2 :mod:`resource` --- Resource usage information
3 ==============================================
7 :synopsis: An interface to provide resource usage information on the current process.
8 .. moduleauthor:: Jeremy Hylton <jeremy@alum.mit.edu>
9 .. sectionauthor:: Jeremy Hylton <jeremy@alum.mit.edu>
12 This module provides basic mechanisms for measuring and controlling system
13 resources utilized by a program.
15 Symbolic constants are used to specify particular system resources and to
16 request usage information about either the current process or its children.
18 A single exception is defined for errors:
23 The functions described below may raise this error if the underlying system call
24 failures unexpectedly.
30 Resources usage can be limited using the :func:`setrlimit` function described
31 below. Each resource is controlled by a pair of limits: a soft limit and a hard
32 limit. The soft limit is the current limit, and may be lowered or raised by a
33 process over time. The soft limit can never exceed the hard limit. The hard
34 limit can be lowered to any value greater than the soft limit, but not raised.
35 (Only processes with the effective UID of the super-user can raise a hard
38 The specific resources that can be limited are system dependent. They are
39 described in the :manpage:`getrlimit(2)` man page. The resources listed below
40 are supported when the underlying operating system supports them; resources
41 which cannot be checked or controlled by the operating system are not defined in
42 this module for those platforms.
45 .. function:: getrlimit(resource)
47 Returns a tuple ``(soft, hard)`` with the current soft and hard limits of
48 *resource*. Raises :exc:`ValueError` if an invalid resource is specified, or
49 :exc:`error` if the underlying system call fails unexpectedly.
52 .. function:: setrlimit(resource, limits)
54 Sets new limits of consumption of *resource*. The *limits* argument must be a
55 tuple ``(soft, hard)`` of two integers describing the new limits. A value of
56 ``-1`` can be used to specify the maximum possible upper limit.
58 Raises :exc:`ValueError` if an invalid resource is specified, if the new soft
59 limit exceeds the hard limit, or if a process tries to raise its hard limit
60 (unless the process has an effective UID of super-user). Can also raise
61 :exc:`error` if the underlying system call fails.
63 These symbols define resources whose consumption can be controlled using the
64 :func:`setrlimit` and :func:`getrlimit` functions described below. The values of
65 these symbols are exactly the constants used by C programs.
67 The Unix man page for :manpage:`getrlimit(2)` lists the available resources.
68 Note that not all systems use the same symbol or same value to denote the same
69 resource. This module does not attempt to mask platform differences --- symbols
70 not defined for a platform will not be available from this module on that
76 The maximum size (in bytes) of a core file that the current process can create.
77 This may result in the creation of a partial core file if a larger core would be
78 required to contain the entire process image.
83 The maximum amount of processor time (in seconds) that a process can use. If
84 this limit is exceeded, a :const:`SIGXCPU` signal is sent to the process. (See
85 the :mod:`signal` module documentation for information about how to catch this
86 signal and do something useful, e.g. flush open files to disk.)
89 .. data:: RLIMIT_FSIZE
91 The maximum size of a file which the process may create. This only affects the
92 stack of the main thread in a multi-threaded process.
97 The maximum size (in bytes) of the process's heap.
100 .. data:: RLIMIT_STACK
102 The maximum size (in bytes) of the call stack for the current process.
107 The maximum resident set size that should be made available to the process.
110 .. data:: RLIMIT_NPROC
112 The maximum number of processes the current process may create.
115 .. data:: RLIMIT_NOFILE
117 The maximum number of open file descriptors for the current process.
120 .. data:: RLIMIT_OFILE
122 The BSD name for :const:`RLIMIT_NOFILE`.
125 .. data:: RLIMIT_MEMLOCK
127 The maximum address space which may be locked in memory.
130 .. data:: RLIMIT_VMEM
132 The largest area of mapped memory which the process may occupy.
137 The maximum area (in bytes) of address space which may be taken by the process.
143 These functions are used to retrieve resource usage information:
146 .. function:: getrusage(who)
148 This function returns an object that describes the resources consumed by either
149 the current process or its children, as specified by the *who* parameter. The
150 *who* parameter should be specified using one of the :const:`RUSAGE_\*`
151 constants described below.
153 The fields of the return value each describe how a particular system resource
154 has been used, e.g. amount of time spent running is user mode or number of times
155 the process was swapped out of main memory. Some values are dependent on the
156 clock tick internal, e.g. the amount of memory the process is using.
158 For backward compatibility, the return value is also accessible as a tuple of 16
161 The fields :attr:`ru_utime` and :attr:`ru_stime` of the return value are
162 floating point values representing the amount of time spent executing in user
163 mode and the amount of time spent executing in system mode, respectively. The
164 remaining values are integers. Consult the :manpage:`getrusage(2)` man page for
165 detailed information about these values. A brief summary is presented here:
167 +--------+---------------------+-------------------------------+
168 | Index | Field | Resource |
169 +========+=====================+===============================+
170 | ``0`` | :attr:`ru_utime` | time in user mode (float) |
171 +--------+---------------------+-------------------------------+
172 | ``1`` | :attr:`ru_stime` | time in system mode (float) |
173 +--------+---------------------+-------------------------------+
174 | ``2`` | :attr:`ru_maxrss` | maximum resident set size |
175 +--------+---------------------+-------------------------------+
176 | ``3`` | :attr:`ru_ixrss` | shared memory size |
177 +--------+---------------------+-------------------------------+
178 | ``4`` | :attr:`ru_idrss` | unshared memory size |
179 +--------+---------------------+-------------------------------+
180 | ``5`` | :attr:`ru_isrss` | unshared stack size |
181 +--------+---------------------+-------------------------------+
182 | ``6`` | :attr:`ru_minflt` | page faults not requiring I/O |
183 +--------+---------------------+-------------------------------+
184 | ``7`` | :attr:`ru_majflt` | page faults requiring I/O |
185 +--------+---------------------+-------------------------------+
186 | ``8`` | :attr:`ru_nswap` | number of swap outs |
187 +--------+---------------------+-------------------------------+
188 | ``9`` | :attr:`ru_inblock` | block input operations |
189 +--------+---------------------+-------------------------------+
190 | ``10`` | :attr:`ru_oublock` | block output operations |
191 +--------+---------------------+-------------------------------+
192 | ``11`` | :attr:`ru_msgsnd` | messages sent |
193 +--------+---------------------+-------------------------------+
194 | ``12`` | :attr:`ru_msgrcv` | messages received |
195 +--------+---------------------+-------------------------------+
196 | ``13`` | :attr:`ru_nsignals` | signals received |
197 +--------+---------------------+-------------------------------+
198 | ``14`` | :attr:`ru_nvcsw` | voluntary context switches |
199 +--------+---------------------+-------------------------------+
200 | ``15`` | :attr:`ru_nivcsw` | involuntary context switches |
201 +--------+---------------------+-------------------------------+
203 This function will raise a :exc:`ValueError` if an invalid *who* parameter is
204 specified. It may also raise :exc:`error` exception in unusual circumstances.
206 .. versionchanged:: 2.3
207 Added access to values as attributes of the returned object.
210 .. function:: getpagesize()
212 Returns the number of bytes in a system page. (This need not be the same as the
213 hardware page size.) This function is useful for determining the number of bytes
214 of memory a process is using. The third element of the tuple returned by
215 :func:`getrusage` describes memory usage in pages; multiplying by page size
216 produces number of bytes.
218 The following :const:`RUSAGE_\*` symbols are passed to the :func:`getrusage`
219 function to specify which processes information should be provided for.
222 .. data:: RUSAGE_SELF
224 :const:`RUSAGE_SELF` should be used to request information pertaining only to
228 .. data:: RUSAGE_CHILDREN
230 Pass to :func:`getrusage` to request resource information for child processes of
234 .. data:: RUSAGE_BOTH
236 Pass to :func:`getrusage` to request resources consumed by both the current
237 process and child processes. May not be available on all systems.