Cheetah/NameMapper.py

   1 #!/usr/bin/env python
   2 # $Id: NameMapper.py,v 1.30 2007/04/03 01:58:20 tavis_rudd Exp $
   3
   4 """This module supports Cheetah's optional NameMapper syntax.
   5
   6 Overview
   7 ================================================================================
   8
   9 NameMapper provides a simple syntax for accessing Python data structures,
  10 functions, and methods from Cheetah. It's called NameMapper because it 'maps'
  11 simple 'names' in Cheetah templates to possibly more complex syntax in Python.
  12
  13 Its purpose is to make working with Cheetah easy for non-programmers.
  14 Specifically, non-programmers using Cheetah should NOT need to be taught (a)
  15 what the difference is between an object and a dictionary, (b) what functions
  16 and methods are, and (c) what 'self' is.  A further aim (d) is to buffer the
  17 code in Cheetah templates from changes in the implementation of the Python data
  18 structures behind them.
  19
  20 Consider this scenario:
  21
  22 You are building a customer information system. The designers with you want to
  23 use information from your system on the client's website --AND-- they want to
  24 understand the display code and so they can maintian it themselves.
  25
  26 You write a UI class with a 'customers' method that returns a dictionary of all
  27 the customer objects.  Each customer object has an 'address' method that returns
  28 the a dictionary with information about the customer's address.  The designers
  29 want to be able to access that information.
  30
  31 Using PSP, the display code for the website would look something like the
  32 following, assuming your servlet subclasses the class you created for managing
  33 customer information:
  34
  35   <%= self.customer()[ID].address()['city'] %>   (42 chars)
  36
  37 Using Cheetah's NameMapper syntax it could be any of the following:
  38
  39    $self.customers()[$ID].address()['city']       (39 chars)
  40    --OR--
  41    $customers()[$ID].address()['city']
  42    --OR--
  43    $customers()[$ID].address().city
  44    --OR--
  45    $customers()[$ID].address.city
  46    --OR--
  47    $customers()[$ID].address.city
  48    --OR--
  49    $customers[$ID].address.city                   (27 chars)
  50
  51
  52 Which of these would you prefer to explain to the designers, who have no
  53 programming experience?  The last form is 15 characters shorter than the PSP
  54 and, conceptually, is far more accessible. With PHP or ASP, the code would be
  55 even messier than the PSP
  56
  57 This is a rather extreme example and, of course, you could also just implement
  58 '$getCustomer($ID).city' and obey the Law of Demeter (search Google for more on that).
  59 But good object orientated design isn't the point here.
  60
  61 Details
  62 ================================================================================
  63 The parenthesized letters below correspond to the aims in the second paragraph.
  64
  65 DICTIONARY ACCESS (a)
  66 ---------------------
  67
  68 NameMapper allows access to items in a dictionary using the same dotted notation
  69 used to access object attributes in Python.  This aspect of NameMapper is known
  70 as 'Unified Dotted Notation'.
  71
  72 For example, with Cheetah it is possible to write:
  73    $customers()['kerr'].address()  --OR--  $customers().kerr.address()
  74 where the second form is in NameMapper syntax.
  75
  76 This only works with dictionary keys that are also valid python identifiers:
  77   regex = '[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z_0-9]*'
  78
  79
  80 AUTOCALLING (b,d)
  81 -----------------
  82
  83 NameMapper automatically detects functions and methods in Cheetah $vars and calls
  84 them if the parentheses have been left off.
  85
  86 For example if 'a' is an object, 'b' is a method
  87   $a.b
  88 is equivalent to
  89   $a.b()
  90
  91 If b returns a dictionary, then following variations are possible
  92   $a.b.c  --OR--  $a.b().c  --OR--  $a.b()['c']
  93 where 'c' is a key in the dictionary that a.b() returns.
  94
  95 Further notes:
  96 * NameMapper autocalls the function or method without any arguments.  Thus
  97 autocalling can only be used with functions or methods that either have no
  98 arguments or have default values for all arguments.
  99
 100 * NameMapper only autocalls functions and methods.  Classes and callable object instances
 101 will not be autocalled.
 102
 103 * Autocalling can be disabled using Cheetah's 'useAutocalling' setting.
 104
 105 LEAVING OUT 'self' (c,d)
 106 ------------------------
 107
 108 NameMapper makes it possible to access the attributes of a servlet in Cheetah
 109 without needing to include 'self' in the variable names.  See the NAMESPACE
 110 CASCADING section below for details.
 111
 112 NAMESPACE CASCADING (d)
 113 --------------------
 114 ...
 115
 116 Implementation details
 117 ================================================================================
 118
 119 * NameMapper's search order is dictionary keys then object attributes
 120
 121 * NameMapper.NotFound is raised if a value can't be found for a name.
 122
 123 Performance and the C version
 124 ================================================================================
 125
 126 Cheetah comes with both a C version and a Python version of NameMapper.  The C
 127 version is significantly faster and the exception tracebacks are much easier to
 128 read.  It's still slower than standard Python syntax, but you won't notice the
 129 difference in realistic usage scenarios.
 130
 131 Cheetah uses the optimized C version (_namemapper.c) if it has
 132 been compiled or falls back to the Python version if not.
 133
 134 Meta-Data
 135 ================================================================================
 136 Authors: Tavis Rudd <tavis@damnsimple.com>,
 137          Chuck Esterbrook <echuck@mindspring.com>
 138 Version: $Revision: 1.30 $
 139 Start Date: 2001/04/03
 140 Last Revision Date: $Date: 2007/04/03 01:58:20 $
 141 """
 142 from __future__ import generators
 143 __author__ = "Tavis Rudd <tavis@damnsimple.com>," +\
 144              "\nChuck Esterbrook <echuck@mindspring.com>"
 145 __revision__ = "$Revision: 1.30 $"[11:-2]
 146 import types
 147 from types import StringType, InstanceType, ClassType, TypeType
 148 from pprint import pformat
 149 import inspect
 150
 151 _INCLUDE_NAMESPACE_REPR_IN_NOTFOUND_EXCEPTIONS = False
 152 _ALLOW_WRAPPING_OF_NOTFOUND_EXCEPTIONS = True
 153 __all__ = ['NotFound',
 154            'hasKey',
 155            'valueForKey',
 156            'valueForName',
 157            'valueFromSearchList',
 158            'valueFromFrameOrSearchList',
 159            'valueFromFrame',
 160            ]
 161
 162
 163 ## N.B. An attempt is made at the end of this module to import C versions of
 164 ## these functions.  If _namemapper.c has been compiled succesfully and the
 165 ## import goes smoothly, the Python versions defined here will be replaced with
 166 ## the C versions.
 167
 168 class NotFound(LookupError):
 169     pass
 170
 171 def _raiseNotFoundException(key, namespace):
 172     excString = "cannot find '%s'"%key
 173     if _INCLUDE_NAMESPACE_REPR_IN_NOTFOUND_EXCEPTIONS:
 174         excString += ' in the namespace %s'%pformat(namespace)
 175     raise NotFound(excString)
 176
 177 def _wrapNotFoundException(exc, fullName, namespace):
 178     if not _ALLOW_WRAPPING_OF_NOTFOUND_EXCEPTIONS:
 179         raise
 180     else:
 181         excStr = exc.args[0]
 182         if excStr.find('while searching')==-1: # only wrap once!
 183             excStr +=" while searching for '%s'"%fullName
 184             if _INCLUDE_NAMESPACE_REPR_IN_NOTFOUND_EXCEPTIONS:
 185                 excStr += ' in the namespace %s'%pformat(namespace)
 186             exc.args = (excStr,)
 187         raise
 188
 189 def hasKey(obj, key):
 190     """Determine if 'obj' has 'key' """
 191     if hasattr(obj,'has_key') and obj.has_key(key):
 192         return True
 193     elif hasattr(obj, key):
 194         return True
 195     else:
 196         return False
 197
 198 def valueForKey(obj, key):
 199     if hasattr(obj, 'has_key') and obj.has_key(key):
 200         return obj[key]
 201     elif hasattr(obj, key):
 202         return getattr(obj, key)
 203     else:
 204         _raiseNotFoundException(key, obj)
 205
 206 def _valueForName(obj, name, executeCallables=False):
 207     nameChunks=name.split('.')
 208     for i in range(len(nameChunks)):
 209         key = nameChunks[i]
 210         if hasattr(obj, 'has_key') and obj.has_key(key):
 211             nextObj = obj[key]
 212         elif hasattr(obj, key):
 213             nextObj = getattr(obj, key)
 214         else:
 215             _raiseNotFoundException(key, obj)
 216
 217         if (executeCallables and callable(nextObj)
 218             and (type(nextObj) not in (InstanceType, ClassType))):
 219             obj = nextObj()
 220         else:
 221             obj = nextObj
 222     return obj
 223
 224 def valueForName(obj, name, executeCallables=False):
 225     try:
 226         return _valueForName(obj, name, executeCallables)
 227     except NotFound, e:
 228         _wrapNotFoundException(e, fullName=name, namespace=obj)
 229
 230 def valueFromSearchList(searchList, name, executeCallables=False):
 231     key = name.split('.')[0]
 232     for namespace in searchList:
 233         if hasKey(namespace, key):
 234             return _valueForName(namespace, name,
 235                                 executeCallables=executeCallables)
 236     _raiseNotFoundException(key, searchList)
 237
 238 def _namespaces(callerFrame, searchList=None):
 239     yield callerFrame.f_locals
 240     if searchList:
 241         for namespace in searchList:
 242             yield namespace
 243     yield callerFrame.f_globals
 244     yield __builtins__
 245
 246 def valueFromFrameOrSearchList(searchList, name, executeCallables=False,
 247                                frame=None):
 248     def __valueForName():
 249         try:
 250             return _valueForName(namespace, name, executeCallables=executeCallables)
 251         except NotFound, e:
 252             _wrapNotFoundException(e, fullName=name, namespace=searchList)
 253     try:
 254         if not frame:
 255             frame = inspect.stack()[1][0]
 256         key = name.split('.')[0]
 257         for namespace in _namespaces(frame, searchList):
 258             if hasKey(namespace, key): return __valueForName()
 259         _raiseNotFoundException(key, searchList)
 260     finally:
 261         del frame
 262
 263 def valueFromFrame(name, executeCallables=False, frame=None):
 264     # @@TR consider implementing the C version the same way
 265     # at the moment it provides a seperate but mirror implementation
 266     # to valueFromFrameOrSearchList
 267     try:
 268         if not frame:
 269             frame = inspect.stack()[1][0]
 270         return valueFromFrameOrSearchList(searchList=None,
 271                                           name=name,
 272                                           executeCallables=executeCallables,
 273                                           frame=frame)
 274     finally:
 275         del frame
 276
 277 def hasName(obj, name):
 278     #Not in the C version
 279     """Determine if 'obj' has the 'name' """
 280     key = name.split('.')[0]
 281     if not hasKey(obj, key):
 282         return False
 283     try:
 284         valueForName(obj, name)
 285         return True
 286     except NotFound:
 287         return False
 288 try:
 289     from _namemapper import NotFound, valueForKey, valueForName, \
 290          valueFromSearchList, valueFromFrameOrSearchList, valueFromFrame
 291     # it is possible with Jython or Windows, for example, that _namemapper.c hasn't been compiled
 292     C_VERSION = True
 293 except:
 294     C_VERSION = False
 295
 296 ##################################################
 297 ## CLASSES
 298
 299 class Mixin:
 300     """@@ document me"""
 301     def valueForName(self, name):
 302         return valueForName(self, name)
 303
 304     def valueForKey(self, key):
 305         return valueForKey(self, key)
 306
 307 ##################################################
 308 ## if run from the command line ##
 309
 310 def example():
 311     class A(Mixin):
 312         classVar = 'classVar val'
 313         def method(self,arg='method 1 default arg'):
 314             return arg
 315
 316         def method2(self, arg='meth 2 default arg'):
 317             return {'item1':arg}
 318
 319         def method3(self, arg='meth 3 default'):
 320             return arg
 321
 322     class B(A):
 323         classBvar = 'classBvar val'
 324
 325     a = A()
 326     a.one = 'valueForOne'
 327     def function(whichOne='default'):
 328         values = {
 329             'default': 'default output',
 330             'one': 'output option one',
 331             'two': 'output option two'
 332             }
 333         return values[whichOne]
 334
 335     a.dic = {
 336         'func': function,
 337         'method': a.method3,
 338         'item': 'itemval',
 339         'subDict': {'nestedMethod':a.method3}
 340         }
 341     b = 'this is local b'
 342
 343     print valueForKey(a.dic,'subDict')
 344     print valueForName(a, 'dic.item')
 345     print valueForName(vars(), 'b')
 346     print valueForName(__builtins__, 'dir')()
 347     print valueForName(vars(), 'a.classVar')
 348     print valueForName(vars(), 'a.dic.func', executeCallables=True)
 349     print valueForName(vars(), 'a.method2.item1', executeCallables=True)
 350
 351 if __name__ == '__main__':
 352     example()
 353
 354
 355