2 :mod:`fcntl` --- The :func:`fcntl` and :func:`ioctl` system calls
3 =================================================================
7 :synopsis: The fcntl() and ioctl() system calls.
8 .. sectionauthor:: Jaap Vermeulen
12 pair: UNIX@Unix; file control
13 pair: UNIX@Unix; I/O control
15 This module performs file control and I/O control on file descriptors. It is an
16 interface to the :cfunc:`fcntl` and :cfunc:`ioctl` Unix routines.
18 All functions in this module take a file descriptor *fd* as their first
19 argument. This can be an integer file descriptor, such as returned by
20 ``sys.stdin.fileno()``, or a file object, such as ``sys.stdin`` itself, which
21 provides a :meth:`fileno` which returns a genuine file descriptor.
23 The module defines the following functions:
26 .. function:: fcntl(fd, op[, arg])
28 Perform the requested operation on file descriptor *fd* (file objects providing
29 a :meth:`fileno` method are accepted as well). The operation is defined by *op*
30 and is operating system dependent. These codes are also found in the
31 :mod:`fcntl` module. The argument *arg* is optional, and defaults to the integer
32 value ``0``. When present, it can either be an integer value, or a string.
33 With the argument missing or an integer value, the return value of this function
34 is the integer return value of the C :cfunc:`fcntl` call. When the argument is
35 a string it represents a binary structure, e.g. created by :func:`struct.pack`.
36 The binary data is copied to a buffer whose address is passed to the C
37 :cfunc:`fcntl` call. The return value after a successful call is the contents
38 of the buffer, converted to a string object. The length of the returned string
39 will be the same as the length of the *arg* argument. This is limited to 1024
40 bytes. If the information returned in the buffer by the operating system is
41 larger than 1024 bytes, this is most likely to result in a segmentation
42 violation or a more subtle data corruption.
44 If the :cfunc:`fcntl` fails, an :exc:`IOError` is raised.
47 .. function:: ioctl(fd, op[, arg[, mutate_flag]])
49 This function is identical to the :func:`fcntl` function, except that the
50 operations are typically defined in the library module :mod:`termios` and the
51 argument handling is even more complicated.
53 The op parameter is limited to values that can fit in 32-bits.
55 The parameter *arg* can be one of an integer, absent (treated identically to the
56 integer ``0``), an object supporting the read-only buffer interface (most likely
57 a plain Python string) or an object supporting the read-write buffer interface.
59 In all but the last case, behaviour is as for the :func:`fcntl` function.
61 If a mutable buffer is passed, then the behaviour is determined by the value of
62 the *mutate_flag* parameter.
64 If it is false, the buffer's mutability is ignored and behaviour is as for a
65 read-only buffer, except that the 1024 byte limit mentioned above is avoided --
66 so long as the buffer you pass is as least as long as what the operating system
67 wants to put there, things should work.
69 If *mutate_flag* is true, then the buffer is (in effect) passed to the
70 underlying :func:`ioctl` system call, the latter's return code is passed back to
71 the calling Python, and the buffer's new contents reflect the action of the
72 :func:`ioctl`. This is a slight simplification, because if the supplied buffer
73 is less than 1024 bytes long it is first copied into a static buffer 1024 bytes
74 long which is then passed to :func:`ioctl` and copied back into the supplied
77 If *mutate_flag* is not supplied, then from Python 2.5 it defaults to true,
78 which is a change from versions 2.3 and 2.4. Supply the argument explicitly if
79 version portability is a priority.
83 >>> import array, fcntl, struct, termios, os
86 >>> struct.unpack('h', fcntl.ioctl(0, termios.TIOCGPGRP, " "))[0]
88 >>> buf = array.array('h', [0])
89 >>> fcntl.ioctl(0, termios.TIOCGPGRP, buf, 1)
95 .. function:: flock(fd, op)
97 Perform the lock operation *op* on file descriptor *fd* (file objects providing
98 a :meth:`fileno` method are accepted as well). See the Unix manual
99 :manpage:`flock(3)` for details. (On some systems, this function is emulated
100 using :cfunc:`fcntl`.)
103 .. function:: lockf(fd, operation, [length, [start, [whence]]])
105 This is essentially a wrapper around the :func:`fcntl` locking calls. *fd* is
106 the file descriptor of the file to lock or unlock, and *operation* is one of the
109 * :const:`LOCK_UN` -- unlock
110 * :const:`LOCK_SH` -- acquire a shared lock
111 * :const:`LOCK_EX` -- acquire an exclusive lock
113 When *operation* is :const:`LOCK_SH` or :const:`LOCK_EX`, it can also be
114 bitwise ORed with :const:`LOCK_NB` to avoid blocking on lock acquisition.
115 If :const:`LOCK_NB` is used and the lock cannot be acquired, an
116 :exc:`IOError` will be raised and the exception will have an *errno*
117 attribute set to :const:`EACCES` or :const:`EAGAIN` (depending on the
118 operating system; for portability, check for both values). On at least some
119 systems, :const:`LOCK_EX` can only be used if the file descriptor refers to a
120 file opened for writing.
122 *length* is the number of bytes to lock, *start* is the byte offset at which the
123 lock starts, relative to *whence*, and *whence* is as with :func:`fileobj.seek`,
126 * :const:`0` -- relative to the start of the file (:const:`SEEK_SET`)
127 * :const:`1` -- relative to the current buffer position (:const:`SEEK_CUR`)
128 * :const:`2` -- relative to the end of the file (:const:`SEEK_END`)
130 The default for *start* is 0, which means to start at the beginning of the file.
131 The default for *length* is 0 which means to lock to the end of the file. The
132 default for *whence* is also 0.
134 Examples (all on a SVR4 compliant system)::
136 import struct, fcntl, os
139 rv = fcntl.fcntl(f, fcntl.F_SETFL, os.O_NDELAY)
141 lockdata = struct.pack('hhllhh', fcntl.F_WRLCK, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
142 rv = fcntl.fcntl(f, fcntl.F_SETLKW, lockdata)
144 Note that in the first example the return value variable *rv* will hold an
145 integer value; in the second example it will hold a string value. The structure
146 lay-out for the *lockdata* variable is system dependent --- therefore using the
147 :func:`flock` call may be better.
153 If the locking flags :const:`O_SHLOCK` and :const:`O_EXLOCK` are present
154 in the :mod:`os` module, the :func:`os.open` function provides a more
155 platform-independent alternative to the :func:`lockf` and :func:`flock`