2 :mod:`mmap` --- Memory-mapped file support
3 ==========================================
6 :synopsis: Interface to memory-mapped files for Unix and Windows.
9 Memory-mapped file objects behave like both strings and like file objects.
10 Unlike normal string objects, however, these are mutable. You can use mmap
11 objects in most places where strings are expected; for example, you can use
12 the :mod:`re` module to search through a memory-mapped file. Since they're
13 mutable, you can change a single character by doing ``obj[index] = 'a'``, or
14 change a substring by assigning to a slice: ``obj[i1:i2] = '...'``. You can
15 also read and write data starting at the current file position, and
16 :meth:`seek` through the file to different positions.
18 A memory-mapped file is created by the :class:`mmap` constructor, which is
19 different on Unix and on Windows. In either case you must provide a file
20 descriptor for a file opened for update. If you wish to map an existing Python
21 file object, use its :meth:`fileno` method to obtain the correct value for the
22 *fileno* parameter. Otherwise, you can open the file using the
23 :func:`os.open` function, which returns a file descriptor directly (the file
24 still needs to be closed when done).
26 For both the Unix and Windows versions of the constructor, *access* may be
27 specified as an optional keyword parameter. *access* accepts one of three
28 values: :const:`ACCESS_READ`, :const:`ACCESS_WRITE`, or :const:`ACCESS_COPY`
29 to specify read-only, write-through or copy-on-write memory respectively.
30 *access* can be used on both Unix and Windows. If *access* is not specified,
31 Windows mmap returns a write-through mapping. The initial memory values for
32 all three access types are taken from the specified file. Assignment to an
33 :const:`ACCESS_READ` memory map raises a :exc:`TypeError` exception.
34 Assignment to an :const:`ACCESS_WRITE` memory map affects both memory and the
35 underlying file. Assignment to an :const:`ACCESS_COPY` memory map affects
36 memory but does not update the underlying file.
38 .. versionchanged:: 2.5
39 To map anonymous memory, -1 should be passed as the fileno along with the
42 .. versionchanged:: 2.6
43 mmap.mmap has formerly been a factory function creating mmap objects. Now
44 mmap.mmap is the class itself.
46 .. class:: mmap(fileno, length[, tagname[, access[, offset]]])
48 **(Windows version)** Maps *length* bytes from the file specified by the
49 file handle *fileno*, and creates a mmap object. If *length* is larger
50 than the current size of the file, the file is extended to contain *length*
51 bytes. If *length* is ``0``, the maximum length of the map is the current
52 size of the file, except that if the file is empty Windows raises an
53 exception (you cannot create an empty mapping on Windows).
55 *tagname*, if specified and not ``None``, is a string giving a tag name for
56 the mapping. Windows allows you to have many different mappings against
57 the same file. If you specify the name of an existing tag, that tag is
58 opened, otherwise a new tag of this name is created. If this parameter is
59 omitted or ``None``, the mapping is created without a name. Avoiding the
60 use of the tag parameter will assist in keeping your code portable between
63 *offset* may be specified as a non-negative integer offset. mmap references
64 will be relative to the offset from the beginning of the file. *offset*
65 defaults to 0. *offset* must be a multiple of the ALLOCATIONGRANULARITY.
68 .. class:: mmap(fileno, length[, flags[, prot[, access[, offset]]]])
71 **(Unix version)** Maps *length* bytes from the file specified by the file
72 descriptor *fileno*, and returns a mmap object. If *length* is ``0``, the
73 maximum length of the map will be the current size of the file when
74 :class:`mmap` is called.
76 *flags* specifies the nature of the mapping. :const:`MAP_PRIVATE` creates a
77 private copy-on-write mapping, so changes to the contents of the mmap
78 object will be private to this process, and :const:`MAP_SHARED` creates a
79 mapping that's shared with all other processes mapping the same areas of
80 the file. The default value is :const:`MAP_SHARED`.
82 *prot*, if specified, gives the desired memory protection; the two most
83 useful values are :const:`PROT_READ` and :const:`PROT_WRITE`, to specify
84 that the pages may be read or written. *prot* defaults to
85 :const:`PROT_READ \| PROT_WRITE`.
87 *access* may be specified in lieu of *flags* and *prot* as an optional
88 keyword parameter. It is an error to specify both *flags*, *prot* and
89 *access*. See the description of *access* above for information on how to
92 *offset* may be specified as a non-negative integer offset. mmap references
93 will be relative to the offset from the beginning of the file. *offset*
94 defaults to 0. *offset* must be a multiple of the PAGESIZE or
95 ALLOCATIONGRANULARITY.
97 This example shows a simple way of using :class:`mmap`::
101 # write a simple example file
102 with open("hello.txt", "wb") as f:
103 f.write("Hello Python!\n")
105 with open("hello.txt", "r+b") as f:
106 # memory-map the file, size 0 means whole file
107 map = mmap.mmap(f.fileno(), 0)
108 # read content via standard file methods
109 print map.readline() # prints "Hello Python!"
110 # read content via slice notation
111 print map[:5] # prints "Hello"
112 # update content using slice notation;
113 # note that new content must have same size
114 map[6:] = " world!\n"
115 # ... and read again using standard file methods
117 print map.readline() # prints "Hello world!"
122 The next example demonstrates how to create an anonymous map and exchange
123 data between the parent and child processes::
128 map = mmap.mmap(-1, 13)
129 map.write("Hello world!")
133 if pid == 0: # In a child process
140 Memory-mapped file objects support the following methods:
145 Close the file. Subsequent calls to other methods of the object will
146 result in an exception being raised.
149 .. method:: find(string[, start[, end]])
151 Returns the lowest index in the object where the substring *string* is
152 found, such that *string* is contained in the range [*start*, *end*].
153 Optional arguments *start* and *end* are interpreted as in slice notation.
154 Returns ``-1`` on failure.
157 .. method:: flush([offset, size])
159 Flushes changes made to the in-memory copy of a file back to disk. Without
160 use of this call there is no guarantee that changes are written back before
161 the object is destroyed. If *offset* and *size* are specified, only
162 changes to the given range of bytes will be flushed to disk; otherwise, the
163 whole extent of the mapping is flushed.
165 **(Windows version)** A nonzero value returned indicates success; zero
168 **(Unix version)** A zero value is returned to indicate success. An
169 exception is raised when the call failed.
172 .. method:: move(dest, src, count)
174 Copy the *count* bytes starting at offset *src* to the destination index
175 *dest*. If the mmap was created with :const:`ACCESS_READ`, then calls to
176 move will throw a :exc:`TypeError` exception.
179 .. method:: read(num)
181 Return a string containing up to *num* bytes starting from the current
182 file position; the file position is updated to point after the bytes that
186 .. method:: read_byte()
188 Returns a string of length 1 containing the character at the current file
189 position, and advances the file position by 1.
192 .. method:: readline()
194 Returns a single line, starting at the current file position and up to the
198 .. method:: resize(newsize)
200 Resizes the map and the underlying file, if any. If the mmap was created
201 with :const:`ACCESS_READ` or :const:`ACCESS_COPY`, resizing the map will
202 throw a :exc:`TypeError` exception.
205 .. method:: rfind(string[, start[, end]])
207 Returns the highest index in the object where the substring *string* is
208 found, such that *string* is contained in the range [*start*, *end*].
209 Optional arguments *start* and *end* are interpreted as in slice notation.
210 Returns ``-1`` on failure.
213 .. method:: seek(pos[, whence])
215 Set the file's current position. *whence* argument is optional and
216 defaults to ``os.SEEK_SET`` or ``0`` (absolute file positioning); other
217 values are ``os.SEEK_CUR`` or ``1`` (seek relative to the current
218 position) and ``os.SEEK_END`` or ``2`` (seek relative to the file's end).
223 Return the length of the file, which can be larger than the size of the
229 Returns the current position of the file pointer.
232 .. method:: write(string)
234 Write the bytes in *string* into memory at the current position of the
235 file pointer; the file position is updated to point after the bytes that
236 were written. If the mmap was created with :const:`ACCESS_READ`, then
237 writing to it will throw a :exc:`TypeError` exception.
240 .. method:: write_byte(byte)
242 Write the single-character string *byte* into memory at the current
243 position of the file pointer; the file position is advanced by ``1``. If
244 the mmap was created with :const:`ACCESS_READ`, then writing to it will
245 throw a :exc:`TypeError` exception.