1 :mod:`urlparse` --- Parse URLs into components
2 ==============================================
5 :synopsis: Parse URLs into or assemble them from components.
10 single: World Wide Web
16 The :mod:`urlparse` module is renamed to :mod:`urllib.parse` in Python 3.0.
17 The :term:`2to3` tool will automatically adapt imports when converting
21 This module defines a standard interface to break Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
22 strings up in components (addressing scheme, network location, path etc.), to
23 combine the components back into a URL string, and to convert a "relative URL"
24 to an absolute URL given a "base URL."
26 The module has been designed to match the Internet RFC on Relative Uniform
27 Resource Locators (and discovered a bug in an earlier draft!). It supports the
28 following URL schemes: ``file``, ``ftp``, ``gopher``, ``hdl``, ``http``,
29 ``https``, ``imap``, ``mailto``, ``mms``, ``news``, ``nntp``, ``prospero``,
30 ``rsync``, ``rtsp``, ``rtspu``, ``sftp``, ``shttp``, ``sip``, ``sips``,
31 ``snews``, ``svn``, ``svn+ssh``, ``telnet``, ``wais``.
34 Support for the ``sftp`` and ``sips`` schemes.
36 The :mod:`urlparse` module defines the following functions:
39 .. function:: urlparse(urlstring[, default_scheme[, allow_fragments]])
41 Parse a URL into six components, returning a 6-tuple. This corresponds to the
42 general structure of a URL: ``scheme://netloc/path;parameters?query#fragment``.
43 Each tuple item is a string, possibly empty. The components are not broken up in
44 smaller parts (for example, the network location is a single string), and %
45 escapes are not expanded. The delimiters as shown above are not part of the
46 result, except for a leading slash in the *path* component, which is retained if
49 >>> from urlparse import urlparse
50 >>> o = urlparse('http://www.cwi.nl:80/%7Eguido/Python.html')
51 >>> o # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
52 ParseResult(scheme='http', netloc='www.cwi.nl:80', path='/%7Eguido/Python.html',
53 params='', query='', fragment='')
59 'http://www.cwi.nl:80/%7Eguido/Python.html'
61 If the *default_scheme* argument is specified, it gives the default addressing
62 scheme, to be used only if the URL does not specify one. The default value for
63 this argument is the empty string.
65 If the *allow_fragments* argument is false, fragment identifiers are not
66 allowed, even if the URL's addressing scheme normally does support them. The
67 default value for this argument is :const:`True`.
69 The return value is actually an instance of a subclass of :class:`tuple`. This
70 class has the following additional read-only convenience attributes:
72 +------------------+-------+--------------------------+----------------------+
73 | Attribute | Index | Value | Value if not present |
74 +==================+=======+==========================+======================+
75 | :attr:`scheme` | 0 | URL scheme specifier | empty string |
76 +------------------+-------+--------------------------+----------------------+
77 | :attr:`netloc` | 1 | Network location part | empty string |
78 +------------------+-------+--------------------------+----------------------+
79 | :attr:`path` | 2 | Hierarchical path | empty string |
80 +------------------+-------+--------------------------+----------------------+
81 | :attr:`params` | 3 | Parameters for last path | empty string |
83 +------------------+-------+--------------------------+----------------------+
84 | :attr:`query` | 4 | Query component | empty string |
85 +------------------+-------+--------------------------+----------------------+
86 | :attr:`fragment` | 5 | Fragment identifier | empty string |
87 +------------------+-------+--------------------------+----------------------+
88 | :attr:`username` | | User name | :const:`None` |
89 +------------------+-------+--------------------------+----------------------+
90 | :attr:`password` | | Password | :const:`None` |
91 +------------------+-------+--------------------------+----------------------+
92 | :attr:`hostname` | | Host name (lower case) | :const:`None` |
93 +------------------+-------+--------------------------+----------------------+
94 | :attr:`port` | | Port number as integer, | :const:`None` |
96 +------------------+-------+--------------------------+----------------------+
98 See section :ref:`urlparse-result-object` for more information on the result
101 .. versionchanged:: 2.5
102 Added attributes to return value.
105 .. function:: urlunparse(parts)
107 Construct a URL from a tuple as returned by ``urlparse()``. The *parts* argument
108 can be any six-item iterable. This may result in a slightly different, but
109 equivalent URL, if the URL that was parsed originally had unnecessary delimiters
110 (for example, a ? with an empty query; the RFC states that these are
114 .. function:: urlsplit(urlstring[, default_scheme[, allow_fragments]])
116 This is similar to :func:`urlparse`, but does not split the params from the URL.
117 This should generally be used instead of :func:`urlparse` if the more recent URL
118 syntax allowing parameters to be applied to each segment of the *path* portion
119 of the URL (see :rfc:`2396`) is wanted. A separate function is needed to
120 separate the path segments and parameters. This function returns a 5-tuple:
121 (addressing scheme, network location, path, query, fragment identifier).
123 The return value is actually an instance of a subclass of :class:`tuple`. This
124 class has the following additional read-only convenience attributes:
126 +------------------+-------+-------------------------+----------------------+
127 | Attribute | Index | Value | Value if not present |
128 +==================+=======+=========================+======================+
129 | :attr:`scheme` | 0 | URL scheme specifier | empty string |
130 +------------------+-------+-------------------------+----------------------+
131 | :attr:`netloc` | 1 | Network location part | empty string |
132 +------------------+-------+-------------------------+----------------------+
133 | :attr:`path` | 2 | Hierarchical path | empty string |
134 +------------------+-------+-------------------------+----------------------+
135 | :attr:`query` | 3 | Query component | empty string |
136 +------------------+-------+-------------------------+----------------------+
137 | :attr:`fragment` | 4 | Fragment identifier | empty string |
138 +------------------+-------+-------------------------+----------------------+
139 | :attr:`username` | | User name | :const:`None` |
140 +------------------+-------+-------------------------+----------------------+
141 | :attr:`password` | | Password | :const:`None` |
142 +------------------+-------+-------------------------+----------------------+
143 | :attr:`hostname` | | Host name (lower case) | :const:`None` |
144 +------------------+-------+-------------------------+----------------------+
145 | :attr:`port` | | Port number as integer, | :const:`None` |
147 +------------------+-------+-------------------------+----------------------+
149 See section :ref:`urlparse-result-object` for more information on the result
152 .. versionadded:: 2.2
154 .. versionchanged:: 2.5
155 Added attributes to return value.
158 .. function:: urlunsplit(parts)
160 Combine the elements of a tuple as returned by :func:`urlsplit` into a complete
161 URL as a string. The *parts* argument can be any five-item iterable. This may
162 result in a slightly different, but equivalent URL, if the URL that was parsed
163 originally had unnecessary delimiters (for example, a ? with an empty query; the
164 RFC states that these are equivalent).
166 .. versionadded:: 2.2
169 .. function:: urljoin(base, url[, allow_fragments])
171 Construct a full ("absolute") URL by combining a "base URL" (*base*) with
172 another URL (*url*). Informally, this uses components of the base URL, in
173 particular the addressing scheme, the network location and (part of) the path,
174 to provide missing components in the relative URL. For example:
176 >>> from urlparse import urljoin
177 >>> urljoin('http://www.cwi.nl/%7Eguido/Python.html', 'FAQ.html')
178 'http://www.cwi.nl/%7Eguido/FAQ.html'
180 The *allow_fragments* argument has the same meaning and default as for
185 If *url* is an absolute URL (that is, starting with ``//`` or ``scheme://``),
186 the *url*'s host name and/or scheme will be present in the result. For example:
190 >>> urljoin('http://www.cwi.nl/%7Eguido/Python.html',
191 ... '//www.python.org/%7Eguido')
192 'http://www.python.org/%7Eguido'
194 If you do not want that behavior, preprocess the *url* with :func:`urlsplit` and
195 :func:`urlunsplit`, removing possible *scheme* and *netloc* parts.
198 .. function:: urldefrag(url)
200 If *url* contains a fragment identifier, returns a modified version of *url*
201 with no fragment identifier, and the fragment identifier as a separate string.
202 If there is no fragment identifier in *url*, returns *url* unmodified and an
208 :rfc:`1738` - Uniform Resource Locators (URL)
209 This specifies the formal syntax and semantics of absolute URLs.
211 :rfc:`1808` - Relative Uniform Resource Locators
212 This Request For Comments includes the rules for joining an absolute and a
213 relative URL, including a fair number of "Abnormal Examples" which govern the
214 treatment of border cases.
216 :rfc:`2396` - Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax
217 Document describing the generic syntactic requirements for both Uniform Resource
218 Names (URNs) and Uniform Resource Locators (URLs).
221 .. _urlparse-result-object:
223 Results of :func:`urlparse` and :func:`urlsplit`
224 ------------------------------------------------
226 The result objects from the :func:`urlparse` and :func:`urlsplit` functions are
227 subclasses of the :class:`tuple` type. These subclasses add the attributes
228 described in those functions, as well as provide an additional method:
231 .. method:: ParseResult.geturl()
233 Return the re-combined version of the original URL as a string. This may differ
234 from the original URL in that the scheme will always be normalized to lower case
235 and empty components may be dropped. Specifically, empty parameters, queries,
236 and fragment identifiers will be removed.
238 The result of this method is a fixpoint if passed back through the original
242 >>> url = 'HTTP://www.Python.org/doc/#'
244 >>> r1 = urlparse.urlsplit(url)
246 'http://www.Python.org/doc/'
248 >>> r2 = urlparse.urlsplit(r1.geturl())
250 'http://www.Python.org/doc/'
252 .. versionadded:: 2.5
254 The following classes provide the implementations of the parse results::
257 .. class:: BaseResult
259 Base class for the concrete result classes. This provides most of the attribute
260 definitions. It does not provide a :meth:`geturl` method. It is derived from
261 :class:`tuple`, but does not override the :meth:`__init__` or :meth:`__new__`
265 .. class:: ParseResult(scheme, netloc, path, params, query, fragment)
267 Concrete class for :func:`urlparse` results. The :meth:`__new__` method is
268 overridden to support checking that the right number of arguments are passed.
271 .. class:: SplitResult(scheme, netloc, path, query, fragment)
273 Concrete class for :func:`urlsplit` results. The :meth:`__new__` method is
274 overridden to support checking that the right number of arguments are passed.