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7 SENDMAIL(1) SENDMAIL(1)
9 <b>NAME</b>
10 sendmail - Postfix to Sendmail compatibility interface
12 <b>SYNOPSIS</b>
13 <b>sendmail</b> [<i>option ...</i>] [<i>recipient ...</i>]
15 <b>mailq</b>
16 <b>sendmail -bp</b>
18 <b>newaliases</b>
19 <b>sendmail -I</b>
21 <b>DESCRIPTION</b>
22 The Postfix <a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>sendmail</b>(1)</a> command implements the Postfix to
23 Sendmail compatibility interface. For the sake of compat-
24 ibility with existing applications, some Sendmail command-
25 line options are recognized but silently ignored.
27 By default, Postfix <a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>sendmail</b>(1)</a> reads a message from stan-
28 dard input until EOF or until it reads a line with only a
29 <b>.</b> character, and arranges for delivery. Postfix <a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>send-</b></a>
30 <a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>mail</b>(1)</a> relies on the <a href="postdrop.1.html"><b>postdrop</b>(1)</a> command to create a
31 queue file in the <b>maildrop</b> directory.
33 Specific command aliases are provided for other common
34 modes of operation:
36 <b>mailq</b> List the mail queue. Each entry shows the queue
37 file ID, message size, arrival time, sender, and
38 the recipients that still need to be delivered. If
39 mail could not be delivered upon the last attempt,
40 the reason for failure is shown. The queue ID
41 string is followed by an optional status character:
43 <b>*</b> The message is in the <b>active</b> queue, i.e. the
44 message is selected for delivery.
46 <b>!</b> The message is in the <b>hold</b> queue, i.e. no
47 further delivery attempt will be made until
48 the mail is taken off hold.
50 This mode of operation is implemented by executing
51 the <a href="postqueue.1.html"><b>postqueue</b>(1)</a> command.
53 <b>newaliases</b>
54 Initialize the alias database. If no input file is
55 specified (with the <b>-oA</b> option, see below), the
56 program processes the file(s) specified with the
57 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#alias_database">alias_database</a></b> configuration parameter. If no
58 alias database type is specified, the program uses
59 the type specified with the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_database_type">default_database_type</a></b>
60 configuration parameter. This mode of operation is
61 implemented by running the <a href="postalias.1.html"><b>postalias</b>(1)</a> command.
63 Note: it may take a minute or so before an alias
64 database update becomes visible. Use the "<b>postfix</b>
65 <b>reload</b>" command to eliminate this delay.
67 These and other features can be selected by specifying the
68 appropriate combination of command-line options. Some fea-
69 tures are controlled by parameters in the <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>main.cf</b></a> configu-
70 ration file.
72 The following options are recognized:
74 <b>-Am</b> (ignored)
76 <b>-Ac</b> (ignored)
77 Postfix sendmail uses the same configuration file
78 regardless of whether or not a message is an ini-
79 tial submission.
81 <b>-B</b> <i>body</i><b>_</b><i>type</i>
82 The message body MIME type: <b>7BIT</b> or <b>8BITMIME</b>.
84 <b>-bd</b> Go into daemon mode. This mode of operation is
85 implemented by executing the "<b>postfix start</b>" com-
86 mand.
88 <b>-bh</b> (ignored)
90 <b>-bH</b> (ignored)
91 Postfix has no persistent host status database.
93 <b>-bi</b> Initialize alias database. See the <b>newaliases</b> com-
94 mand above.
96 <b>-bm</b> Read mail from standard input and arrange for
97 delivery. This is the default mode of operation.
99 <b>-bp</b> List the mail queue. See the <b>mailq</b> command above.
101 <b>-bs</b> Stand-alone SMTP server mode. Read SMTP commands
102 from standard input, and write responses to stan-
103 dard output. In stand-alone SMTP server mode, mail
104 relaying and other access controls are disabled by
105 default. To enable them, run the process as the
106 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#mail_owner">mail_owner</a></b> user.
108 This mode of operation is implemented by running
109 the <a href="smtpd.8.html"><b>smtpd</b>(8)</a> daemon.
111 <b>-bv</b> Do not collect or deliver a message. Instead, send
112 an email report after verifying each recipient
113 address. This is useful for testing address
114 rewriting and routing configurations.
116 This feature is available in Postfix version 2.1
117 and later.
119 <b>-C</b> <i>config</i><b>_</b><i>file</i>
121 <b>-C</b> <i>config</i><b>_</b><i>dir</i>
122 The path name of the Postfix <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>main.cf</b></a> file, or of
123 its parent directory. This information is ignored
124 with Postfix versions before 2.3.
126 With all Postfix versions, you can specify a direc-
127 tory pathname with the MAIL_CONFIG environment
128 variable to override the location of configuration
129 files.
131 <b>-F</b> <i>full</i><b>_</b><i>name</i>
132 Set the sender full name. This overrides the NAME
133 environment variable, and is used only with mes-
134 sages that have no <b>From:</b> message header.
136 <b>-f</b> <i>sender</i>
137 Set the envelope sender address. This is the
138 address where delivery problems are sent to. With
139 Postfix versions before 2.1, the <b>Errors-To:</b> message
140 header overrides the error return address.
142 <b>-G</b> Gateway (relay) submission, as opposed to initial
143 user submission. Either do not rewrite addresses
144 at all, or update incomplete addresses with the
145 domain information specified with <b>remote_header_re-</b>
146 <b>write_domain</b>.
148 This option is ignored before Postfix version 2.3.
150 <b>-h</b> <i>hop</i><b>_</b><i>count</i> (ignored)
151 Hop count limit. Use the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#hopcount_limit">hopcount_limit</a></b> configura-
152 tion parameter instead.
154 <b>-I</b> Initialize alias database. See the <b>newaliases</b> com-
155 mand above.
157 <b>-i</b> When reading a message from standard input, don't
158 treat a line with only a <b>.</b> character as the end of
159 input.
161 <b>-L</b> <i>label</i> (ignored)
162 The logging label. Use the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#syslog_name">syslog_name</a></b> configura-
163 tion parameter instead.
165 <b>-m</b> (ignored)
166 Backwards compatibility.
168 <b>-N</b> <i>dsn</i> (default: 'delay, failure')
169 Delivery status notification control. Specify
170 either a comma-separated list with one or more of
171 <b>failure</b> (send notification when delivery fails),
172 <b>delay</b> (send notification when delivery is delayed),
173 or <b>success</b> (send notification when the message is
174 delivered); or specify <b>never</b> (don't send any noti-
175 fications at all).
177 This feature is available in Postfix 2.3 and later.
179 <b>-n</b> (ignored)
180 Backwards compatibility.
182 <b>-oA</b><i>alias</i><b>_</b><i>database</i>
183 Non-default alias database. Specify <i>pathname</i> or
184 <i>type</i>:<i>pathname</i>. See <a href="postalias.1.html"><b>postalias</b>(1)</a> for details.
186 <b>-O</b> <i>option=value</i> (ignored)
187 Backwards compatibility.
189 <b>-o7</b> (ignored)
191 <b>-o8</b> (ignored)
192 To send 8-bit or binary content, use an appropriate
193 MIME encapsulation and specify the appropriate <b>-B</b>
194 command-line option.
196 <b>-oi</b> When reading a message from standard input, don't
197 treat a line with only a <b>.</b> character as the end of
198 input.
200 <b>-om</b> (ignored)
201 The sender is never eliminated from alias etc.
202 expansions.
204 <b>-o</b> <i>x value</i> (ignored)
205 Set option <i>x</i> to <i>value</i>. Use the equivalent configu-
206 ration parameter in <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>main.cf</b></a> instead.
208 <b>-r</b> <i>sender</i>
209 Set the envelope sender address. This is the
210 address where delivery problems are sent to. With
211 Postfix versions before 2.1, the <b>Errors-To:</b> message
212 header overrides the error return address.
214 <b>-R</b> <i>return</i><b>_</b><i>limit</i> (ignored)
215 Limit the size of bounced mail. Use the
216 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#bounce_size_limit">bounce_size_limit</a></b> configuration parameter instead.
218 <b>-q</b> Attempt to deliver all queued mail. This is imple-
219 mented by executing the <a href="postqueue.1.html"><b>postqueue</b>(1)</a> command.
221 Warning: flushing undeliverable mail frequently
222 will result in poor delivery performance of all
223 other mail.
225 <b>-q</b><i>interval</i> (ignored)
226 The interval between queue runs. Use the
227 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#queue_run_delay">queue_run_delay</a></b> configuration parameter instead.
229 <b>-qI</b><i>queueid</i>
230 Schedule immediate delivery of mail with the speci-
231 fied queue ID. This option is implemented by exe-
232 cuting the <a href="postqueue.1.html"><b>postqueue</b>(1)</a> command, and is available
233 with Postfix version 2.4 and later.
235 <b>-qR</b><i>site</i>
236 Schedule immediate delivery of all mail that is
237 queued for the named <i>site</i>. This option accepts only
238 <i>site</i> names that are eligible for the "fast flush"
239 service, and is implemented by executing the
240 <a href="postqueue.1.html"><b>postqueue</b>(1)</a> command. See <a href="flush.8.html"><b>flush</b>(8)</a> for more infor-
241 mation about the "fast flush" service.
243 <b>-qS</b><i>site</i>
244 This command is not implemented. Use the slower
245 "<b>sendmail -q</b>" command instead.
247 <b>-t</b> Extract recipients from message headers. These are
248 added to any recipients specified on the command
249 line.
251 With Postfix versions prior to 2.1, this option
252 requires that no recipient addresses are specified
253 on the command line.
255 <b>-U</b> (ignored)
256 Initial user submission.
258 <b>-V</b> <i>envid</i>
259 Specify the envelope ID for notification by servers
260 that support DSN.
262 This feature is available in Postfix 2.3 and later.
264 <b>-XV</b> (Postfix 2.2 and earlier: <b>-V</b>)
265 Variable Envelope Return Path. Given an envelope
266 sender address of the form <i>owner-listname</i>@<i>origin</i>,
267 each recipient <i>user</i>@<i>domain</i> receives mail with a
268 personalized envelope sender address.
270 By default, the personalized envelope sender
271 address is <i>owner-listname</i><b>+</b><i>user</i><b>=</b><i>domain</i>@<i>origin</i>. The
272 default <b>+</b> and <b>=</b> characters are configurable with
273 the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_verp_delimiters">default_verp_delimiters</a></b> configuration parame-
274 ter.
276 <b>-XV</b><i>xy</i> (Postfix 2.2 and earlier: <b>-V</b><i>xy</i>)
277 As <b>-XV</b>, but uses <i>x</i> and <i>y</i> as the VERP delimiter
278 characters, instead of the characters specified
279 with the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_verp_delimiters">default_verp_delimiters</a></b> configuration
280 parameter.
282 <b>-v</b> Send an email report of the first delivery attempt
283 (Postfix versions 2.1 and later). Mail delivery
284 always happens in the background. When multiple <b>-v</b>
285 options are given, enable verbose logging for
286 debugging purposes.
288 <b>-X</b> <i>log</i><b>_</b><i>file</i> (ignored)
289 Log mailer traffic. Use the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#debug_peer_list">debug_peer_list</a></b> and
290 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#debug_peer_level">debug_peer_level</a></b> configuration parameters instead.
292 <b>SECURITY</b>
293 By design, this program is not set-user (or group) id.
294 However, it must handle data from untrusted, possibly
295 remote, users. Thus, the usual precautions need to be
296 taken against malicious inputs.
298 <b>DIAGNOSTICS</b>
299 Problems are logged to <b>syslogd</b>(8) and to the standard
300 error stream.
302 <b>ENVIRONMENT</b>
303 <b>MAIL_CONFIG</b>
304 Directory with Postfix configuration files.
306 <b>MAIL_VERBOSE</b> (value does not matter)
307 Enable verbose logging for debugging purposes.
309 <b>MAIL_DEBUG</b> (value does not matter)
310 Enable debugging with an external command, as spec-
311 ified with the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#debugger_command">debugger_command</a></b> configuration
312 parameter.
314 <b>NAME</b> The sender full name. This is used only with mes-
315 sages that have no <b>From:</b> message header. See also
316 the <b>-F</b> option above.
318 <b>CONFIGURATION PARAMETERS</b>
319 The following <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>main.cf</b></a> parameters are especially relevant
320 to this program. The text below provides only a parameter
321 summary. See <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>postconf</b>(5)</a> for more details including exam-
322 ples.
324 <b>TROUBLE SHOOTING CONTROLS</b>
325 The <a href="DEBUG_README.html">DEBUG_README</a> file gives examples of how to trouble
326 shoot a Postfix system.
328 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#debugger_command">debugger_command</a> (empty)</b>
329 The external command to execute when a Postfix dae-
330 mon program is invoked with the -D option.
332 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#debug_peer_level">debug_peer_level</a> (2)</b>
333 The increment in verbose logging level when a
334 remote client or server matches a pattern in the
335 <a href="postconf.5.html#debug_peer_list">debug_peer_list</a> parameter.
337 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#debug_peer_list">debug_peer_list</a> (empty)</b>
338 Optional list of remote client or server hostname
339 or network address patterns that cause the verbose
340 logging level to increase by the amount specified
341 in $<a href="postconf.5.html#debug_peer_level">debug_peer_level</a>.
343 <b>ACCESS CONTROLS</b>
344 Available in Postfix version 2.2 and later:
346 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#authorized_flush_users">authorized_flush_users</a> (static:anyone)</b>
347 List of users who are authorized to flush the
348 queue.
350 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#authorized_mailq_users">authorized_mailq_users</a> (static:anyone)</b>
351 List of users who are authorized to view the queue.
353 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#authorized_submit_users">authorized_submit_users</a> (static:anyone)</b>
354 List of users who are authorized to submit mail
355 with the <a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>sendmail</b>(1)</a> command (and with the privi-
356 leged <a href="postdrop.1.html"><b>postdrop</b>(1)</a> helper command).
358 <b>RESOURCE AND RATE CONTROLS</b>
359 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#bounce_size_limit">bounce_size_limit</a> (50000)</b>
360 The maximal amount of original message text that is
361 sent in a non-delivery notification.
363 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#fork_attempts">fork_attempts</a> (5)</b>
364 The maximal number of attempts to fork() a child
365 process.
367 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#fork_delay">fork_delay</a> (1s)</b>
368 The delay between attempts to fork() a child
369 process.
371 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#hopcount_limit">hopcount_limit</a> (50)</b>
372 The maximal number of Received: message headers
373 that is allowed in the primary message headers.
375 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#queue_run_delay">queue_run_delay</a> (300s)</b>
376 The time between <a href="QSHAPE_README.html#deferred_queue">deferred queue</a> scans by the queue
377 manager; prior to Postfix 2.4 the default value was
378 1000s.
380 <b>FAST FLUSH CONTROLS</b>
381 The <a href="ETRN_README.html">ETRN_README</a> file describes configuration and operation
382 details for the Postfix "fast flush" service.
384 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#fast_flush_domains">fast_flush_domains</a> ($<a href="postconf.5.html#relay_domains">relay_domains</a>)</b>
385 Optional list of destinations that are eligible for
386 per-destination logfiles with mail that is queued
387 to those destinations.
389 <b>VERP CONTROLS</b>
390 The <a href="VERP_README.html">VERP_README</a> file describes configuration and operation
391 details of Postfix support for variable envelope return
392 path addresses.
394 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_verp_delimiters">default_verp_delimiters</a> (+=)</b>
395 The two default VERP delimiter characters.
397 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#verp_delimiter_filter">verp_delimiter_filter</a> (-=+)</b>
398 The characters Postfix accepts as VERP delimiter
399 characters on the Postfix <a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>sendmail</b>(1)</a> command line
400 and in SMTP commands.
402 <b>MISCELLANEOUS CONTROLS</b>
403 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#alias_database">alias_database</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b>
404 The alias databases for <a href="local.8.html"><b>local</b>(8)</a> delivery that are
405 updated with "<b>newaliases</b>" or with "<b>sendmail -bi</b>".
407 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#command_directory">command_directory</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b>
408 The location of all postfix administrative com-
409 mands.
411 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#config_directory">config_directory</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b>
412 The default location of the Postfix <a href="postconf.5.html">main.cf</a> and
413 <a href="master.5.html">master.cf</a> configuration files.
415 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#daemon_directory">daemon_directory</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b>
416 The directory with Postfix support programs and
417 daemon programs.
419 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_database_type">default_database_type</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b>
420 The default database type for use in <a href="newaliases.1.html"><b>newaliases</b>(1)</a>,
421 <a href="postalias.1.html"><b>postalias</b>(1)</a> and <a href="postmap.1.html"><b>postmap</b>(1)</a> commands.
423 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#delay_warning_time">delay_warning_time</a> (0h)</b>
424 The time after which the sender receives the mes-
425 sage headers of mail that is still queued.
427 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#enable_errors_to">enable_errors_to</a> (no)</b>
428 Report mail delivery errors to the address speci-
429 fied with the non-standard Errors-To: message
430 header, instead of the envelope sender address
431 (this feature is removed with Postfix version 2.2,
432 is turned off by default with Postfix version 2.1,
433 and is always turned on with older Postfix ver-
434 sions).
436 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#mail_owner">mail_owner</a> (postfix)</b>
437 The UNIX system account that owns the Postfix queue
438 and most Postfix daemon processes.
440 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#queue_directory">queue_directory</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b>
441 The location of the Postfix top-level queue direc-
442 tory.
444 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#remote_header_rewrite_domain">remote_header_rewrite_domain</a> (empty)</b>
445 Don't rewrite message headers from remote clients
446 at all when this parameter is empty; otherwise, re-
447 write message headers and append the specified
448 domain name to incomplete addresses.
450 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#syslog_facility">syslog_facility</a> (mail)</b>
451 The syslog facility of Postfix logging.
453 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#syslog_name">syslog_name</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b>
454 The mail system name that is prepended to the
455 process name in syslog records, so that "smtpd"
456 becomes, for example, "postfix/smtpd".
458 <b>FILES</b>
459 /var/spool/postfix, mail queue
460 /etc/postfix, configuration files
462 <b>SEE ALSO</b>
463 <a href="pickup.8.html">pickup(8)</a>, mail pickup daemon
464 <a href="qmgr.8.html">qmgr(8)</a>, queue manager
465 <a href="smtpd.8.html">smtpd(8)</a>, SMTP server
466 <a href="flush.8.html">flush(8)</a>, fast flush service
467 <a href="postsuper.1.html">postsuper(1)</a>, queue maintenance
468 <a href="postalias.1.html">postalias(1)</a>, create/update/query alias database
469 <a href="postdrop.1.html">postdrop(1)</a>, mail posting utility
470 <a href="postfix.1.html">postfix(1)</a>, mail system control
471 <a href="postqueue.1.html">postqueue(1)</a>, mail queue control
472 syslogd(8), system logging
474 <b>README_FILES</b>
475 <a href="DEBUG_README.html">DEBUG_README</a>, Postfix debugging howto
476 <a href="ETRN_README.html">ETRN_README</a>, Postfix ETRN howto
477 <a href="VERP_README.html">VERP_README</a>, Postfix VERP howto
479 <b>LICENSE</b>
480 The Secure Mailer license must be distributed with this
481 software.
483 <b>AUTHOR(S)</b>
484 Wietse Venema
485 IBM T.J. Watson Research
486 P.O. Box 704
487 Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA
489 SENDMAIL(1)
490 </pre> </body> </html>