Issue #5512: speed up the long division algorithm for Python longs.
[python.git] / Python / symtable.c
blob4b8876dbec70fcc24715fcb503cbdd87f1bdfc36
1 #include "Python.h"
2 #include "Python-ast.h"
3 #include "code.h"
4 #include "symtable.h"
5 #include "structmember.h"
7 /* error strings used for warnings */
8 #define GLOBAL_AFTER_ASSIGN \
9 "name '%.400s' is assigned to before global declaration"
11 #define GLOBAL_AFTER_USE \
12 "name '%.400s' is used prior to global declaration"
14 #define IMPORT_STAR_WARNING "import * only allowed at module level"
16 #define RETURN_VAL_IN_GENERATOR \
17 "'return' with argument inside generator"
20 static PySTEntryObject *
21 ste_new(struct symtable *st, identifier name, _Py_block_ty block,
22 void *key, int lineno)
24 PySTEntryObject *ste = NULL;
25 PyObject *k;
27 k = PyLong_FromVoidPtr(key);
28 if (k == NULL)
29 goto fail;
30 ste = PyObject_New(PySTEntryObject, &PySTEntry_Type);
31 if (ste == NULL)
32 goto fail;
33 ste->ste_table = st;
34 ste->ste_id = k;
35 ste->ste_tmpname = 0;
37 ste->ste_name = name;
38 Py_INCREF(name);
40 ste->ste_symbols = NULL;
41 ste->ste_varnames = NULL;
42 ste->ste_children = NULL;
44 ste->ste_symbols = PyDict_New();
45 if (ste->ste_symbols == NULL)
46 goto fail;
48 ste->ste_varnames = PyList_New(0);
49 if (ste->ste_varnames == NULL)
50 goto fail;
52 ste->ste_children = PyList_New(0);
53 if (ste->ste_children == NULL)
54 goto fail;
56 ste->ste_type = block;
57 ste->ste_unoptimized = 0;
58 ste->ste_nested = 0;
59 ste->ste_free = 0;
60 ste->ste_varargs = 0;
61 ste->ste_varkeywords = 0;
62 ste->ste_opt_lineno = 0;
63 ste->ste_tmpname = 0;
64 ste->ste_lineno = lineno;
66 if (st->st_cur != NULL &&
67 (st->st_cur->ste_nested ||
68 st->st_cur->ste_type == FunctionBlock))
69 ste->ste_nested = 1;
70 ste->ste_child_free = 0;
71 ste->ste_generator = 0;
72 ste->ste_returns_value = 0;
74 if (PyDict_SetItem(st->st_symbols, ste->ste_id, (PyObject *)ste) < 0)
75 goto fail;
77 return ste;
78 fail:
79 Py_XDECREF(ste);
80 return NULL;
83 static PyObject *
84 ste_repr(PySTEntryObject *ste)
86 char buf[256];
88 PyOS_snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf),
89 "<symtable entry %.100s(%ld), line %d>",
90 PyString_AS_STRING(ste->ste_name),
91 PyInt_AS_LONG(ste->ste_id), ste->ste_lineno);
92 return PyString_FromString(buf);
95 static void
96 ste_dealloc(PySTEntryObject *ste)
98 ste->ste_table = NULL;
99 Py_XDECREF(ste->ste_id);
100 Py_XDECREF(ste->ste_name);
101 Py_XDECREF(ste->ste_symbols);
102 Py_XDECREF(ste->ste_varnames);
103 Py_XDECREF(ste->ste_children);
104 PyObject_Del(ste);
107 #define OFF(x) offsetof(PySTEntryObject, x)
109 static PyMemberDef ste_memberlist[] = {
110 {"id", T_OBJECT, OFF(ste_id), READONLY},
111 {"name", T_OBJECT, OFF(ste_name), READONLY},
112 {"symbols", T_OBJECT, OFF(ste_symbols), READONLY},
113 {"varnames", T_OBJECT, OFF(ste_varnames), READONLY},
114 {"children", T_OBJECT, OFF(ste_children), READONLY},
115 {"optimized",T_INT, OFF(ste_unoptimized), READONLY},
116 {"nested", T_INT, OFF(ste_nested), READONLY},
117 {"type", T_INT, OFF(ste_type), READONLY},
118 {"lineno", T_INT, OFF(ste_lineno), READONLY},
119 {NULL}
122 PyTypeObject PySTEntry_Type = {
123 PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyType_Type, 0)
124 "symtable entry",
125 sizeof(PySTEntryObject),
127 (destructor)ste_dealloc, /* tp_dealloc */
128 0, /* tp_print */
129 0, /* tp_getattr */
130 0, /* tp_setattr */
131 0, /* tp_compare */
132 (reprfunc)ste_repr, /* tp_repr */
133 0, /* tp_as_number */
134 0, /* tp_as_sequence */
135 0, /* tp_as_mapping */
136 0, /* tp_hash */
137 0, /* tp_call */
138 0, /* tp_str */
139 PyObject_GenericGetAttr, /* tp_getattro */
140 0, /* tp_setattro */
141 0, /* tp_as_buffer */
142 Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT, /* tp_flags */
143 0, /* tp_doc */
144 0, /* tp_traverse */
145 0, /* tp_clear */
146 0, /* tp_richcompare */
147 0, /* tp_weaklistoffset */
148 0, /* tp_iter */
149 0, /* tp_iternext */
150 0, /* tp_methods */
151 ste_memberlist, /* tp_members */
152 0, /* tp_getset */
153 0, /* tp_base */
154 0, /* tp_dict */
155 0, /* tp_descr_get */
156 0, /* tp_descr_set */
157 0, /* tp_dictoffset */
158 0, /* tp_init */
159 0, /* tp_alloc */
160 0, /* tp_new */
163 static int symtable_analyze(struct symtable *st);
164 static int symtable_warn(struct symtable *st, char *msg, int lineno);
165 static int symtable_enter_block(struct symtable *st, identifier name,
166 _Py_block_ty block, void *ast, int lineno);
167 static int symtable_exit_block(struct symtable *st, void *ast);
168 static int symtable_visit_stmt(struct symtable *st, stmt_ty s);
169 static int symtable_visit_expr(struct symtable *st, expr_ty s);
170 static int symtable_visit_genexp(struct symtable *st, expr_ty s);
171 static int symtable_visit_arguments(struct symtable *st, arguments_ty);
172 static int symtable_visit_excepthandler(struct symtable *st, excepthandler_ty);
173 static int symtable_visit_alias(struct symtable *st, alias_ty);
174 static int symtable_visit_comprehension(struct symtable *st, comprehension_ty);
175 static int symtable_visit_keyword(struct symtable *st, keyword_ty);
176 static int symtable_visit_slice(struct symtable *st, slice_ty);
177 static int symtable_visit_params(struct symtable *st, asdl_seq *args, int top);
178 static int symtable_visit_params_nested(struct symtable *st, asdl_seq *args);
179 static int symtable_implicit_arg(struct symtable *st, int pos);
182 static identifier top = NULL, lambda = NULL, genexpr = NULL;
184 #define GET_IDENTIFIER(VAR) \
185 ((VAR) ? (VAR) : ((VAR) = PyString_InternFromString(# VAR)))
187 #define DUPLICATE_ARGUMENT \
188 "duplicate argument '%s' in function definition"
190 static struct symtable *
191 symtable_new(void)
193 struct symtable *st;
195 st = (struct symtable *)PyMem_Malloc(sizeof(struct symtable));
196 if (st == NULL)
197 return NULL;
199 st->st_filename = NULL;
200 st->st_symbols = NULL;
202 if ((st->st_stack = PyList_New(0)) == NULL)
203 goto fail;
204 if ((st->st_symbols = PyDict_New()) == NULL)
205 goto fail;
206 st->st_cur = NULL;
207 st->st_tmpname = 0;
208 st->st_private = NULL;
209 return st;
210 fail:
211 PySymtable_Free(st);
212 return NULL;
215 struct symtable *
216 PySymtable_Build(mod_ty mod, const char *filename, PyFutureFeatures *future)
218 struct symtable *st = symtable_new();
219 asdl_seq *seq;
220 int i;
222 if (st == NULL)
223 return st;
224 st->st_filename = filename;
225 st->st_future = future;
226 if (!GET_IDENTIFIER(top) ||
227 !symtable_enter_block(st, top, ModuleBlock, (void *)mod, 0)) {
228 PySymtable_Free(st);
229 return NULL;
232 st->st_top = st->st_cur;
233 st->st_cur->ste_unoptimized = OPT_TOPLEVEL;
234 /* Any other top-level initialization? */
235 switch (mod->kind) {
236 case Module_kind:
237 seq = mod->v.Module.body;
238 for (i = 0; i < asdl_seq_LEN(seq); i++)
239 if (!symtable_visit_stmt(st,
240 (stmt_ty)asdl_seq_GET(seq, i)))
241 goto error;
242 break;
243 case Expression_kind:
244 if (!symtable_visit_expr(st, mod->v.Expression.body))
245 goto error;
246 break;
247 case Interactive_kind:
248 seq = mod->v.Interactive.body;
249 for (i = 0; i < asdl_seq_LEN(seq); i++)
250 if (!symtable_visit_stmt(st,
251 (stmt_ty)asdl_seq_GET(seq, i)))
252 goto error;
253 break;
254 case Suite_kind:
255 PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError,
256 "this compiler does not handle Suites");
257 goto error;
259 if (!symtable_exit_block(st, (void *)mod)) {
260 PySymtable_Free(st);
261 return NULL;
263 if (symtable_analyze(st))
264 return st;
265 PySymtable_Free(st);
266 return NULL;
267 error:
268 (void) symtable_exit_block(st, (void *)mod);
269 PySymtable_Free(st);
270 return NULL;
273 void
274 PySymtable_Free(struct symtable *st)
276 Py_XDECREF(st->st_symbols);
277 Py_XDECREF(st->st_stack);
278 PyMem_Free((void *)st);
281 PySTEntryObject *
282 PySymtable_Lookup(struct symtable *st, void *key)
284 PyObject *k, *v;
286 k = PyLong_FromVoidPtr(key);
287 if (k == NULL)
288 return NULL;
289 v = PyDict_GetItem(st->st_symbols, k);
290 if (v) {
291 assert(PySTEntry_Check(v));
292 Py_INCREF(v);
294 else {
295 PyErr_SetString(PyExc_KeyError,
296 "unknown symbol table entry");
299 Py_DECREF(k);
300 return (PySTEntryObject *)v;
303 int
304 PyST_GetScope(PySTEntryObject *ste, PyObject *name)
306 PyObject *v = PyDict_GetItem(ste->ste_symbols, name);
307 if (!v)
308 return 0;
309 assert(PyInt_Check(v));
310 return (PyInt_AS_LONG(v) >> SCOPE_OFF) & SCOPE_MASK;
314 /* Analyze raw symbol information to determine scope of each name.
316 The next several functions are helpers for PySymtable_Analyze(),
317 which determines whether a name is local, global, or free. In addition,
318 it determines which local variables are cell variables; they provide
319 bindings that are used for free variables in enclosed blocks.
321 There are also two kinds of free variables, implicit and explicit. An
322 explicit global is declared with the global statement. An implicit
323 global is a free variable for which the compiler has found no binding
324 in an enclosing function scope. The implicit global is either a global
325 or a builtin. Python's module and class blocks use the xxx_NAME opcodes
326 to handle these names to implement slightly odd semantics. In such a
327 block, the name is treated as global until it is assigned to; then it
328 is treated as a local.
330 The symbol table requires two passes to determine the scope of each name.
331 The first pass collects raw facts from the AST: the name is a parameter
332 here, the name is used by not defined here, etc. The second pass analyzes
333 these facts during a pass over the PySTEntryObjects created during pass 1.
335 When a function is entered during the second pass, the parent passes
336 the set of all name bindings visible to its children. These bindings
337 are used to determine if the variable is free or an implicit global.
338 After doing the local analysis, it analyzes each of its child blocks
339 using an updated set of name bindings.
341 The children update the free variable set. If a local variable is free
342 in a child, the variable is marked as a cell. The current function must
343 provide runtime storage for the variable that may outlive the function's
344 frame. Cell variables are removed from the free set before the analyze
345 function returns to its parent.
347 The sets of bound and free variables are implemented as dictionaries
348 mapping strings to None.
351 #define SET_SCOPE(DICT, NAME, I) { \
352 PyObject *o = PyInt_FromLong(I); \
353 if (!o) \
354 return 0; \
355 if (PyDict_SetItem((DICT), (NAME), o) < 0) { \
356 Py_DECREF(o); \
357 return 0; \
359 Py_DECREF(o); \
362 /* Decide on scope of name, given flags.
364 The dicts passed in as arguments are modified as necessary.
365 ste is passed so that flags can be updated.
368 static int
369 analyze_name(PySTEntryObject *ste, PyObject *dict, PyObject *name, long flags,
370 PyObject *bound, PyObject *local, PyObject *free,
371 PyObject *global)
373 if (flags & DEF_GLOBAL) {
374 if (flags & DEF_PARAM) {
375 PyErr_Format(PyExc_SyntaxError,
376 "name '%s' is local and global",
377 PyString_AS_STRING(name));
378 PyErr_SyntaxLocation(ste->ste_table->st_filename,
379 ste->ste_lineno);
381 return 0;
383 SET_SCOPE(dict, name, GLOBAL_EXPLICIT);
384 if (PyDict_SetItem(global, name, Py_None) < 0)
385 return 0;
386 if (bound && PyDict_GetItem(bound, name)) {
387 if (PyDict_DelItem(bound, name) < 0)
388 return 0;
390 return 1;
392 if (flags & DEF_BOUND) {
393 SET_SCOPE(dict, name, LOCAL);
394 if (PyDict_SetItem(local, name, Py_None) < 0)
395 return 0;
396 if (PyDict_GetItem(global, name)) {
397 if (PyDict_DelItem(global, name) < 0)
398 return 0;
400 return 1;
402 /* If an enclosing block has a binding for this name, it
403 is a free variable rather than a global variable.
404 Note that having a non-NULL bound implies that the block
405 is nested.
407 if (bound && PyDict_GetItem(bound, name)) {
408 SET_SCOPE(dict, name, FREE);
409 ste->ste_free = 1;
410 if (PyDict_SetItem(free, name, Py_None) < 0)
411 return 0;
412 return 1;
414 /* If a parent has a global statement, then call it global
415 explicit? It could also be global implicit.
417 else if (global && PyDict_GetItem(global, name)) {
418 SET_SCOPE(dict, name, GLOBAL_EXPLICIT);
419 return 1;
421 else {
422 if (ste->ste_nested)
423 ste->ste_free = 1;
424 SET_SCOPE(dict, name, GLOBAL_IMPLICIT);
425 return 1;
427 return 0; /* Can't get here */
430 #undef SET_SCOPE
432 /* If a name is defined in free and also in locals, then this block
433 provides the binding for the free variable. The name should be
434 marked CELL in this block and removed from the free list.
436 Note that the current block's free variables are included in free.
437 That's safe because no name can be free and local in the same scope.
440 static int
441 analyze_cells(PyObject *scope, PyObject *free)
443 PyObject *name, *v, *w;
444 int success = 0;
445 Py_ssize_t pos = 0;
447 w = PyInt_FromLong(CELL);
448 if (!w)
449 return 0;
450 while (PyDict_Next(scope, &pos, &name, &v)) {
451 long flags;
452 assert(PyInt_Check(v));
453 flags = PyInt_AS_LONG(v);
454 if (flags != LOCAL)
455 continue;
456 if (!PyDict_GetItem(free, name))
457 continue;
458 /* Replace LOCAL with CELL for this name, and remove
459 from free. It is safe to replace the value of name
460 in the dict, because it will not cause a resize.
462 if (PyDict_SetItem(scope, name, w) < 0)
463 goto error;
464 if (!PyDict_DelItem(free, name) < 0)
465 goto error;
467 success = 1;
468 error:
469 Py_DECREF(w);
470 return success;
473 /* Check for illegal statements in unoptimized namespaces */
474 static int
475 check_unoptimized(const PySTEntryObject* ste) {
476 char buf[300];
477 const char* trailer;
479 if (ste->ste_type != FunctionBlock || !ste->ste_unoptimized
480 || !(ste->ste_free || ste->ste_child_free))
481 return 1;
483 trailer = (ste->ste_child_free ?
484 "contains a nested function with free variables" :
485 "is a nested function");
487 switch (ste->ste_unoptimized) {
488 case OPT_TOPLEVEL: /* exec / import * at top-level is fine */
489 case OPT_EXEC: /* qualified exec is fine */
490 return 1;
491 case OPT_IMPORT_STAR:
492 PyOS_snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf),
493 "import * is not allowed in function '%.100s' "
494 "because it is %s",
495 PyString_AS_STRING(ste->ste_name), trailer);
496 break;
497 case OPT_BARE_EXEC:
498 PyOS_snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf),
499 "unqualified exec is not allowed in function "
500 "'%.100s' it %s",
501 PyString_AS_STRING(ste->ste_name), trailer);
502 break;
503 default:
504 PyOS_snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf),
505 "function '%.100s' uses import * and bare exec, "
506 "which are illegal because it %s",
507 PyString_AS_STRING(ste->ste_name), trailer);
508 break;
511 PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SyntaxError, buf);
512 PyErr_SyntaxLocation(ste->ste_table->st_filename,
513 ste->ste_opt_lineno);
514 return 0;
517 /* Enter the final scope information into the st_symbols dict.
519 * All arguments are dicts. Modifies symbols, others are read-only.
521 static int
522 update_symbols(PyObject *symbols, PyObject *scope,
523 PyObject *bound, PyObject *free, int classflag)
525 PyObject *name, *v, *u, *w, *free_value = NULL;
526 Py_ssize_t pos = 0;
528 while (PyDict_Next(symbols, &pos, &name, &v)) {
529 long i, flags;
530 assert(PyInt_Check(v));
531 flags = PyInt_AS_LONG(v);
532 w = PyDict_GetItem(scope, name);
533 assert(w && PyInt_Check(w));
534 i = PyInt_AS_LONG(w);
535 flags |= (i << SCOPE_OFF);
536 u = PyInt_FromLong(flags);
537 if (!u)
538 return 0;
539 if (PyDict_SetItem(symbols, name, u) < 0) {
540 Py_DECREF(u);
541 return 0;
543 Py_DECREF(u);
546 free_value = PyInt_FromLong(FREE << SCOPE_OFF);
547 if (!free_value)
548 return 0;
550 /* add a free variable when it's only use is for creating a closure */
551 pos = 0;
552 while (PyDict_Next(free, &pos, &name, &v)) {
553 PyObject *o = PyDict_GetItem(symbols, name);
555 if (o) {
556 /* It could be a free variable in a method of
557 the class that has the same name as a local
558 or global in the class scope.
560 if (classflag &&
561 PyInt_AS_LONG(o) & (DEF_BOUND | DEF_GLOBAL)) {
562 long i = PyInt_AS_LONG(o) | DEF_FREE_CLASS;
563 o = PyInt_FromLong(i);
564 if (!o) {
565 Py_DECREF(free_value);
566 return 0;
568 if (PyDict_SetItem(symbols, name, o) < 0) {
569 Py_DECREF(o);
570 Py_DECREF(free_value);
571 return 0;
573 Py_DECREF(o);
575 /* else it's not free, probably a cell */
576 continue;
578 if (!PyDict_GetItem(bound, name))
579 continue; /* it's a global */
581 if (PyDict_SetItem(symbols, name, free_value) < 0) {
582 Py_DECREF(free_value);
583 return 0;
586 Py_DECREF(free_value);
587 return 1;
590 /* Make final symbol table decisions for block of ste.
591 Arguments:
592 ste -- current symtable entry (input/output)
593 bound -- set of variables bound in enclosing scopes (input)
594 free -- set of free variables in enclosed scopes (output)
595 globals -- set of declared global variables in enclosing scopes (input)
598 static int
599 analyze_block(PySTEntryObject *ste, PyObject *bound, PyObject *free,
600 PyObject *global)
602 PyObject *name, *v, *local = NULL, *scope = NULL, *newbound = NULL;
603 PyObject *newglobal = NULL, *newfree = NULL;
604 int i, success = 0;
605 Py_ssize_t pos = 0;
607 local = PyDict_New();
608 if (!local)
609 goto error;
610 scope = PyDict_New();
611 if (!scope)
612 goto error;
613 newglobal = PyDict_New();
614 if (!newglobal)
615 goto error;
616 newfree = PyDict_New();
617 if (!newfree)
618 goto error;
619 newbound = PyDict_New();
620 if (!newbound)
621 goto error;
623 if (ste->ste_type == ClassBlock) {
624 /* make a copy of globals before calling analyze_name(),
625 because global statements in the class have no effect
626 on nested functions.
628 if (PyDict_Update(newglobal, global) < 0)
629 goto error;
630 if (bound)
631 if (PyDict_Update(newbound, bound) < 0)
632 goto error;
635 assert(PySTEntry_Check(ste));
636 assert(PyDict_Check(ste->ste_symbols));
637 while (PyDict_Next(ste->ste_symbols, &pos, &name, &v)) {
638 long flags = PyInt_AS_LONG(v);
639 if (!analyze_name(ste, scope, name, flags, bound, local, free,
640 global))
641 goto error;
644 if (ste->ste_type != ClassBlock) {
645 if (ste->ste_type == FunctionBlock) {
646 if (PyDict_Update(newbound, local) < 0)
647 goto error;
649 if (bound) {
650 if (PyDict_Update(newbound, bound) < 0)
651 goto error;
653 if (PyDict_Update(newglobal, global) < 0)
654 goto error;
657 /* Recursively call analyze_block() on each child block */
658 for (i = 0; i < PyList_GET_SIZE(ste->ste_children); ++i) {
659 PyObject *c = PyList_GET_ITEM(ste->ste_children, i);
660 PySTEntryObject* entry;
661 assert(c && PySTEntry_Check(c));
662 entry = (PySTEntryObject*)c;
663 if (!analyze_block(entry, newbound, newfree, newglobal))
664 goto error;
665 if (entry->ste_free || entry->ste_child_free)
666 ste->ste_child_free = 1;
669 if (ste->ste_type == FunctionBlock && !analyze_cells(scope, newfree))
670 goto error;
671 if (!update_symbols(ste->ste_symbols, scope, bound, newfree,
672 ste->ste_type == ClassBlock))
673 goto error;
674 if (!check_unoptimized(ste))
675 goto error;
677 if (PyDict_Update(free, newfree) < 0)
678 goto error;
679 success = 1;
680 error:
681 Py_XDECREF(local);
682 Py_XDECREF(scope);
683 Py_XDECREF(newbound);
684 Py_XDECREF(newglobal);
685 Py_XDECREF(newfree);
686 if (!success)
687 assert(PyErr_Occurred());
688 return success;
691 static int
692 symtable_analyze(struct symtable *st)
694 PyObject *free, *global;
695 int r;
697 free = PyDict_New();
698 if (!free)
699 return 0;
700 global = PyDict_New();
701 if (!global) {
702 Py_DECREF(free);
703 return 0;
705 r = analyze_block(st->st_top, NULL, free, global);
706 Py_DECREF(free);
707 Py_DECREF(global);
708 return r;
712 static int
713 symtable_warn(struct symtable *st, char *msg, int lineno)
715 if (PyErr_WarnExplicit(PyExc_SyntaxWarning, msg, st->st_filename,
716 lineno, NULL, NULL) < 0) {
717 if (PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_SyntaxWarning)) {
718 PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SyntaxError, msg);
719 PyErr_SyntaxLocation(st->st_filename,
720 st->st_cur->ste_lineno);
722 return 0;
724 return 1;
727 /* symtable_enter_block() gets a reference via ste_new.
728 This reference is released when the block is exited, via the DECREF
729 in symtable_exit_block().
732 static int
733 symtable_exit_block(struct symtable *st, void *ast)
735 Py_ssize_t end;
737 Py_CLEAR(st->st_cur);
738 end = PyList_GET_SIZE(st->st_stack) - 1;
739 if (end >= 0) {
740 st->st_cur = (PySTEntryObject *)PyList_GET_ITEM(st->st_stack,
741 end);
742 if (st->st_cur == NULL)
743 return 0;
744 Py_INCREF(st->st_cur);
745 if (PySequence_DelItem(st->st_stack, end) < 0)
746 return 0;
748 return 1;
751 static int
752 symtable_enter_block(struct symtable *st, identifier name, _Py_block_ty block,
753 void *ast, int lineno)
755 PySTEntryObject *prev = NULL;
757 if (st->st_cur) {
758 prev = st->st_cur;
759 if (PyList_Append(st->st_stack, (PyObject *)st->st_cur) < 0) {
760 return 0;
762 Py_DECREF(st->st_cur);
764 st->st_cur = ste_new(st, name, block, ast, lineno);
765 if (st->st_cur == NULL)
766 return 0;
767 if (name == GET_IDENTIFIER(top))
768 st->st_global = st->st_cur->ste_symbols;
769 if (prev) {
770 if (PyList_Append(prev->ste_children,
771 (PyObject *)st->st_cur) < 0) {
772 return 0;
775 return 1;
778 static long
779 symtable_lookup(struct symtable *st, PyObject *name)
781 PyObject *o;
782 PyObject *mangled = _Py_Mangle(st->st_private, name);
783 if (!mangled)
784 return 0;
785 o = PyDict_GetItem(st->st_cur->ste_symbols, mangled);
786 Py_DECREF(mangled);
787 if (!o)
788 return 0;
789 return PyInt_AsLong(o);
792 static int
793 symtable_add_def(struct symtable *st, PyObject *name, int flag)
795 PyObject *o;
796 PyObject *dict;
797 long val;
798 PyObject *mangled = _Py_Mangle(st->st_private, name);
800 if (!mangled)
801 return 0;
802 dict = st->st_cur->ste_symbols;
803 if ((o = PyDict_GetItem(dict, mangled))) {
804 val = PyInt_AS_LONG(o);
805 if ((flag & DEF_PARAM) && (val & DEF_PARAM)) {
806 /* Is it better to use 'mangled' or 'name' here? */
807 PyErr_Format(PyExc_SyntaxError, DUPLICATE_ARGUMENT,
808 PyString_AsString(name));
809 PyErr_SyntaxLocation(st->st_filename,
810 st->st_cur->ste_lineno);
811 goto error;
813 val |= flag;
814 } else
815 val = flag;
816 o = PyInt_FromLong(val);
817 if (o == NULL)
818 goto error;
819 if (PyDict_SetItem(dict, mangled, o) < 0) {
820 Py_DECREF(o);
821 goto error;
823 Py_DECREF(o);
825 if (flag & DEF_PARAM) {
826 if (PyList_Append(st->st_cur->ste_varnames, mangled) < 0)
827 goto error;
828 } else if (flag & DEF_GLOBAL) {
829 /* XXX need to update DEF_GLOBAL for other flags too;
830 perhaps only DEF_FREE_GLOBAL */
831 val = flag;
832 if ((o = PyDict_GetItem(st->st_global, mangled))) {
833 val |= PyInt_AS_LONG(o);
835 o = PyInt_FromLong(val);
836 if (o == NULL)
837 goto error;
838 if (PyDict_SetItem(st->st_global, mangled, o) < 0) {
839 Py_DECREF(o);
840 goto error;
842 Py_DECREF(o);
844 Py_DECREF(mangled);
845 return 1;
847 error:
848 Py_DECREF(mangled);
849 return 0;
852 /* VISIT, VISIT_SEQ and VIST_SEQ_TAIL take an ASDL type as their second argument.
853 They use the ASDL name to synthesize the name of the C type and the visit
854 function.
856 VISIT_SEQ_TAIL permits the start of an ASDL sequence to be skipped, which is
857 useful if the first node in the sequence requires special treatment.
860 #define VISIT(ST, TYPE, V) \
861 if (!symtable_visit_ ## TYPE((ST), (V))) \
862 return 0;
864 #define VISIT_IN_BLOCK(ST, TYPE, V, S) \
865 if (!symtable_visit_ ## TYPE((ST), (V))) { \
866 symtable_exit_block((ST), (S)); \
867 return 0; \
870 #define VISIT_SEQ(ST, TYPE, SEQ) { \
871 int i; \
872 asdl_seq *seq = (SEQ); /* avoid variable capture */ \
873 for (i = 0; i < asdl_seq_LEN(seq); i++) { \
874 TYPE ## _ty elt = (TYPE ## _ty)asdl_seq_GET(seq, i); \
875 if (!symtable_visit_ ## TYPE((ST), elt)) \
876 return 0; \
880 #define VISIT_SEQ_IN_BLOCK(ST, TYPE, SEQ, S) { \
881 int i; \
882 asdl_seq *seq = (SEQ); /* avoid variable capture */ \
883 for (i = 0; i < asdl_seq_LEN(seq); i++) { \
884 TYPE ## _ty elt = (TYPE ## _ty)asdl_seq_GET(seq, i); \
885 if (!symtable_visit_ ## TYPE((ST), elt)) { \
886 symtable_exit_block((ST), (S)); \
887 return 0; \
892 #define VISIT_SEQ_TAIL(ST, TYPE, SEQ, START) { \
893 int i; \
894 asdl_seq *seq = (SEQ); /* avoid variable capture */ \
895 for (i = (START); i < asdl_seq_LEN(seq); i++) { \
896 TYPE ## _ty elt = (TYPE ## _ty)asdl_seq_GET(seq, i); \
897 if (!symtable_visit_ ## TYPE((ST), elt)) \
898 return 0; \
902 #define VISIT_SEQ_TAIL_IN_BLOCK(ST, TYPE, SEQ, START, S) { \
903 int i; \
904 asdl_seq *seq = (SEQ); /* avoid variable capture */ \
905 for (i = (START); i < asdl_seq_LEN(seq); i++) { \
906 TYPE ## _ty elt = (TYPE ## _ty)asdl_seq_GET(seq, i); \
907 if (!symtable_visit_ ## TYPE((ST), elt)) { \
908 symtable_exit_block((ST), (S)); \
909 return 0; \
914 static int
915 symtable_new_tmpname(struct symtable *st)
917 char tmpname[256];
918 identifier tmp;
920 PyOS_snprintf(tmpname, sizeof(tmpname), "_[%d]",
921 ++st->st_cur->ste_tmpname);
922 tmp = PyString_InternFromString(tmpname);
923 if (!tmp)
924 return 0;
925 if (!symtable_add_def(st, tmp, DEF_LOCAL))
926 return 0;
927 Py_DECREF(tmp);
928 return 1;
931 static int
932 symtable_visit_stmt(struct symtable *st, stmt_ty s)
934 switch (s->kind) {
935 case FunctionDef_kind:
936 if (!symtable_add_def(st, s->v.FunctionDef.name, DEF_LOCAL))
937 return 0;
938 if (s->v.FunctionDef.args->defaults)
939 VISIT_SEQ(st, expr, s->v.FunctionDef.args->defaults);
940 if (s->v.FunctionDef.decorator_list)
941 VISIT_SEQ(st, expr, s->v.FunctionDef.decorator_list);
942 if (!symtable_enter_block(st, s->v.FunctionDef.name,
943 FunctionBlock, (void *)s, s->lineno))
944 return 0;
945 VISIT_IN_BLOCK(st, arguments, s->v.FunctionDef.args, s);
946 VISIT_SEQ_IN_BLOCK(st, stmt, s->v.FunctionDef.body, s);
947 if (!symtable_exit_block(st, s))
948 return 0;
949 break;
950 case ClassDef_kind: {
951 PyObject *tmp;
952 if (!symtable_add_def(st, s->v.ClassDef.name, DEF_LOCAL))
953 return 0;
954 VISIT_SEQ(st, expr, s->v.ClassDef.bases);
955 if (s->v.ClassDef.decorator_list)
956 VISIT_SEQ(st, expr, s->v.ClassDef.decorator_list);
957 if (!symtable_enter_block(st, s->v.ClassDef.name, ClassBlock,
958 (void *)s, s->lineno))
959 return 0;
960 tmp = st->st_private;
961 st->st_private = s->v.ClassDef.name;
962 VISIT_SEQ_IN_BLOCK(st, stmt, s->v.ClassDef.body, s);
963 st->st_private = tmp;
964 if (!symtable_exit_block(st, s))
965 return 0;
966 break;
968 case Return_kind:
969 if (s->v.Return.value) {
970 VISIT(st, expr, s->v.Return.value);
971 st->st_cur->ste_returns_value = 1;
972 if (st->st_cur->ste_generator) {
973 PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SyntaxError,
974 RETURN_VAL_IN_GENERATOR);
975 PyErr_SyntaxLocation(st->st_filename,
976 s->lineno);
977 return 0;
980 break;
981 case Delete_kind:
982 VISIT_SEQ(st, expr, s->v.Delete.targets);
983 break;
984 case Assign_kind:
985 VISIT_SEQ(st, expr, s->v.Assign.targets);
986 VISIT(st, expr, s->v.Assign.value);
987 break;
988 case AugAssign_kind:
989 VISIT(st, expr, s->v.AugAssign.target);
990 VISIT(st, expr, s->v.AugAssign.value);
991 break;
992 case Print_kind:
993 if (s->v.Print.dest)
994 VISIT(st, expr, s->v.Print.dest);
995 VISIT_SEQ(st, expr, s->v.Print.values);
996 break;
997 case For_kind:
998 VISIT(st, expr, s->v.For.target);
999 VISIT(st, expr, s->v.For.iter);
1000 VISIT_SEQ(st, stmt, s->v.For.body);
1001 if (s->v.For.orelse)
1002 VISIT_SEQ(st, stmt, s->v.For.orelse);
1003 break;
1004 case While_kind:
1005 VISIT(st, expr, s->v.While.test);
1006 VISIT_SEQ(st, stmt, s->v.While.body);
1007 if (s->v.While.orelse)
1008 VISIT_SEQ(st, stmt, s->v.While.orelse);
1009 break;
1010 case If_kind:
1011 /* XXX if 0: and lookup_yield() hacks */
1012 VISIT(st, expr, s->v.If.test);
1013 VISIT_SEQ(st, stmt, s->v.If.body);
1014 if (s->v.If.orelse)
1015 VISIT_SEQ(st, stmt, s->v.If.orelse);
1016 break;
1017 case Raise_kind:
1018 if (s->v.Raise.type) {
1019 VISIT(st, expr, s->v.Raise.type);
1020 if (s->v.Raise.inst) {
1021 VISIT(st, expr, s->v.Raise.inst);
1022 if (s->v.Raise.tback)
1023 VISIT(st, expr, s->v.Raise.tback);
1026 break;
1027 case TryExcept_kind:
1028 VISIT_SEQ(st, stmt, s->v.TryExcept.body);
1029 VISIT_SEQ(st, stmt, s->v.TryExcept.orelse);
1030 VISIT_SEQ(st, excepthandler, s->v.TryExcept.handlers);
1031 break;
1032 case TryFinally_kind:
1033 VISIT_SEQ(st, stmt, s->v.TryFinally.body);
1034 VISIT_SEQ(st, stmt, s->v.TryFinally.finalbody);
1035 break;
1036 case Assert_kind:
1037 VISIT(st, expr, s->v.Assert.test);
1038 if (s->v.Assert.msg)
1039 VISIT(st, expr, s->v.Assert.msg);
1040 break;
1041 case Import_kind:
1042 VISIT_SEQ(st, alias, s->v.Import.names);
1043 /* XXX Don't have the lineno available inside
1044 visit_alias */
1045 if (st->st_cur->ste_unoptimized && !st->st_cur->ste_opt_lineno)
1046 st->st_cur->ste_opt_lineno = s->lineno;
1047 break;
1048 case ImportFrom_kind:
1049 VISIT_SEQ(st, alias, s->v.ImportFrom.names);
1050 /* XXX Don't have the lineno available inside
1051 visit_alias */
1052 if (st->st_cur->ste_unoptimized && !st->st_cur->ste_opt_lineno)
1053 st->st_cur->ste_opt_lineno = s->lineno;
1054 break;
1055 case Exec_kind:
1056 VISIT(st, expr, s->v.Exec.body);
1057 if (!st->st_cur->ste_opt_lineno)
1058 st->st_cur->ste_opt_lineno = s->lineno;
1059 if (s->v.Exec.globals) {
1060 st->st_cur->ste_unoptimized |= OPT_EXEC;
1061 VISIT(st, expr, s->v.Exec.globals);
1062 if (s->v.Exec.locals)
1063 VISIT(st, expr, s->v.Exec.locals);
1064 } else {
1065 st->st_cur->ste_unoptimized |= OPT_BARE_EXEC;
1067 break;
1068 case Global_kind: {
1069 int i;
1070 asdl_seq *seq = s->v.Global.names;
1071 for (i = 0; i < asdl_seq_LEN(seq); i++) {
1072 identifier name = (identifier)asdl_seq_GET(seq, i);
1073 char *c_name = PyString_AS_STRING(name);
1074 long cur = symtable_lookup(st, name);
1075 if (cur < 0)
1076 return 0;
1077 if (cur & (DEF_LOCAL | USE)) {
1078 char buf[256];
1079 if (cur & DEF_LOCAL)
1080 PyOS_snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf),
1081 GLOBAL_AFTER_ASSIGN,
1082 c_name);
1083 else
1084 PyOS_snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf),
1085 GLOBAL_AFTER_USE,
1086 c_name);
1087 if (!symtable_warn(st, buf, s->lineno))
1088 return 0;
1090 if (!symtable_add_def(st, name, DEF_GLOBAL))
1091 return 0;
1093 break;
1095 case Expr_kind:
1096 VISIT(st, expr, s->v.Expr.value);
1097 break;
1098 case Pass_kind:
1099 case Break_kind:
1100 case Continue_kind:
1101 /* nothing to do here */
1102 break;
1103 case With_kind:
1104 if (!symtable_new_tmpname(st))
1105 return 0;
1106 VISIT(st, expr, s->v.With.context_expr);
1107 if (s->v.With.optional_vars) {
1108 if (!symtable_new_tmpname(st))
1109 return 0;
1110 VISIT(st, expr, s->v.With.optional_vars);
1112 VISIT_SEQ(st, stmt, s->v.With.body);
1113 break;
1115 return 1;
1118 static int
1119 symtable_visit_expr(struct symtable *st, expr_ty e)
1121 switch (e->kind) {
1122 case BoolOp_kind:
1123 VISIT_SEQ(st, expr, e->v.BoolOp.values);
1124 break;
1125 case BinOp_kind:
1126 VISIT(st, expr, e->v.BinOp.left);
1127 VISIT(st, expr, e->v.BinOp.right);
1128 break;
1129 case UnaryOp_kind:
1130 VISIT(st, expr, e->v.UnaryOp.operand);
1131 break;
1132 case Lambda_kind: {
1133 if (!GET_IDENTIFIER(lambda) ||
1134 !symtable_add_def(st, lambda, DEF_LOCAL))
1135 return 0;
1136 if (e->v.Lambda.args->defaults)
1137 VISIT_SEQ(st, expr, e->v.Lambda.args->defaults);
1138 /* XXX how to get line numbers for expressions */
1139 if (!symtable_enter_block(st, lambda,
1140 FunctionBlock, (void *)e, 0))
1141 return 0;
1142 VISIT_IN_BLOCK(st, arguments, e->v.Lambda.args, (void*)e);
1143 VISIT_IN_BLOCK(st, expr, e->v.Lambda.body, (void*)e);
1144 if (!symtable_exit_block(st, (void *)e))
1145 return 0;
1146 break;
1148 case IfExp_kind:
1149 VISIT(st, expr, e->v.IfExp.test);
1150 VISIT(st, expr, e->v.IfExp.body);
1151 VISIT(st, expr, e->v.IfExp.orelse);
1152 break;
1153 case Dict_kind:
1154 VISIT_SEQ(st, expr, e->v.Dict.keys);
1155 VISIT_SEQ(st, expr, e->v.Dict.values);
1156 break;
1157 case ListComp_kind:
1158 if (!symtable_new_tmpname(st))
1159 return 0;
1160 VISIT(st, expr, e->v.ListComp.elt);
1161 VISIT_SEQ(st, comprehension, e->v.ListComp.generators);
1162 break;
1163 case GeneratorExp_kind:
1164 if (!symtable_visit_genexp(st, e))
1165 return 0;
1166 break;
1167 case Yield_kind:
1168 if (e->v.Yield.value)
1169 VISIT(st, expr, e->v.Yield.value);
1170 st->st_cur->ste_generator = 1;
1171 if (st->st_cur->ste_returns_value) {
1172 PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SyntaxError,
1173 RETURN_VAL_IN_GENERATOR);
1174 PyErr_SyntaxLocation(st->st_filename,
1175 e->lineno);
1176 return 0;
1178 break;
1179 case Compare_kind:
1180 VISIT(st, expr, e->v.Compare.left);
1181 VISIT_SEQ(st, expr, e->v.Compare.comparators);
1182 break;
1183 case Call_kind:
1184 VISIT(st, expr, e->v.Call.func);
1185 VISIT_SEQ(st, expr, e->v.Call.args);
1186 VISIT_SEQ(st, keyword, e->v.Call.keywords);
1187 if (e->v.Call.starargs)
1188 VISIT(st, expr, e->v.Call.starargs);
1189 if (e->v.Call.kwargs)
1190 VISIT(st, expr, e->v.Call.kwargs);
1191 break;
1192 case Repr_kind:
1193 VISIT(st, expr, e->v.Repr.value);
1194 break;
1195 case Num_kind:
1196 case Str_kind:
1197 /* Nothing to do here. */
1198 break;
1199 /* The following exprs can be assignment targets. */
1200 case Attribute_kind:
1201 VISIT(st, expr, e->v.Attribute.value);
1202 break;
1203 case Subscript_kind:
1204 VISIT(st, expr, e->v.Subscript.value);
1205 VISIT(st, slice, e->v.Subscript.slice);
1206 break;
1207 case Name_kind:
1208 if (!symtable_add_def(st, e->v.Name.id,
1209 e->v.Name.ctx == Load ? USE : DEF_LOCAL))
1210 return 0;
1211 break;
1212 /* child nodes of List and Tuple will have expr_context set */
1213 case List_kind:
1214 VISIT_SEQ(st, expr, e->v.List.elts);
1215 break;
1216 case Tuple_kind:
1217 VISIT_SEQ(st, expr, e->v.Tuple.elts);
1218 break;
1220 return 1;
1223 static int
1224 symtable_implicit_arg(struct symtable *st, int pos)
1226 PyObject *id = PyString_FromFormat(".%d", pos);
1227 if (id == NULL)
1228 return 0;
1229 if (!symtable_add_def(st, id, DEF_PARAM)) {
1230 Py_DECREF(id);
1231 return 0;
1233 Py_DECREF(id);
1234 return 1;
1237 static int
1238 symtable_visit_params(struct symtable *st, asdl_seq *args, int toplevel)
1240 int i;
1242 /* go through all the toplevel arguments first */
1243 for (i = 0; i < asdl_seq_LEN(args); i++) {
1244 expr_ty arg = (expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(args, i);
1245 if (arg->kind == Name_kind) {
1246 assert(arg->v.Name.ctx == Param ||
1247 (arg->v.Name.ctx == Store && !toplevel));
1248 if (!symtable_add_def(st, arg->v.Name.id, DEF_PARAM))
1249 return 0;
1251 else if (arg->kind == Tuple_kind) {
1252 assert(arg->v.Tuple.ctx == Store);
1253 if (toplevel) {
1254 if (!symtable_implicit_arg(st, i))
1255 return 0;
1258 else {
1259 PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SyntaxError,
1260 "invalid expression in parameter list");
1261 PyErr_SyntaxLocation(st->st_filename,
1262 st->st_cur->ste_lineno);
1263 return 0;
1267 if (!toplevel) {
1268 if (!symtable_visit_params_nested(st, args))
1269 return 0;
1272 return 1;
1275 static int
1276 symtable_visit_params_nested(struct symtable *st, asdl_seq *args)
1278 int i;
1279 for (i = 0; i < asdl_seq_LEN(args); i++) {
1280 expr_ty arg = (expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(args, i);
1281 if (arg->kind == Tuple_kind &&
1282 !symtable_visit_params(st, arg->v.Tuple.elts, 0))
1283 return 0;
1286 return 1;
1289 static int
1290 symtable_visit_arguments(struct symtable *st, arguments_ty a)
1292 /* skip default arguments inside function block
1293 XXX should ast be different?
1295 if (a->args && !symtable_visit_params(st, a->args, 1))
1296 return 0;
1297 if (a->vararg) {
1298 if (!symtable_add_def(st, a->vararg, DEF_PARAM))
1299 return 0;
1300 st->st_cur->ste_varargs = 1;
1302 if (a->kwarg) {
1303 if (!symtable_add_def(st, a->kwarg, DEF_PARAM))
1304 return 0;
1305 st->st_cur->ste_varkeywords = 1;
1307 if (a->args && !symtable_visit_params_nested(st, a->args))
1308 return 0;
1309 return 1;
1313 static int
1314 symtable_visit_excepthandler(struct symtable *st, excepthandler_ty eh)
1316 if (eh->v.ExceptHandler.type)
1317 VISIT(st, expr, eh->v.ExceptHandler.type);
1318 if (eh->v.ExceptHandler.name)
1319 VISIT(st, expr, eh->v.ExceptHandler.name);
1320 VISIT_SEQ(st, stmt, eh->v.ExceptHandler.body);
1321 return 1;
1325 static int
1326 symtable_visit_alias(struct symtable *st, alias_ty a)
1328 /* Compute store_name, the name actually bound by the import
1329 operation. It is diferent than a->name when a->name is a
1330 dotted package name (e.g. spam.eggs)
1332 PyObject *store_name;
1333 PyObject *name = (a->asname == NULL) ? a->name : a->asname;
1334 const char *base = PyString_AS_STRING(name);
1335 char *dot = strchr(base, '.');
1336 if (dot) {
1337 store_name = PyString_FromStringAndSize(base, dot - base);
1338 if (!store_name)
1339 return 0;
1341 else {
1342 store_name = name;
1343 Py_INCREF(store_name);
1345 if (strcmp(PyString_AS_STRING(name), "*")) {
1346 int r = symtable_add_def(st, store_name, DEF_IMPORT);
1347 Py_DECREF(store_name);
1348 return r;
1350 else {
1351 if (st->st_cur->ste_type != ModuleBlock) {
1352 int lineno = st->st_cur->ste_lineno;
1353 if (!symtable_warn(st, IMPORT_STAR_WARNING, lineno)) {
1354 Py_DECREF(store_name);
1355 return 0;
1358 st->st_cur->ste_unoptimized |= OPT_IMPORT_STAR;
1359 Py_DECREF(store_name);
1360 return 1;
1365 static int
1366 symtable_visit_comprehension(struct symtable *st, comprehension_ty lc)
1368 VISIT(st, expr, lc->target);
1369 VISIT(st, expr, lc->iter);
1370 VISIT_SEQ(st, expr, lc->ifs);
1371 return 1;
1375 static int
1376 symtable_visit_keyword(struct symtable *st, keyword_ty k)
1378 VISIT(st, expr, k->value);
1379 return 1;
1383 static int
1384 symtable_visit_slice(struct symtable *st, slice_ty s)
1386 switch (s->kind) {
1387 case Slice_kind:
1388 if (s->v.Slice.lower)
1389 VISIT(st, expr, s->v.Slice.lower)
1390 if (s->v.Slice.upper)
1391 VISIT(st, expr, s->v.Slice.upper)
1392 if (s->v.Slice.step)
1393 VISIT(st, expr, s->v.Slice.step)
1394 break;
1395 case ExtSlice_kind:
1396 VISIT_SEQ(st, slice, s->v.ExtSlice.dims)
1397 break;
1398 case Index_kind:
1399 VISIT(st, expr, s->v.Index.value)
1400 break;
1401 case Ellipsis_kind:
1402 break;
1404 return 1;
1407 static int
1408 symtable_visit_genexp(struct symtable *st, expr_ty e)
1410 comprehension_ty outermost = ((comprehension_ty)
1411 (asdl_seq_GET(e->v.GeneratorExp.generators, 0)));
1412 /* Outermost iterator is evaluated in current scope */
1413 VISIT(st, expr, outermost->iter);
1414 /* Create generator scope for the rest */
1415 if (!GET_IDENTIFIER(genexpr) ||
1416 !symtable_enter_block(st, genexpr, FunctionBlock, (void *)e, 0)) {
1417 return 0;
1419 st->st_cur->ste_generator = 1;
1420 /* Outermost iter is received as an argument */
1421 if (!symtable_implicit_arg(st, 0)) {
1422 symtable_exit_block(st, (void *)e);
1423 return 0;
1425 VISIT_IN_BLOCK(st, expr, outermost->target, (void*)e);
1426 VISIT_SEQ_IN_BLOCK(st, expr, outermost->ifs, (void*)e);
1427 VISIT_SEQ_TAIL_IN_BLOCK(st, comprehension,
1428 e->v.GeneratorExp.generators, 1, (void*)e);
1429 VISIT_IN_BLOCK(st, expr, e->v.GeneratorExp.elt, (void*)e);
1430 return symtable_exit_block(st, (void *)e);