1 :mod:`email`: Parsing email messages
2 ------------------------------------
4 .. module:: email.parser
5 :synopsis: Parse flat text email messages to produce a message object structure.
8 Message object structures can be created in one of two ways: they can be created
9 from whole cloth by instantiating :class:`~email.message.Message` objects and
10 stringing them together via :meth:`attach` and :meth:`set_payload` calls, or they
11 can be created by parsing a flat text representation of the email message.
13 The :mod:`email` package provides a standard parser that understands most email
14 document structures, including MIME documents. You can pass the parser a string
15 or a file object, and the parser will return to you the root
16 :class:`~email.message.Message` instance of the object structure. For simple,
17 non-MIME messages the payload of this root object will likely be a string
18 containing the text of the message. For MIME messages, the root object will
19 return ``True`` from its :meth:`is_multipart` method, and the subparts can be
20 accessed via the :meth:`get_payload` and :meth:`walk` methods.
22 There are actually two parser interfaces available for use, the classic
23 :class:`Parser` API and the incremental :class:`FeedParser` API. The classic
24 :class:`Parser` API is fine if you have the entire text of the message in memory
25 as a string, or if the entire message lives in a file on the file system.
26 :class:`FeedParser` is more appropriate for when you're reading the message from
27 a stream which might block waiting for more input (e.g. reading an email message
28 from a socket). The :class:`FeedParser` can consume and parse the message
29 incrementally, and only returns the root object when you close the parser [#]_.
31 Note that the parser can be extended in limited ways, and of course you can
32 implement your own parser completely from scratch. There is no magical
33 connection between the :mod:`email` package's bundled parser and the
34 :class:`~email.message.Message` class, so your custom parser can create message
35 object trees any way it finds necessary.
43 The :class:`FeedParser`, imported from the :mod:`email.feedparser` module,
44 provides an API that is conducive to incremental parsing of email messages, such
45 as would be necessary when reading the text of an email message from a source
46 that can block (e.g. a socket). The :class:`FeedParser` can of course be used
47 to parse an email message fully contained in a string or a file, but the classic
48 :class:`Parser` API may be more convenient for such use cases. The semantics
49 and results of the two parser APIs are identical.
51 The :class:`FeedParser`'s API is simple; you create an instance, feed it a bunch
52 of text until there's no more to feed it, then close the parser to retrieve the
53 root message object. The :class:`FeedParser` is extremely accurate when parsing
54 standards-compliant messages, and it does a very good job of parsing
55 non-compliant messages, providing information about how a message was deemed
56 broken. It will populate a message object's *defects* attribute with a list of
57 any problems it found in a message. See the :mod:`email.errors` module for the
58 list of defects that it can find.
60 Here is the API for the :class:`FeedParser`:
63 .. class:: FeedParser([_factory])
65 Create a :class:`FeedParser` instance. Optional *_factory* is a no-argument
66 callable that will be called whenever a new message object is needed. It
67 defaults to the :class:`email.message.Message` class.
70 .. method:: feed(data)
72 Feed the :class:`FeedParser` some more data. *data* should be a string
73 containing one or more lines. The lines can be partial and the
74 :class:`FeedParser` will stitch such partial lines together properly. The
75 lines in the string can have any of the common three line endings,
76 carriage return, newline, or carriage return and newline (they can even be
82 Closing a :class:`FeedParser` completes the parsing of all previously fed
83 data, and returns the root message object. It is undefined what happens
84 if you feed more data to a closed :class:`FeedParser`.
90 The :class:`Parser` class, imported from the :mod:`email.parser` module,
91 provides an API that can be used to parse a message when the complete contents
92 of the message are available in a string or file. The :mod:`email.parser`
93 module also provides a second class, called :class:`HeaderParser` which can be
94 used if you're only interested in the headers of the message.
95 :class:`HeaderParser` can be much faster in these situations, since it does not
96 attempt to parse the message body, instead setting the payload to the raw body
97 as a string. :class:`HeaderParser` has the same API as the :class:`Parser`
101 .. class:: Parser([_class])
103 The constructor for the :class:`Parser` class takes an optional argument
104 *_class*. This must be a callable factory (such as a function or a class), and
105 it is used whenever a sub-message object needs to be created. It defaults to
106 :class:`~email.message.Message` (see :mod:`email.message`). The factory will
107 be called without arguments.
109 The optional *strict* flag is ignored.
112 Because the :class:`Parser` class is a backward compatible API wrapper
113 around the new-in-Python 2.4 :class:`FeedParser`, *all* parsing is
114 effectively non-strict. You should simply stop passing a *strict* flag to
115 the :class:`Parser` constructor.
117 .. versionchanged:: 2.2.2
118 The *strict* flag was added.
120 .. versionchanged:: 2.4
121 The *strict* flag was deprecated.
123 The other public :class:`Parser` methods are:
126 .. method:: parse(fp[, headersonly])
128 Read all the data from the file-like object *fp*, parse the resulting
129 text, and return the root message object. *fp* must support both the
130 :meth:`readline` and the :meth:`read` methods on file-like objects.
132 The text contained in *fp* must be formatted as a block of :rfc:`2822`
133 style headers and header continuation lines, optionally preceded by a
134 envelope header. The header block is terminated either by the end of the
135 data or by a blank line. Following the header block is the body of the
136 message (which may contain MIME-encoded subparts).
138 Optional *headersonly* is as with the :meth:`parse` method.
140 .. versionchanged:: 2.2.2
141 The *headersonly* flag was added.
144 .. method:: parsestr(text[, headersonly])
146 Similar to the :meth:`parse` method, except it takes a string object
147 instead of a file-like object. Calling this method on a string is exactly
148 equivalent to wrapping *text* in a :class:`StringIO` instance first and
149 calling :meth:`parse`.
151 Optional *headersonly* is a flag specifying whether to stop parsing after
152 reading the headers or not. The default is ``False``, meaning it parses
153 the entire contents of the file.
155 .. versionchanged:: 2.2.2
156 The *headersonly* flag was added.
158 Since creating a message object structure from a string or a file object is such
159 a common task, two functions are provided as a convenience. They are available
160 in the top-level :mod:`email` package namespace.
162 .. currentmodule:: email
164 .. function:: message_from_string(s[, _class[, strict]])
166 Return a message object structure from a string. This is exactly equivalent to
167 ``Parser().parsestr(s)``. Optional *_class* and *strict* are interpreted as
168 with the :class:`Parser` class constructor.
170 .. versionchanged:: 2.2.2
171 The *strict* flag was added.
174 .. function:: message_from_file(fp[, _class[, strict]])
176 Return a message object structure tree from an open file object. This is
177 exactly equivalent to ``Parser().parse(fp)``. Optional *_class* and *strict*
178 are interpreted as with the :class:`Parser` class constructor.
180 .. versionchanged:: 2.2.2
181 The *strict* flag was added.
183 Here's an example of how you might use this at an interactive Python prompt::
186 >>> msg = email.message_from_string(myString)
192 Here are some notes on the parsing semantics:
194 * Most non-\ :mimetype:`multipart` type messages are parsed as a single message
195 object with a string payload. These objects will return ``False`` for
196 :meth:`is_multipart`. Their :meth:`get_payload` method will return a string
199 * All :mimetype:`multipart` type messages will be parsed as a container message
200 object with a list of sub-message objects for their payload. The outer
201 container message will return ``True`` for :meth:`is_multipart` and their
202 :meth:`get_payload` method will return the list of :class:`~email.message.Message`
205 * Most messages with a content type of :mimetype:`message/\*` (e.g.
206 :mimetype:`message/delivery-status` and :mimetype:`message/rfc822`) will also be
207 parsed as container object containing a list payload of length 1. Their
208 :meth:`is_multipart` method will return ``True``. The single element in the
209 list payload will be a sub-message object.
211 * Some non-standards compliant messages may not be internally consistent about
212 their :mimetype:`multipart`\ -edness. Such messages may have a
213 :mailheader:`Content-Type` header of type :mimetype:`multipart`, but their
214 :meth:`is_multipart` method may return ``False``. If such messages were parsed
215 with the :class:`FeedParser`, they will have an instance of the
216 :class:`MultipartInvariantViolationDefect` class in their *defects* attribute
217 list. See :mod:`email.errors` for details.
219 .. rubric:: Footnotes
221 .. [#] As of email package version 3.0, introduced in Python 2.4, the classic
222 :class:`Parser` was re-implemented in terms of the :class:`FeedParser`, so the
223 semantics and results are identical between the two parsers.