2 :mod:`inspect` --- Inspect live objects
3 =======================================
6 :synopsis: Extract information and source code from live objects.
7 .. moduleauthor:: Ka-Ping Yee <ping@lfw.org>
8 .. sectionauthor:: Ka-Ping Yee <ping@lfw.org>
13 The :mod:`inspect` module provides several useful functions to help get
14 information about live objects such as modules, classes, methods, functions,
15 tracebacks, frame objects, and code objects. For example, it can help you
16 examine the contents of a class, retrieve the source code of a method, extract
17 and format the argument list for a function, or get all the information you need
18 to display a detailed traceback.
20 There are four main kinds of services provided by this module: type checking,
21 getting source code, inspecting classes and functions, and examining the
30 The :func:`getmembers` function retrieves the members of an object such as a
31 class or module. The sixteen functions whose names begin with "is" are mainly
32 provided as convenient choices for the second argument to :func:`getmembers`.
33 They also help you determine when you can expect to find the following special
36 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
37 | Type | Attribute | Description | Notes |
38 +===========+=================+===========================+=======+
39 | module | __doc__ | documentation string | |
40 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
41 | | __file__ | filename (missing for | |
42 | | | built-in modules) | |
43 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
44 | class | __doc__ | documentation string | |
45 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
46 | | __module__ | name of module in which | |
47 | | | this class was defined | |
48 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
49 | method | __doc__ | documentation string | |
50 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
51 | | __name__ | name with which this | |
52 | | | method was defined | |
53 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
54 | | im_class | class object that asked | \(1) |
55 | | | for this method | |
56 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
57 | | im_func or | function object | |
58 | | __func__ | containing implementation | |
60 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
61 | | im_self or | instance to which this | |
62 | | __self__ | method is bound, or | |
64 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
65 | function | __doc__ | documentation string | |
66 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
67 | | __name__ | name with which this | |
68 | | | function was defined | |
69 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
70 | | func_code | code object containing | |
71 | | | compiled function | |
72 | | | :term:`bytecode` | |
73 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
74 | | func_defaults | tuple of any default | |
75 | | | values for arguments | |
76 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
77 | | func_doc | (same as __doc__) | |
78 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
79 | | func_globals | global namespace in which | |
80 | | | this function was defined | |
81 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
82 | | func_name | (same as __name__) | |
83 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
84 | generator | __iter__ | defined to support | |
85 | | | iteration over container | |
86 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
87 | | close | raises new GeneratorExit | |
88 | | | exception inside the | |
89 | | | generator to terminate | |
90 | | | the iteration | |
91 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
92 | | gi_code | code object | |
93 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
94 | | gi_frame | frame object or possibly | |
95 | | | None once the generator | |
96 | | | has been exhausted | |
97 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
98 | | gi_running | set to 1 when generator | |
99 | | | is executing, 0 otherwise | |
100 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
101 | | next | return the next item from | |
102 | | | the container | |
103 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
104 | | send | resumes the generator and | |
105 | | | "sends" a value that | |
106 | | | becomes the result of the | |
107 | | | current yield-expression | |
108 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
109 | | throw | used to raise an | |
110 | | | exception inside the | |
112 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
113 | traceback | tb_frame | frame object at this | |
115 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
116 | | tb_lasti | index of last attempted | |
117 | | | instruction in bytecode | |
118 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
119 | | tb_lineno | current line number in | |
120 | | | Python source code | |
121 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
122 | | tb_next | next inner traceback | |
123 | | | object (called by this | |
125 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
126 | frame | f_back | next outer frame object | |
127 | | | (this frame's caller) | |
128 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
129 | | f_builtins | built-in namespace seen | |
130 | | | by this frame | |
131 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
132 | | f_code | code object being | |
133 | | | executed in this frame | |
134 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
135 | | f_exc_traceback | traceback if raised in | |
136 | | | this frame, or ``None`` | |
137 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
138 | | f_exc_type | exception type if raised | |
139 | | | in this frame, or | |
141 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
142 | | f_exc_value | exception value if raised | |
143 | | | in this frame, or | |
145 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
146 | | f_globals | global namespace seen by | |
148 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
149 | | f_lasti | index of last attempted | |
150 | | | instruction in bytecode | |
151 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
152 | | f_lineno | current line number in | |
153 | | | Python source code | |
154 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
155 | | f_locals | local namespace seen by | |
157 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
158 | | f_restricted | 0 or 1 if frame is in | |
159 | | | restricted execution mode | |
160 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
161 | | f_trace | tracing function for this | |
162 | | | frame, or ``None`` | |
163 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
164 | code | co_argcount | number of arguments (not | |
165 | | | including \* or \*\* | |
167 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
168 | | co_code | string of raw compiled | |
170 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
171 | | co_consts | tuple of constants used | |
172 | | | in the bytecode | |
173 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
174 | | co_filename | name of file in which | |
175 | | | this code object was | |
177 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
178 | | co_firstlineno | number of first line in | |
179 | | | Python source code | |
180 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
181 | | co_flags | bitmap: 1=optimized ``|`` | |
182 | | | 2=newlocals ``|`` 4=\*arg | |
183 | | | ``|`` 8=\*\*arg | |
184 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
185 | | co_lnotab | encoded mapping of line | |
186 | | | numbers to bytecode | |
188 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
189 | | co_name | name with which this code | |
190 | | | object was defined | |
191 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
192 | | co_names | tuple of names of local | |
194 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
195 | | co_nlocals | number of local variables | |
196 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
197 | | co_stacksize | virtual machine stack | |
198 | | | space required | |
199 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
200 | | co_varnames | tuple of names of | |
201 | | | arguments and local | |
203 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
204 | builtin | __doc__ | documentation string | |
205 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
206 | | __name__ | original name of this | |
207 | | | function or method | |
208 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
209 | | __self__ | instance to which a | |
210 | | | method is bound, or | |
212 +-----------+-----------------+---------------------------+-------+
217 .. versionchanged:: 2.2
218 :attr:`im_class` used to refer to the class that defined the method.
221 .. function:: getmembers(object[, predicate])
223 Return all the members of an object in a list of (name, value) pairs sorted by
224 name. If the optional *predicate* argument is supplied, only members for which
225 the predicate returns a true value are included.
229 :func:`getmembers` does not return metaclass attributes when the argument
230 is a class (this behavior is inherited from the :func:`dir` function).
233 .. function:: getmoduleinfo(path)
235 Return a tuple of values that describe how Python will interpret the file
236 identified by *path* if it is a module, or ``None`` if it would not be
237 identified as a module. The return tuple is ``(name, suffix, mode, mtype)``,
238 where *name* is the name of the module without the name of any enclosing
239 package, *suffix* is the trailing part of the file name (which may not be a
240 dot-delimited extension), *mode* is the :func:`open` mode that would be used
241 (``'r'`` or ``'rb'``), and *mtype* is an integer giving the type of the
242 module. *mtype* will have a value which can be compared to the constants
243 defined in the :mod:`imp` module; see the documentation for that module for
244 more information on module types.
246 .. versionchanged:: 2.6
247 Returns a :term:`named tuple` ``ModuleInfo(name, suffix, mode,
251 .. function:: getmodulename(path)
253 Return the name of the module named by the file *path*, without including the
254 names of enclosing packages. This uses the same algorithm as the interpreter
255 uses when searching for modules. If the name cannot be matched according to the
256 interpreter's rules, ``None`` is returned.
259 .. function:: ismodule(object)
261 Return true if the object is a module.
264 .. function:: isclass(object)
266 Return true if the object is a class.
269 .. function:: ismethod(object)
271 Return true if the object is a method.
274 .. function:: isfunction(object)
276 Return true if the object is a Python function or unnamed (:term:`lambda`) function.
278 .. function:: isgeneratorfunction(object)
280 Return true if the object is a Python generator function.
282 .. versionadded:: 2.6
284 .. function:: isgenerator(object)
286 Return true if the object is a generator.
288 .. versionadded:: 2.6
290 .. function:: istraceback(object)
292 Return true if the object is a traceback.
295 .. function:: isframe(object)
297 Return true if the object is a frame.
300 .. function:: iscode(object)
302 Return true if the object is a code.
305 .. function:: isbuiltin(object)
307 Return true if the object is a built-in function.
310 .. function:: isroutine(object)
312 Return true if the object is a user-defined or built-in function or method.
314 .. function:: isabstract(object)
316 Return true if the object is an abstract base class.
318 .. versionadded:: 2.6
321 .. function:: ismethoddescriptor(object)
323 Return true if the object is a method descriptor, but not if :func:`ismethod`
324 or :func:`isclass` or :func:`isfunction` are true.
326 This is new as of Python 2.2, and, for example, is true of
327 ``int.__add__``. An object passing this test has a :attr:`__get__` attribute
328 but not a :attr:`__set__` attribute, but beyond that the set of attributes
329 varies. :attr:`__name__` is usually sensible, and :attr:`__doc__` often is.
331 Methods implemented via descriptors that also pass one of the other tests
332 return false from the :func:`ismethoddescriptor` test, simply because the
333 other tests promise more -- you can, e.g., count on having the
334 :attr:`im_func` attribute (etc) when an object passes :func:`ismethod`.
337 .. function:: isdatadescriptor(object)
339 Return true if the object is a data descriptor.
341 Data descriptors have both a :attr:`__get__` and a :attr:`__set__` attribute.
342 Examples are properties (defined in Python), getsets, and members. The
343 latter two are defined in C and there are more specific tests available for
344 those types, which is robust across Python implementations. Typically, data
345 descriptors will also have :attr:`__name__` and :attr:`__doc__` attributes
346 (properties, getsets, and members have both of these attributes), but this is
349 .. versionadded:: 2.3
352 .. function:: isgetsetdescriptor(object)
354 Return true if the object is a getset descriptor.
358 getsets are attributes defined in extension modules via
359 :ctype:`PyGetSetDef` structures. For Python implementations without such
360 types, this method will always return ``False``.
362 .. versionadded:: 2.5
365 .. function:: ismemberdescriptor(object)
367 Return true if the object is a member descriptor.
371 Member descriptors are attributes defined in extension modules via
372 :ctype:`PyMemberDef` structures. For Python implementations without such
373 types, this method will always return ``False``.
375 .. versionadded:: 2.5
380 Retrieving source code
381 ----------------------
383 .. function:: getdoc(object)
385 Get the documentation string for an object, cleaned up with :func:`cleandoc`.
388 .. function:: getcomments(object)
390 Return in a single string any lines of comments immediately preceding the
391 object's source code (for a class, function, or method), or at the top of the
392 Python source file (if the object is a module).
395 .. function:: getfile(object)
397 Return the name of the (text or binary) file in which an object was defined.
398 This will fail with a :exc:`TypeError` if the object is a built-in module,
402 .. function:: getmodule(object)
404 Try to guess which module an object was defined in.
407 .. function:: getsourcefile(object)
409 Return the name of the Python source file in which an object was defined. This
410 will fail with a :exc:`TypeError` if the object is a built-in module, class, or
414 .. function:: getsourcelines(object)
416 Return a list of source lines and starting line number for an object. The
417 argument may be a module, class, method, function, traceback, frame, or code
418 object. The source code is returned as a list of the lines corresponding to the
419 object and the line number indicates where in the original source file the first
420 line of code was found. An :exc:`IOError` is raised if the source code cannot
424 .. function:: getsource(object)
426 Return the text of the source code for an object. The argument may be a module,
427 class, method, function, traceback, frame, or code object. The source code is
428 returned as a single string. An :exc:`IOError` is raised if the source code
432 .. function:: cleandoc(doc)
434 Clean up indentation from docstrings that are indented to line up with blocks
435 of code. Any whitespace that can be uniformly removed from the second line
436 onwards is removed. Also, all tabs are expanded to spaces.
438 .. versionadded:: 2.6
441 .. _inspect-classes-functions:
443 Classes and functions
444 ---------------------
447 .. function:: getclasstree(classes[, unique])
449 Arrange the given list of classes into a hierarchy of nested lists. Where a
450 nested list appears, it contains classes derived from the class whose entry
451 immediately precedes the list. Each entry is a 2-tuple containing a class and a
452 tuple of its base classes. If the *unique* argument is true, exactly one entry
453 appears in the returned structure for each class in the given list. Otherwise,
454 classes using multiple inheritance and their descendants will appear multiple
458 .. function:: getargspec(func)
460 Get the names and default values of a function's arguments. A tuple of four
461 things is returned: ``(args, varargs, varkw, defaults)``. *args* is a list of
462 the argument names (it may contain nested lists). *varargs* and *varkw* are the
463 names of the ``*`` and ``**`` arguments or ``None``. *defaults* is a tuple of
464 default argument values or None if there are no default arguments; if this tuple
465 has *n* elements, they correspond to the last *n* elements listed in *args*.
467 .. versionchanged:: 2.6
468 Returns a :term:`named tuple` ``ArgSpec(args, varargs, keywords,
472 .. function:: getargvalues(frame)
474 Get information about arguments passed into a particular frame. A tuple of four
475 things is returned: ``(args, varargs, varkw, locals)``. *args* is a list of the
476 argument names (it may contain nested lists). *varargs* and *varkw* are the
477 names of the ``*`` and ``**`` arguments or ``None``. *locals* is the locals
478 dictionary of the given frame.
480 .. versionchanged:: 2.6
481 Returns a :term:`named tuple` ``ArgInfo(args, varargs, keywords,
485 .. function:: formatargspec(args[, varargs, varkw, defaults, formatarg, formatvarargs, formatvarkw, formatvalue, join])
487 Format a pretty argument spec from the four values returned by
488 :func:`getargspec`. The format\* arguments are the corresponding optional
489 formatting functions that are called to turn names and values into strings.
492 .. function:: formatargvalues(args[, varargs, varkw, locals, formatarg, formatvarargs, formatvarkw, formatvalue, join])
494 Format a pretty argument spec from the four values returned by
495 :func:`getargvalues`. The format\* arguments are the corresponding optional
496 formatting functions that are called to turn names and values into strings.
499 .. function:: getmro(cls)
501 Return a tuple of class cls's base classes, including cls, in method resolution
502 order. No class appears more than once in this tuple. Note that the method
503 resolution order depends on cls's type. Unless a very peculiar user-defined
504 metatype is in use, cls will be the first element of the tuple.
509 The interpreter stack
510 ---------------------
512 When the following functions return "frame records," each record is a tuple of
513 six items: the frame object, the filename, the line number of the current line,
514 the function name, a list of lines of context from the source code, and the
515 index of the current line within that list.
519 Keeping references to frame objects, as found in the first element of the frame
520 records these functions return, can cause your program to create reference
521 cycles. Once a reference cycle has been created, the lifespan of all objects
522 which can be accessed from the objects which form the cycle can become much
523 longer even if Python's optional cycle detector is enabled. If such cycles must
524 be created, it is important to ensure they are explicitly broken to avoid the
525 delayed destruction of objects and increased memory consumption which occurs.
527 Though the cycle detector will catch these, destruction of the frames (and local
528 variables) can be made deterministic by removing the cycle in a
529 :keyword:`finally` clause. This is also important if the cycle detector was
530 disabled when Python was compiled or using :func:`gc.disable`. For example::
532 def handle_stackframe_without_leak():
533 frame = inspect.currentframe()
535 # do something with the frame
539 The optional *context* argument supported by most of these functions specifies
540 the number of lines of context to return, which are centered around the current
544 .. function:: getframeinfo(frame[, context])
546 Get information about a frame or traceback object. A 5-tuple is returned, the
547 last five elements of the frame's frame record.
549 .. versionchanged:: 2.6
550 Returns a :term:`named tuple` ``Traceback(filename, lineno, function,
551 code_context, index)``.
554 .. function:: getouterframes(frame[, context])
556 Get a list of frame records for a frame and all outer frames. These frames
557 represent the calls that lead to the creation of *frame*. The first entry in the
558 returned list represents *frame*; the last entry represents the outermost call
562 .. function:: getinnerframes(traceback[, context])
564 Get a list of frame records for a traceback's frame and all inner frames. These
565 frames represent calls made as a consequence of *frame*. The first entry in the
566 list represents *traceback*; the last entry represents where the exception was
570 .. function:: currentframe()
572 Return the frame object for the caller's stack frame.
576 This function relies on Python stack frame support in the interpreter,
577 which isn't guaranteed to exist in all implementations of Python. If
578 running in an implementation without Python stack frame support this
579 function returns ``None``.
582 .. function:: stack([context])
584 Return a list of frame records for the caller's stack. The first entry in the
585 returned list represents the caller; the last entry represents the outermost
589 .. function:: trace([context])
591 Return a list of frame records for the stack between the current frame and the
592 frame in which an exception currently being handled was raised in. The first
593 entry in the list represents the caller; the last entry represents where the
594 exception was raised.