2 :mod:`asynchat` --- Asynchronous socket command/response handler
3 ================================================================
6 :synopsis: Support for asynchronous command/response protocols.
7 .. moduleauthor:: Sam Rushing <rushing@nightmare.com>
8 .. sectionauthor:: Steve Holden <sholden@holdenweb.com>
11 This module builds on the :mod:`asyncore` infrastructure, simplifying
12 asynchronous clients and servers and making it easier to handle protocols
13 whose elements are terminated by arbitrary strings, or are of variable length.
14 :mod:`asynchat` defines the abstract class :class:`async_chat` that you
15 subclass, providing implementations of the :meth:`collect_incoming_data` and
16 :meth:`found_terminator` methods. It uses the same asynchronous loop as
17 :mod:`asyncore`, and the two types of channel, :class:`asyncore.dispatcher`
18 and :class:`asynchat.async_chat`, can freely be mixed in the channel map.
19 Typically an :class:`asyncore.dispatcher` server channel generates new
20 :class:`asynchat.async_chat` channel objects as it receives incoming
24 .. class:: async_chat()
26 This class is an abstract subclass of :class:`asyncore.dispatcher`. To make
27 practical use of the code you must subclass :class:`async_chat`, providing
28 meaningful :meth:`collect_incoming_data` and :meth:`found_terminator`
30 The :class:`asyncore.dispatcher` methods can be used, although not all make
31 sense in a message/response context.
33 Like :class:`asyncore.dispatcher`, :class:`async_chat` defines a set of
34 events that are generated by an analysis of socket conditions after a
35 :cfunc:`select` call. Once the polling loop has been started the
36 :class:`async_chat` object's methods are called by the event-processing
37 framework with no action on the part of the programmer.
39 Two class attributes can be modified, to improve performance, or possibly
40 even to conserve memory.
43 .. data:: ac_in_buffer_size
45 The asynchronous input buffer size (default ``4096``).
48 .. data:: ac_out_buffer_size
50 The asynchronous output buffer size (default ``4096``).
52 Unlike :class:`asyncore.dispatcher`, :class:`async_chat` allows you to
53 define a first-in-first-out queue (fifo) of *producers*. A producer need
54 have only one method, :meth:`more`, which should return data to be
55 transmitted on the channel.
56 The producer indicates exhaustion (*i.e.* that it contains no more data) by
57 having its :meth:`more` method return the empty string. At this point the
58 :class:`async_chat` object removes the producer from the fifo and starts
59 using the next producer, if any. When the producer fifo is empty the
60 :meth:`handle_write` method does nothing. You use the channel object's
61 :meth:`set_terminator` method to describe how to recognize the end of, or
62 an important breakpoint in, an incoming transmission from the remote
65 To build a functioning :class:`async_chat` subclass your input methods
66 :meth:`collect_incoming_data` and :meth:`found_terminator` must handle the
67 data that the channel receives asynchronously. The methods are described
71 .. method:: async_chat.close_when_done()
73 Pushes a ``None`` on to the producer fifo. When this producer is popped off
74 the fifo it causes the channel to be closed.
77 .. method:: async_chat.collect_incoming_data(data)
79 Called with *data* holding an arbitrary amount of received data. The
80 default method, which must be overridden, raises a
81 :exc:`NotImplementedError` exception.
84 .. method:: async_chat._collect_incoming_data(data)
86 Sample implementation of a data collection rutine to be used in conjunction
87 with :meth:`_get_data` in a user-specified :meth:`found_terminator`.
90 .. method:: async_chat.discard_buffers()
92 In emergencies this method will discard any data held in the input and/or
93 output buffers and the producer fifo.
96 .. method:: async_chat.found_terminator()
98 Called when the incoming data stream matches the termination condition set
99 by :meth:`set_terminator`. The default method, which must be overridden,
100 raises a :exc:`NotImplementedError` exception. The buffered input data
101 should be available via an instance attribute.
104 .. method:: async_chat._get_data()
106 Will return and clear the data received with the sample
107 :meth:`_collect_incoming_data` implementation.
110 .. method:: async_chat.get_terminator()
112 Returns the current terminator for the channel.
115 .. method:: async_chat.handle_close()
117 Called when the channel is closed. The default method silently closes the
121 .. method:: async_chat.handle_read()
123 Called when a read event fires on the channel's socket in the asynchronous
124 loop. The default method checks for the termination condition established
125 by :meth:`set_terminator`, which can be either the appearance of a
126 particular string in the input stream or the receipt of a particular number
127 of characters. When the terminator is found, :meth:`handle_read` calls the
128 :meth:`found_terminator` method after calling :meth:`collect_incoming_data`
129 with any data preceding the terminating condition.
132 .. method:: async_chat.handle_write()
134 Called when the application may write data to the channel. The default
135 method calls the :meth:`initiate_send` method, which in turn will call
136 :meth:`refill_buffer` to collect data from the producer fifo associated
140 .. method:: async_chat.push(data)
142 Creates a :class:`simple_producer` object (*see below*) containing the data
143 and pushes it on to the channel's ``producer_fifo`` to ensure its
144 transmission. This is all you need to do to have the channel write the
145 data out to the network, although it is possible to use your own producers
146 in more complex schemes to implement encryption and chunking, for example.
149 .. method:: async_chat.push_with_producer(producer)
151 Takes a producer object and adds it to the producer fifo associated with
152 the channel. When all currently-pushed producers have been exhausted the
153 channel will consume this producer's data by calling its :meth:`more`
154 method and send the data to the remote endpoint.
157 .. method:: async_chat.readable()
159 Should return ``True`` for the channel to be included in the set of
160 channels tested by the :cfunc:`select` loop for readability.
163 .. method:: async_chat.refill_buffer()
165 Refills the output buffer by calling the :meth:`more` method of the
166 producer at the head of the fifo. If it is exhausted then the producer is
167 popped off the fifo and the next producer is activated. If the current
168 producer is, or becomes, ``None`` then the channel is closed.
171 .. method:: async_chat.set_terminator(term)
173 Sets the terminating condition to be recognized on the channel. ``term``
174 may be any of three types of value, corresponding to three different ways
175 to handle incoming protocol data.
177 +-----------+---------------------------------------------+
178 | term | Description |
179 +===========+=============================================+
180 | *string* | Will call :meth:`found_terminator` when the |
181 | | string is found in the input stream |
182 +-----------+---------------------------------------------+
183 | *integer* | Will call :meth:`found_terminator` when the |
184 | | indicated number of characters have been |
186 +-----------+---------------------------------------------+
187 | ``None`` | The channel continues to collect data |
189 +-----------+---------------------------------------------+
191 Note that any data following the terminator will be available for reading
192 by the channel after :meth:`found_terminator` is called.
195 .. method:: async_chat.writable()
197 Should return ``True`` as long as items remain on the producer fifo, or the
198 channel is connected and the channel's output buffer is non-empty.
201 asynchat - Auxiliary Classes and Functions
202 ------------------------------------------
205 .. class:: simple_producer(data[, buffer_size=512])
207 A :class:`simple_producer` takes a chunk of data and an optional buffer
208 size. Repeated calls to its :meth:`more` method yield successive chunks of
209 the data no larger than *buffer_size*.
214 Produces the next chunk of information from the producer, or returns the
218 .. class:: fifo([list=None])
220 Each channel maintains a :class:`fifo` holding data which has been pushed
221 by the application but not yet popped for writing to the channel. A
222 :class:`fifo` is a list used to hold data and/or producers until they are
223 required. If the *list* argument is provided then it should contain
224 producers or data items to be written to the channel.
227 .. method:: is_empty()
229 Returns ``True`` if and only if the fifo is empty.
234 Returns the least-recently :meth:`push`\ ed item from the fifo.
237 .. method:: push(data)
239 Adds the given data (which may be a string or a producer object) to the
245 If the fifo is not empty, returns ``True, first()``, deleting the popped
246 item. Returns ``False, None`` for an empty fifo.
248 The :mod:`asynchat` module also defines one utility function, which may be of
249 use in network and textual analysis operations.
252 .. function:: find_prefix_at_end(haystack, needle)
254 Returns ``True`` if string *haystack* ends with any non-empty prefix of
258 .. _asynchat-example:
263 The following partial example shows how HTTP requests can be read with
264 :class:`async_chat`. A web server might create an
265 :class:`http_request_handler` object for each incoming client connection.
266 Notice that initially the channel terminator is set to match the blank line at
267 the end of the HTTP headers, and a flag indicates that the headers are being
270 Once the headers have been read, if the request is of type POST (indicating
271 that further data are present in the input stream) then the
272 ``Content-Length:`` header is used to set a numeric terminator to read the
273 right amount of data from the channel.
275 The :meth:`handle_request` method is called once all relevant input has been
276 marshalled, after setting the channel terminator to ``None`` to ensure that
277 any extraneous data sent by the web client are ignored. ::
279 class http_request_handler(asynchat.async_chat):
281 def __init__(self, sock, addr, sessions, log):
282 asynchat.async_chat.__init__(self, sock=sock)
284 self.sessions = sessions
287 self.set_terminator("\r\n\r\n")
288 self.reading_headers = True
289 self.handling = False
293 def collect_incoming_data(self, data):
294 """Buffer the data"""
295 self.ibuffer.append(data)
297 def found_terminator(self):
298 if self.reading_headers:
299 self.reading_headers = False
300 self.parse_headers("".join(self.ibuffer))
302 if self.op.upper() == "POST":
303 clen = self.headers.getheader("content-length")
304 self.set_terminator(int(clen))
307 self.set_terminator(None)
308 self.handle_request()
309 elif not self.handling:
310 self.set_terminator(None) # browsers sometimes over-send
311 self.cgi_data = parse(self.headers, "".join(self.ibuffer))
314 self.handle_request()