6 *************************
7 The Very High Level Layer
8 *************************
10 The functions in this chapter will let you execute Python source code given in a
11 file or a buffer, but they will not let you interact in a more detailed way with
14 Several of these functions accept a start symbol from the grammar as a
15 parameter. The available start symbols are :const:`Py_eval_input`,
16 :const:`Py_file_input`, and :const:`Py_single_input`. These are described
17 following the functions which accept them as parameters.
19 Note also that several of these functions take :ctype:`FILE\*` parameters. On
20 particular issue which needs to be handled carefully is that the :ctype:`FILE`
21 structure for different C libraries can be different and incompatible. Under
22 Windows (at least), it is possible for dynamically linked extensions to actually
23 use different libraries, so care should be taken that :ctype:`FILE\*` parameters
24 are only passed to these functions if it is certain that they were created by
25 the same library that the Python runtime is using.
28 .. cfunction:: int Py_Main(int argc, char **argv)
30 The main program for the standard interpreter. This is made available for
31 programs which embed Python. The *argc* and *argv* parameters should be
32 prepared exactly as those which are passed to a C program's :cfunc:`main`
33 function. It is important to note that the argument list may be modified (but
34 the contents of the strings pointed to by the argument list are not). The return
35 value will be the integer passed to the :func:`sys.exit` function, ``1`` if the
36 interpreter exits due to an exception, or ``2`` if the parameter list does not
37 represent a valid Python command line.
40 .. cfunction:: int PyRun_AnyFile(FILE *fp, const char *filename)
42 This is a simplified interface to :cfunc:`PyRun_AnyFileExFlags` below, leaving
43 *closeit* set to ``0`` and *flags* set to *NULL*.
46 .. cfunction:: int PyRun_AnyFileFlags(FILE *fp, const char *filename, PyCompilerFlags *flags)
48 This is a simplified interface to :cfunc:`PyRun_AnyFileExFlags` below, leaving
49 the *closeit* argument set to ``0``.
52 .. cfunction:: int PyRun_AnyFileEx(FILE *fp, const char *filename, int closeit)
54 This is a simplified interface to :cfunc:`PyRun_AnyFileExFlags` below, leaving
55 the *flags* argument set to *NULL*.
58 .. cfunction:: int PyRun_AnyFileExFlags(FILE *fp, const char *filename, int closeit, PyCompilerFlags *flags)
60 If *fp* refers to a file associated with an interactive device (console or
61 terminal input or Unix pseudo-terminal), return the value of
62 :cfunc:`PyRun_InteractiveLoop`, otherwise return the result of
63 :cfunc:`PyRun_SimpleFile`. If *filename* is *NULL*, this function uses
64 ``"???"`` as the filename.
67 .. cfunction:: int PyRun_SimpleString(const char *command)
69 This is a simplified interface to :cfunc:`PyRun_SimpleStringFlags` below,
70 leaving the *PyCompilerFlags\** argument set to NULL.
73 .. cfunction:: int PyRun_SimpleStringFlags(const char *command, PyCompilerFlags *flags)
75 Executes the Python source code from *command* in the :mod:`__main__` module
76 according to the *flags* argument. If :mod:`__main__` does not already exist, it
77 is created. Returns ``0`` on success or ``-1`` if an exception was raised. If
78 there was an error, there is no way to get the exception information. For the
79 meaning of *flags*, see below.
82 .. cfunction:: int PyRun_SimpleFile(FILE *fp, const char *filename)
84 This is a simplified interface to :cfunc:`PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags` below,
85 leaving *closeit* set to ``0`` and *flags* set to *NULL*.
88 .. cfunction:: int PyRun_SimpleFileFlags(FILE *fp, const char *filename, PyCompilerFlags *flags)
90 This is a simplified interface to :cfunc:`PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags` below,
91 leaving *closeit* set to ``0``.
94 .. cfunction:: int PyRun_SimpleFileEx(FILE *fp, const char *filename, int closeit)
96 This is a simplified interface to :cfunc:`PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags` below,
97 leaving *flags* set to *NULL*.
100 .. cfunction:: int PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags(FILE *fp, const char *filename, int closeit, PyCompilerFlags *flags)
102 Similar to :cfunc:`PyRun_SimpleStringFlags`, but the Python source code is read
103 from *fp* instead of an in-memory string. *filename* should be the name of the
104 file. If *closeit* is true, the file is closed before PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags
108 .. cfunction:: int PyRun_InteractiveOne(FILE *fp, const char *filename)
110 This is a simplified interface to :cfunc:`PyRun_InteractiveOneFlags` below,
111 leaving *flags* set to *NULL*.
114 .. cfunction:: int PyRun_InteractiveOneFlags(FILE *fp, const char *filename, PyCompilerFlags *flags)
116 Read and execute a single statement from a file associated with an interactive
117 device according to the *flags* argument. If *filename* is *NULL*, ``"???"`` is
118 used instead. The user will be prompted using ``sys.ps1`` and ``sys.ps2``.
119 Returns ``0`` when the input was executed successfully, ``-1`` if there was an
120 exception, or an error code from the :file:`errcode.h` include file distributed
121 as part of Python if there was a parse error. (Note that :file:`errcode.h` is
122 not included by :file:`Python.h`, so must be included specifically if needed.)
125 .. cfunction:: int PyRun_InteractiveLoop(FILE *fp, const char *filename)
127 This is a simplified interface to :cfunc:`PyRun_InteractiveLoopFlags` below,
128 leaving *flags* set to *NULL*.
131 .. cfunction:: int PyRun_InteractiveLoopFlags(FILE *fp, const char *filename, PyCompilerFlags *flags)
133 Read and execute statements from a file associated with an interactive device
134 until EOF is reached. If *filename* is *NULL*, ``"???"`` is used instead. The
135 user will be prompted using ``sys.ps1`` and ``sys.ps2``. Returns ``0`` at EOF.
138 .. cfunction:: struct _node* PyParser_SimpleParseString(const char *str, int start)
140 This is a simplified interface to
141 :cfunc:`PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlagsFilename` below, leaving *filename* set
142 to *NULL* and *flags* set to ``0``.
145 .. cfunction:: struct _node* PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlags( const char *str, int start, int flags)
147 This is a simplified interface to
148 :cfunc:`PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlagsFilename` below, leaving *filename* set
152 .. cfunction:: struct _node* PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlagsFilename( const char *str, const char *filename, int start, int flags)
154 Parse Python source code from *str* using the start token *start* according to
155 the *flags* argument. The result can be used to create a code object which can
156 be evaluated efficiently. This is useful if a code fragment must be evaluated
160 .. cfunction:: struct _node* PyParser_SimpleParseFile(FILE *fp, const char *filename, int start)
162 This is a simplified interface to :cfunc:`PyParser_SimpleParseFileFlags` below,
163 leaving *flags* set to ``0``
166 .. cfunction:: struct _node* PyParser_SimpleParseFileFlags(FILE *fp, const char *filename, int start, int flags)
168 Similar to :cfunc:`PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlagsFilename`, but the Python
169 source code is read from *fp* instead of an in-memory string.
172 .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyRun_String(const char *str, int start, PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals)
174 This is a simplified interface to :cfunc:`PyRun_StringFlags` below, leaving
175 *flags* set to *NULL*.
178 .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyRun_StringFlags(const char *str, int start, PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals, PyCompilerFlags *flags)
180 Execute Python source code from *str* in the context specified by the
181 dictionaries *globals* and *locals* with the compiler flags specified by
182 *flags*. The parameter *start* specifies the start token that should be used to
183 parse the source code.
185 Returns the result of executing the code as a Python object, or *NULL* if an
186 exception was raised.
189 .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyRun_File(FILE *fp, const char *filename, int start, PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals)
191 This is a simplified interface to :cfunc:`PyRun_FileExFlags` below, leaving
192 *closeit* set to ``0`` and *flags* set to *NULL*.
195 .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyRun_FileEx(FILE *fp, const char *filename, int start, PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals, int closeit)
197 This is a simplified interface to :cfunc:`PyRun_FileExFlags` below, leaving
198 *flags* set to *NULL*.
201 .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyRun_FileFlags(FILE *fp, const char *filename, int start, PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals, PyCompilerFlags *flags)
203 This is a simplified interface to :cfunc:`PyRun_FileExFlags` below, leaving
204 *closeit* set to ``0``.
207 .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyRun_FileExFlags(FILE *fp, const char *filename, int start, PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals, int closeit, PyCompilerFlags *flags)
209 Similar to :cfunc:`PyRun_StringFlags`, but the Python source code is read from
210 *fp* instead of an in-memory string. *filename* should be the name of the file.
211 If *closeit* is true, the file is closed before :cfunc:`PyRun_FileExFlags`
215 .. cfunction:: PyObject* Py_CompileString(const char *str, const char *filename, int start)
217 This is a simplified interface to :cfunc:`Py_CompileStringFlags` below, leaving
218 *flags* set to *NULL*.
221 .. cfunction:: PyObject* Py_CompileStringFlags(const char *str, const char *filename, int start, PyCompilerFlags *flags)
223 Parse and compile the Python source code in *str*, returning the resulting code
224 object. The start token is given by *start*; this can be used to constrain the
225 code which can be compiled and should be :const:`Py_eval_input`,
226 :const:`Py_file_input`, or :const:`Py_single_input`. The filename specified by
227 *filename* is used to construct the code object and may appear in tracebacks or
228 :exc:`SyntaxError` exception messages. This returns *NULL* if the code cannot
229 be parsed or compiled.
232 .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyEval_EvalCode(PyCodeObject *co, PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals)
234 This is a simplified interface to :cfunc:`PyEval_EvalCodeEx`, with just
235 the code object, and the dictionaries of global and local variables.
236 The other arguments are set to *NULL*.
239 .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyEval_EvalCodeEx(PyCodeObject *co, PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals, PyObject **args, int argcount, PyObject **kws, int kwcount, PyObject **defs, int defcount, PyObject *closure)
241 Evaluate a precompiled code object, given a particular environment for its
242 evaluation. This environment consists of dictionaries of global and local
243 variables, arrays of arguments, keywords and defaults, and a closure tuple of
247 .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyEval_EvalFrame(PyFrameObject *f)
249 Evaluate an execution frame. This is a simplified interface to
250 PyEval_EvalFrameEx, for backward compatibility.
253 .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyEval_EvalFrameEx(PyFrameObject *f, int throwflag)
255 This is the main, unvarnished function of Python interpretation. It is
256 literally 2000 lines long. The code object associated with the execution
257 frame *f* is executed, interpreting bytecode and executing calls as needed.
258 The additional *throwflag* parameter can mostly be ignored - if true, then
259 it causes an exception to immediately be thrown; this is used for the
260 :meth:`throw` methods of generator objects.
263 .. cfunction:: int PyEval_MergeCompilerFlags(PyCompilerFlags *cf)
265 This function changes the flags of the current evaluation frame, and returns
266 true on success, false on failure.
269 .. cvar:: int Py_eval_input
271 .. index:: single: Py_CompileString()
273 The start symbol from the Python grammar for isolated expressions; for use with
274 :cfunc:`Py_CompileString`.
277 .. cvar:: int Py_file_input
279 .. index:: single: Py_CompileString()
281 The start symbol from the Python grammar for sequences of statements as read
282 from a file or other source; for use with :cfunc:`Py_CompileString`. This is
283 the symbol to use when compiling arbitrarily long Python source code.
286 .. cvar:: int Py_single_input
288 .. index:: single: Py_CompileString()
290 The start symbol from the Python grammar for a single statement; for use with
291 :cfunc:`Py_CompileString`. This is the symbol used for the interactive
295 .. ctype:: struct PyCompilerFlags
297 This is the structure used to hold compiler flags. In cases where code is only
298 being compiled, it is passed as ``int flags``, and in cases where code is being
299 executed, it is passed as ``PyCompilerFlags *flags``. In this case, ``from
300 __future__ import`` can modify *flags*.
302 Whenever ``PyCompilerFlags *flags`` is *NULL*, :attr:`cf_flags` is treated as
303 equal to ``0``, and any modification due to ``from __future__ import`` is
306 struct PyCompilerFlags {
311 .. cvar:: int CO_FUTURE_DIVISION
313 This bit can be set in *flags* to cause division operator ``/`` to be
314 interpreted as "true division" according to :pep:`238`.