults to ``replace``. Optional
137 *fallback_charset* specifies the character set to use if the one in the
138 :rfc:`2231` header is not known by Python; it defaults to ``us-ascii``.
140 For convenience, if the *value* passed to :func:`collapse_rfc2231_value` is not
141 a tuple, it should be a string and it is returned unquoted.
144 .. function:: decode_params(params)
146 Decode parameters list according to :rfc:`2231`. *params* is a sequence of
147 2-tuples containing elements of the form ``(content-type, string-value)``.
149 .. versionchanged:: 2.4
150 The :func:`dump_address_pair` function has been removed; use :func:`formataddr`
153 .. versionchanged:: 2.4
154 The :func:`decode` function has been removed; use the
155 :meth:`Header.decode_header` method instead.
157 .. versionchanged:: 2.4
158 The :func:`encode` function has been removed; use the :meth:`Header.encode`
161 .. rubric:: Footnotes
163 .. [#] Note that the sign of the timezone offset is the opposite of the sign of the
164 ``time.timezone`` variable for the same timezone; the latter variable follows
165 the POSIX standard while this module follows :rfc:`2822`.