1 :mod:`abc` --- Abstract Base Classes
2 ====================================
5 :synopsis: Abstract base classes according to PEP 3119.
6 .. moduleauthor:: Guido van Rossum
7 .. sectionauthor:: Georg Brandl
8 .. much of the content adapted from docstrings
12 This module provides the infrastructure for defining an :term:`abstract base
13 class` (ABCs) in Python, as outlined in :pep:`3119`; see the PEP for why this
14 was added to Python. (See also :pep:`3141` and the :mod:`numbers` module
15 regarding a type hierarchy for numbers based on ABCs.)
17 The :mod:`collections` module has some concrete classes that derive from
18 ABCs; these can, of course, be further derived. In addition the
19 :mod:`collections` module has some ABCs that can be used to test whether
20 a class or instance provides a particular interface, for example, is it
21 hashable or a mapping.
24 This module provides the following class:
28 Metaclass for defining Abstract Base Classes (ABCs).
30 Use this metaclass to create an ABC. An ABC can be subclassed directly, and
31 then acts as a mix-in class. You can also register unrelated concrete
32 classes (even built-in classes) and unrelated ABCs as "virtual subclasses" --
33 these and their descendants will be considered subclasses of the registering
34 ABC by the built-in :func:`issubclass` function, but the registering ABC
35 won't show up in their MRO (Method Resolution Order) nor will method
36 implementations defined by the registering ABC be callable (not even via
39 Classes created with a metaclass of :class:`ABCMeta` have the following method:
41 .. method:: register(subclass)
43 Register *subclass* as a "virtual subclass" of this ABC. For
46 from abc import ABCMeta
49 __metaclass__ = ABCMeta
53 assert issubclass(tuple, MyABC)
54 assert isinstance((), MyABC)
56 You can also override this method in an abstract base class:
58 .. method:: __subclasshook__(subclass)
60 (Must be defined as a class method.)
62 Check whether *subclass* is considered a subclass of this ABC. This means
63 that you can customize the behavior of ``issubclass`` further without the
64 need to call :meth:`register` on every class you want to consider a
65 subclass of the ABC. (This class method is called from the
66 :meth:`__subclasscheck__` method of the ABC.)
68 This method should return ``True``, ``False`` or ``NotImplemented``. If
69 it returns ``True``, the *subclass* is considered a subclass of this ABC.
70 If it returns ``False``, the *subclass* is not considered a subclass of
71 this ABC, even if it would normally be one. If it returns
72 ``NotImplemented``, the subclass check is continued with the usual
75 .. XXX explain the "usual mechanism"
78 For a demonstration of these concepts, look at this example ABC definition::
81 def __getitem__(self, index):
85 def get_iterator(self):
89 __metaclass__ = ABCMeta
96 def get_iterator(self):
97 return self.__iter__()
100 def __subclasshook__(cls, C):
101 if cls is MyIterable:
102 if any("__iter__" in B.__dict__ for B in C.__mro__):
104 return NotImplemented
106 MyIterable.register(Foo)
108 The ABC ``MyIterable`` defines the standard iterable method,
109 :meth:`__iter__`, as an abstract method. The implementation given here can
110 still be called from subclasses. The :meth:`get_iterator` method is also
111 part of the ``MyIterable`` abstract base class, but it does not have to be
112 overridden in non-abstract derived classes.
114 The :meth:`__subclasshook__` class method defined here says that any class
115 that has an :meth:`__iter__` method in its :attr:`__dict__` (or in that of
116 one of its base classes, accessed via the :attr:`__mro__` list) is
117 considered a ``MyIterable`` too.
119 Finally, the last line makes ``Foo`` a virtual subclass of ``MyIterable``,
120 even though it does not define an :meth:`__iter__` method (it uses the
121 old-style iterable protocol, defined in terms of :meth:`__len__` and
122 :meth:`__getitem__`). Note that this will not make ``get_iterator``
123 available as a method of ``Foo``, so it is provided separately.
126 It also provides the following decorators:
128 .. function:: abstractmethod(function)
130 A decorator indicating abstract methods.
132 Using this decorator requires that the class's metaclass is :class:`ABCMeta` or
134 A class that has a metaclass derived from :class:`ABCMeta`
135 cannot be instantiated unless all of its abstract methods and
136 properties are overridden.
137 The abstract methods can be called using any of the normal 'super' call
140 Dynamically adding abstract methods to a class, or attempting to modify the
141 abstraction status of a method or class once it is created, are not
142 supported. The :func:`abstractmethod` only affects subclasses derived using
143 regular inheritance; "virtual subclasses" registered with the ABC's
144 :meth:`register` method are not affected.
149 __metaclass__ = ABCMeta
151 def my_abstract_method(self, ...):
156 Unlike Java abstract methods, these abstract
157 methods may have an implementation. This implementation can be
158 called via the :func:`super` mechanism from the class that
159 overrides it. This could be useful as an end-point for a
160 super-call in a framework that uses cooperative
161 multiple-inheritance.
164 .. function:: abstractproperty([fget[, fset[, fdel[, doc]]]])
166 A subclass of the built-in :func:`property`, indicating an abstract property.
168 Using this function requires that the class's metaclass is :class:`ABCMeta` or
170 A class that has a metaclass derived from :class:`ABCMeta` cannot be
171 instantiated unless all of its abstract methods and properties are overridden.
172 The abstract properties can be called using any of the normal
173 'super' call mechanisms.
178 __metaclass__ = ABCMeta
180 def my_abstract_property(self):
183 This defines a read-only property; you can also define a read-write abstract
184 property using the 'long' form of property declaration::
187 __metaclass__ = ABCMeta
189 def setx(self, value): ...
190 x = abstractproperty(getx, setx)
193 .. rubric:: Footnotes
195 .. [#] C++ programmers should note that Python's virtual base class
196 concept is not the same as C++'s.