2 :mod:`asynchat` --- Asynchronous socket command/response handler
3 ================================================================
6 :synopsis: Support for asynchronous command/response protocols.
7 .. moduleauthor:: Sam Rushing <rushing@nightmare.com>
8 .. sectionauthor:: Steve Holden <sholden@holdenweb.com>
11 This module builds on the :mod:`asyncore` infrastructure, simplifying
12 asynchronous clients and servers and making it easier to handle protocols
13 whose elements are terminated by arbitrary strings, or are of variable length.
14 :mod:`asynchat` defines the abstract class :class:`async_chat` that you
15 subclass, providing implementations of the :meth:`collect_incoming_data` and
16 :meth:`found_terminator` methods. It uses the same asynchronous loop as
17 :mod:`asyncore`, and the two types of channel, :class:`asyncore.dispatcher`
18 and :class:`asynchat.async_chat`, can freely be mixed in the channel map.
19 Typically an :class:`asyncore.dispatcher` server channel generates new
20 :class:`asynchat.async_chat` channel objects as it receives incoming
24 .. class:: async_chat()
26 This class is an abstract subclass of :class:`asyncore.dispatcher`. To make
27 practical use of the code you must subclass :class:`async_chat`, providing
28 meaningful :meth:`collect_incoming_data` and :meth:`found_terminator`
30 The :class:`asyncore.dispatcher` methods can be used, although not all make
31 sense in a message/response context.
33 Like :class:`asyncore.dispatcher`, :class:`async_chat` defines a set of
34 events that are generated by an analysis of socket conditions after a
35 :cfunc:`select` call. Once the polling loop has been started the
36 :class:`async_chat` object's methods are called by the event-processing
37 framework with no action on the part of the programmer.
39 Two class attributes can be modified, to improve performance, or possibly
40 even to conserve memory.
43 .. data:: ac_in_buffer_size
45 The asynchronous input buffer size (default ``4096``).
48 .. data:: ac_out_buffer_size
50 The asynchronous output buffer size (default ``4096``).
52 Unlike :class:`asyncore.dispatcher`, :class:`async_chat` allows you to
53 define a first-in-first-out queue (fifo) of *producers*. A producer need
54 have only one method, :meth:`more`, which should return data to be
55 transmitted on the channel.
56 The producer indicates exhaustion (*i.e.* that it contains no more data) by
57 having its :meth:`more` method return the empty string. At this point the
58 :class:`async_chat` object removes the producer from the fifo and starts
59 using the next producer, if any. When the producer fifo is empty the
60 :meth:`handle_write` method does nothing. You use the channel object's
61 :meth:`set_terminator` method to describe how to recognize the end of, or
62 an important breakpoint in, an incoming transmission from the remote
65 To build a functioning :class:`async_chat` subclass your input methods
66 :meth:`collect_incoming_data` and :meth:`found_terminator` must handle the
67 data that the channel receives asynchronously. The methods are described
71 .. method:: async_chat.close_when_done()
73 Pushes a ``None`` on to the producer fifo. When this producer is popped off
74 the fifo it causes the channel to be closed.
77 .. method:: async_chat.collect_incoming_data(data)
79 Called with *data* holding an arbitrary amount of received data. The
80 default method, which must be overridden, raises a
81 :exc:`NotImplementedError` exception.
84 .. method:: async_chat.discard_buffers()
86 In emergencies this method will discard any data held in the input and/or
87 output buffers and the producer fifo.
90 .. method:: async_chat.found_terminator()
92 Called when the incoming data stream matches the termination condition set
93 by :meth:`set_terminator`. The default method, which must be overridden,
94 raises a :exc:`NotImplementedError` exception. The buffered input data
95 should be available via an instance attribute.
98 .. method:: async_chat.get_terminator()
100 Returns the current terminator for the channel.
103 .. method:: async_chat.handle_close()
105 Called when the channel is closed. The default method silently closes the
109 .. method:: async_chat.handle_read()
111 Called when a read event fires on the channel's socket in the asynchronous
112 loop. The default method checks for the termination condition established
113 by :meth:`set_terminator`, which can be either the appearance of a
114 particular string in the input stream or the receipt of a particular number
115 of characters. When the terminator is found, :meth:`handle_read` calls the
116 :meth:`found_terminator` method after calling :meth:`collect_incoming_data`
117 with any data preceding the terminating condition.
120 .. method:: async_chat.handle_write()
122 Called when the application may write data to the channel. The default
123 method calls the :meth:`initiate_send` method, which in turn will call
124 :meth:`refill_buffer` to collect data from the producer fifo associated
128 .. method:: async_chat.push(data)
130 Creates a :class:`simple_producer` object (*see below*) containing the data
131 and pushes it on to the channel's ``producer_fifo`` to ensure its
132 transmission. This is all you need to do to have the channel write the
133 data out to the network, although it is possible to use your own producers
134 in more complex schemes to implement encryption and chunking, for example.
137 .. method:: async_chat.push_with_producer(producer)
139 Takes a producer object and adds it to the producer fifo associated with
140 the channel. When all currently-pushed producers have been exhausted the
141 channel will consume this producer's data by calling its :meth:`more`
142 method and send the data to the remote endpoint.
145 .. method:: async_chat.readable()
147 Should return ``True`` for the channel to be included in the set of
148 channels tested by the :cfunc:`select` loop for readability.
151 .. method:: async_chat.refill_buffer()
153 Refills the output buffer by calling the :meth:`more` method of the
154 producer at the head of the fifo. If it is exhausted then the producer is
155 popped off the fifo and the next producer is activated. If the current
156 producer is, or becomes, ``None`` then the channel is closed.
159 .. method:: async_chat.set_terminator(term)
161 Sets the terminating condition to be recognized on the channel. ``term``
162 may be any of three types of value, corresponding to three different ways
163 to handle incoming protocol data.
165 +-----------+---------------------------------------------+
166 | term | Description |
167 +===========+=============================================+
168 | *string* | Will call :meth:`found_terminator` when the |
169 | | string is found in the input stream |
170 +-----------+---------------------------------------------+
171 | *integer* | Will call :meth:`found_terminator` when the |
172 | | indicated number of characters have been |
174 +-----------+---------------------------------------------+
175 | ``None`` | The channel continues to collect data |
177 +-----------+---------------------------------------------+
179 Note that any data following the terminator will be available for reading
180 by the channel after :meth:`found_terminator` is called.
183 .. method:: async_chat.writable()
185 Should return ``True`` as long as items remain on the producer fifo, or the
186 channel is connected and the channel's output buffer is non-empty.
189 asynchat - Auxiliary Classes and Functions
190 ------------------------------------------
193 .. class:: simple_producer(data[, buffer_size=512])
195 A :class:`simple_producer` takes a chunk of data and an optional buffer
196 size. Repeated calls to its :meth:`more` method yield successive chunks of
197 the data no larger than *buffer_size*.
202 Produces the next chunk of information from the producer, or returns the
206 .. class:: fifo([list=None])
208 Each channel maintains a :class:`fifo` holding data which has been pushed
209 by the application but not yet popped for writing to the channel. A
210 :class:`fifo` is a list used to hold data and/or producers until they are
211 required. If the *list* argument is provided then it should contain
212 producers or data items to be written to the channel.
215 .. method:: is_empty()
217 Returns ``True`` if and only if the fifo is empty.
222 Returns the least-recently :meth:`push`\ ed item from the fifo.
225 .. method:: push(data)
227 Adds the given data (which may be a string or a producer object) to the
233 If the fifo is not empty, returns ``True, first()``, deleting the popped
234 item. Returns ``False, None`` for an empty fifo.
236 The :mod:`asynchat` module also defines one utility function, which may be of
237 use in network and textual analysis operations.
240 .. function:: find_prefix_at_end(haystack, needle)
242 Returns ``True`` if string *haystack* ends with any non-empty prefix of
246 .. _asynchat-example:
251 The following partial example shows how HTTP requests can be read with
252 :class:`async_chat`. A web server might create an
253 :class:`http_request_handler` object for each incoming client connection.
254 Notice that initially the channel terminator is set to match the blank line at
255 the end of the HTTP headers, and a flag indicates that the headers are being
258 Once the headers have been read, if the request is of type POST (indicating
259 that further data are present in the input stream) then the
260 ``Content-Length:`` header is used to set a numeric terminator to read the
261 right amount of data from the channel.
263 The :meth:`handle_request` method is called once all relevant input has been
264 marshalled, after setting the channel terminator to ``None`` to ensure that
265 any extraneous data sent by the web client are ignored. ::
267 class http_request_handler(asynchat.async_chat):
269 def __init__(self, conn, addr, sessions, log):
270 asynchat.async_chat.__init__(self, conn=conn)
272 self.sessions = sessions
275 self.set_terminator("\r\n\r\n")
276 self.reading_headers = True
277 self.handling = False
281 def collect_incoming_data(self, data):
282 """Buffer the data"""
283 self.ibuffer.append(data)
285 def found_terminator(self):
286 if self.reading_headers:
287 self.reading_headers = False
288 self.parse_headers("".join(self.ibuffer))
290 if self.op.upper() == "POST":
291 clen = self.headers.getheader("content-length")
292 self.set_terminator(int(clen))
295 self.set_terminator(None)
296 self.handle_request()
297 elif not self.handling:
298 self.set_terminator(None) # browsers sometimes over-send
299 self.cgi_data = parse(self.headers, "".join(self.ibuffer))
302 self.handle_request()