2 :mod:`signal` --- Set handlers for asynchronous events
3 ======================================================
6 :synopsis: Set handlers for asynchronous events.
9 This module provides mechanisms to use signal handlers in Python. Some general
10 rules for working with signals and their handlers:
12 * A handler for a particular signal, once set, remains installed until it is
13 explicitly reset (Python emulates the BSD style interface regardless of the
14 underlying implementation), with the exception of the handler for
15 :const:`SIGCHLD`, which follows the underlying implementation.
17 * There is no way to "block" signals temporarily from critical sections (since
18 this is not supported by all Unix flavors).
20 * Although Python signal handlers are called asynchronously as far as the Python
21 user is concerned, they can only occur between the "atomic" instructions of the
22 Python interpreter. This means that signals arriving during long calculations
23 implemented purely in C (such as regular expression matches on large bodies of
24 text) may be delayed for an arbitrary amount of time.
26 * When a signal arrives during an I/O operation, it is possible that the I/O
27 operation raises an exception after the signal handler returns. This is
28 dependent on the underlying Unix system's semantics regarding interrupted system
31 * Because the C signal handler always returns, it makes little sense to catch
32 synchronous errors like :const:`SIGFPE` or :const:`SIGSEGV`.
34 * Python installs a small number of signal handlers by default: :const:`SIGPIPE`
35 is ignored (so write errors on pipes and sockets can be reported as ordinary
36 Python exceptions) and :const:`SIGINT` is translated into a
37 :exc:`KeyboardInterrupt` exception. All of these can be overridden.
39 * Some care must be taken if both signals and threads are used in the same
40 program. The fundamental thing to remember in using signals and threads
41 simultaneously is: always perform :func:`signal` operations in the main thread
42 of execution. Any thread can perform an :func:`alarm`, :func:`getsignal`,
43 :func:`pause`, :func:`setitimer` or :func:`getitimer`; only the main thread
44 can set a new signal handler, and the main thread will be the only one to
45 receive signals (this is enforced by the Python :mod:`signal` module, even
46 if the underlying thread implementation supports sending signals to
47 individual threads). This means that signals can't be used as a means of
48 inter-thread communication. Use locks instead.
50 The variables defined in the :mod:`signal` module are:
55 This is one of two standard signal handling options; it will simply perform
56 the default function for the signal. For example, on most systems the
57 default action for :const:`SIGQUIT` is to dump core and exit, while the
58 default action for :const:`SIGCHLD` is to simply ignore it.
63 This is another standard signal handler, which will simply ignore the given
69 All the signal numbers are defined symbolically. For example, the hangup signal
70 is defined as :const:`signal.SIGHUP`; the variable names are identical to the
71 names used in C programs, as found in ``<signal.h>``. The Unix man page for
72 ':cfunc:`signal`' lists the existing signals (on some systems this is
73 :manpage:`signal(2)`, on others the list is in :manpage:`signal(7)`). Note that
74 not all systems define the same set of signal names; only those names defined by
75 the system are defined by this module.
80 One more than the number of the highest signal number.
85 Decrements interval timer in real time, and delivers :const:`SIGALRM` upon expiration.
88 .. data:: ITIMER_VIRTUAL
90 Decrements interval timer only when the process is executing, and delivers
91 SIGVTALRM upon expiration.
96 Decrements interval timer both when the process executes and when the
97 system is executing on behalf of the process. Coupled with ITIMER_VIRTUAL,
98 this timer is usually used to profile the time spent by the application
99 in user and kernel space. SIGPROF is delivered upon expiration.
102 The :mod:`signal` module defines one exception:
104 .. exception:: ItimerError
106 Raised to signal an error from the underlying :func:`setitimer` or
107 :func:`getitimer` implementation. Expect this error if an invalid
108 interval timer or a negative time is passed to :func:`setitimer`.
109 This error is a subtype of :exc:`IOError`.
112 The :mod:`signal` module defines the following functions:
115 .. function:: alarm(time)
117 If *time* is non-zero, this function requests that a :const:`SIGALRM` signal be
118 sent to the process in *time* seconds. Any previously scheduled alarm is
119 canceled (only one alarm can be scheduled at any time). The returned value is
120 then the number of seconds before any previously set alarm was to have been
121 delivered. If *time* is zero, no alarm is scheduled, and any scheduled alarm is
122 canceled. If the return value is zero, no alarm is currently scheduled. (See
123 the Unix man page :manpage:`alarm(2)`.) Availability: Unix.
126 .. function:: getsignal(signalnum)
128 Return the current signal handler for the signal *signalnum*. The returned value
129 may be a callable Python object, or one of the special values
130 :const:`signal.SIG_IGN`, :const:`signal.SIG_DFL` or :const:`None`. Here,
131 :const:`signal.SIG_IGN` means that the signal was previously ignored,
132 :const:`signal.SIG_DFL` means that the default way of handling the signal was
133 previously in use, and ``None`` means that the previous signal handler was not
134 installed from Python.
137 .. function:: pause()
139 Cause the process to sleep until a signal is received; the appropriate handler
140 will then be called. Returns nothing. Not on Windows. (See the Unix man page
141 :manpage:`signal(2)`.)
144 .. function:: setitimer(which, seconds[, interval])
146 Sets given interval timer (one of :const:`signal.ITIMER_REAL`,
147 :const:`signal.ITIMER_VIRTUAL` or :const:`signal.ITIMER_PROF`) specified
148 by *which* to fire after *seconds* (float is accepted, different from
149 :func:`alarm`) and after that every *interval* seconds. The interval
150 timer specified by *which* can be cleared by setting seconds to zero.
152 When an interval timer fires, a signal is sent to the process.
153 The signal sent is dependent on the timer being used;
154 :const:`signal.ITIMER_REAL` will deliver :const:`SIGALRM`,
155 :const:`signal.ITIMER_VIRTUAL` sends :const:`SIGVTALRM`,
156 and :const:`signal.ITIMER_PROF` will deliver :const:`SIGPROF`.
158 The old values are returned as a tuple: (delay, interval).
160 Attempting to pass an invalid interval timer will cause an
161 :exc:`ItimerError`. Availability: Unix.
163 .. versionadded:: 2.6
166 .. function:: getitimer(which)
168 Returns current value of a given interval timer specified by *which*.
171 .. versionadded:: 2.6
174 .. function:: set_wakeup_fd(fd)
176 Set the wakeup fd to *fd*. When a signal is received, a ``'\0'`` byte is
177 written to the fd. This can be used by a library to wakeup a poll or select
178 call, allowing the signal to be fully processed.
180 The old wakeup fd is returned. *fd* must be non-blocking. It is up to the
181 library to remove any bytes before calling poll or select again.
183 When threads are enabled, this function can only be called from the main thread;
184 attempting to call it from other threads will cause a :exc:`ValueError`
185 exception to be raised.
188 .. function:: siginterrupt(signalnum, flag)
190 Change system call restart behaviour: if *flag* is :const:`False`, system
191 calls will be restarted when interrupted by signal *signalnum*, otherwise
192 system calls will be interrupted. Returns nothing. Availability: Unix (see
193 the man page :manpage:`siginterrupt(3)` for further information).
195 Note that installing a signal handler with :func:`signal` will reset the
196 restart behaviour to interruptible by implicitly calling
197 :cfunc:`siginterrupt` with a true *flag* value for the given signal.
199 .. versionadded:: 2.6
202 .. function:: signal(signalnum, handler)
204 Set the handler for signal *signalnum* to the function *handler*. *handler* can
205 be a callable Python object taking two arguments (see below), or one of the
206 special values :const:`signal.SIG_IGN` or :const:`signal.SIG_DFL`. The previous
207 signal handler will be returned (see the description of :func:`getsignal`
208 above). (See the Unix man page :manpage:`signal(2)`.)
210 When threads are enabled, this function can only be called from the main thread;
211 attempting to call it from other threads will cause a :exc:`ValueError`
212 exception to be raised.
214 The *handler* is called with two arguments: the signal number and the current
215 stack frame (``None`` or a frame object; for a description of frame objects,
216 see the :ref:`description in the type hierarchy <frame-objects>` or see the
217 attribute descriptions in the :mod:`inspect` module).
225 Here is a minimal example program. It uses the :func:`alarm` function to limit
226 the time spent waiting to open a file; this is useful if the file is for a
227 serial device that may not be turned on, which would normally cause the
228 :func:`os.open` to hang indefinitely. The solution is to set a 5-second alarm
229 before opening the file; if the operation takes too long, the alarm signal will
230 be sent, and the handler raises an exception. ::
234 def handler(signum, frame):
235 print 'Signal handler called with signal', signum
236 raise IOError("Couldn't open device!")
238 # Set the signal handler and a 5-second alarm
239 signal.signal(signal.SIGALRM, handler)
242 # This open() may hang indefinitely
243 fd = os.open('/dev/ttyS0', os.O_RDWR)
245 signal.alarm(0) # Disable the alarm