6 ********************************************
7 Building C and C++ Extensions with distutils
8 ********************************************
10 .. sectionauthor:: Martin v. Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
13 Starting in Python 1.4, Python provides, on Unix, a special make file for
14 building make files for building dynamically-linked extensions and custom
15 interpreters. Starting with Python 2.0, this mechanism (known as related to
16 Makefile.pre.in, and Setup files) is no longer supported. Building custom
17 interpreters was rarely used, and extension modules can be built using
20 Building an extension module using distutils requires that distutils is
21 installed on the build machine, which is included in Python 2.x and available
22 separately for Python 1.5. Since distutils also supports creation of binary
23 packages, users don't necessarily need a compiler and distutils to install the
26 A distutils package contains a driver script, :file:`setup.py`. This is a plain
27 Python file, which, in the most simple case, could look like this::
29 from distutils.core import setup, Extension
31 module1 = Extension('demo',
34 setup (name = 'PackageName',
36 description = 'This is a demo package',
37 ext_modules = [module1])
40 With this :file:`setup.py`, and a file :file:`demo.c`, running ::
44 will compile :file:`demo.c`, and produce an extension module named ``demo`` in
45 the :file:`build` directory. Depending on the system, the module file will end
46 up in a subdirectory :file:`build/lib.system`, and may have a name like
47 :file:`demo.so` or :file:`demo.pyd`.
49 In the :file:`setup.py`, all execution is performed by calling the ``setup``
50 function. This takes a variable number of keyword arguments, of which the
51 example above uses only a subset. Specifically, the example specifies
52 meta-information to build packages, and it specifies the contents of the
53 package. Normally, a package will contain of addition modules, like Python
54 source modules, documentation, subpackages, etc. Please refer to the distutils
55 documentation in :ref:`distutils-index` to learn more about the features of
56 distutils; this section explains building extension modules only.
58 It is common to pre-compute arguments to :func:`setup`, to better structure the
59 driver script. In the example above, the\ ``ext_modules`` argument to
60 :func:`setup` is a list of extension modules, each of which is an instance of
61 the :class:`Extension`. In the example, the instance defines an extension named
62 ``demo`` which is build by compiling a single source file, :file:`demo.c`.
64 In many cases, building an extension is more complex, since additional
65 preprocessor defines and libraries may be needed. This is demonstrated in the
68 from distutils.core import setup, Extension
70 module1 = Extension('demo',
71 define_macros = [('MAJOR_VERSION', '1'),
72 ('MINOR_VERSION', '0')],
73 include_dirs = ['/usr/local/include'],
74 libraries = ['tcl83'],
75 library_dirs = ['/usr/local/lib'],
78 setup (name = 'PackageName',
80 description = 'This is a demo package',
81 author = 'Martin v. Loewis',
82 author_email = 'martin@v.loewis.de',
83 url = 'http://docs.python.org/extending/building',
84 long_description = '''
85 This is really just a demo package.
87 ext_modules = [module1])
90 In this example, :func:`setup` is called with additional meta-information, which
91 is recommended when distribution packages have to be built. For the extension
92 itself, it specifies preprocessor defines, include directories, library
93 directories, and libraries. Depending on the compiler, distutils passes this
94 information in different ways to the compiler. For example, on Unix, this may
95 result in the compilation commands ::
97 gcc -DNDEBUG -g -O3 -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -fPIC -DMAJOR_VERSION=1 -DMINOR_VERSION=0 -I/usr/local/include -I/usr/local/include/python2.2 -c demo.c -o build/temp.linux-i686-2.2/demo.o
99 gcc -shared build/temp.linux-i686-2.2/demo.o -L/usr/local/lib -ltcl83 -o build/lib.linux-i686-2.2/demo.so
101 These lines are for demonstration purposes only; distutils users should trust
102 that distutils gets the invocations right.
107 Distributing your extension modules
108 ===================================
110 When an extension has been successfully build, there are three ways to use it.
112 End-users will typically want to install the module, they do so by running ::
114 python setup.py install
116 Module maintainers should produce source packages; to do so, they run ::
118 python setup.py sdist
120 In some cases, additional files need to be included in a source distribution;
121 this is done through a :file:`MANIFEST.in` file; see the distutils documentation
124 If the source distribution has been build successfully, maintainers can also
125 create binary distributions. Depending on the platform, one of the following
126 commands can be used to do so. ::
128 python setup.py bdist_wininst
129 python setup.py bdist_rpm
130 python setup.py bdist_dumb