postfix-master/sendmail.1.html

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   7 SENDMAIL(1)                                                        SENDMAIL(1)
   8
   9 <b>NAME</b>
  10        sendmail - Postfix to Sendmail compatibility interface
  11
  12 <b>SYNOPSIS</b>
  13        <b>sendmail</b> [<i>option ...</i>] [<i>recipient ...</i>]
  14
  15        <b>mailq</b>
  16        <b>sendmail -bp</b>
  17
  18        <b>newaliases</b>
  19        <b>sendmail -I</b>
  20
  21 <b>DESCRIPTION</b>
  22        The  Postfix <a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>sendmail</b>(1)</a> command implements the Postfix to
  23        Sendmail compatibility interface.  For the sake of compat-
  24        ibility with existing applications, some Sendmail command-
  25        line options are recognized but silently ignored.
  26
  27        By default, Postfix <a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>sendmail</b>(1)</a> reads a message from stan-
  28        dard  input until EOF or until it reads a line with only a
  29        <b>.</b> character, and arranges  for  delivery.   Postfix  <a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>send-</b></a>
  30        <a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>mail</b>(1)</a>  relies  on  the  <a href="postdrop.1.html"><b>postdrop</b>(1)</a>  command to create a
  31        queue file in the <b>maildrop</b> directory.
  32
  33        Specific command aliases are  provided  for  other  common
  34        modes of operation:
  35
  36        <b>mailq</b>  List  the  mail  queue.  Each entry shows the queue
  37               file ID, message size, arrival  time,  sender,  and
  38               the recipients that still need to be delivered.  If
  39               mail could not be delivered upon the last  attempt,
  40               the  reason  for  failure  is  shown.  The queue ID
  41               string is followed by an optional status character:
  42
  43               <b>*</b>      The message is in the <b>active</b> queue, i.e. the
  44                      message is selected for delivery.
  45
  46               <b>!</b>      The message is in the <b>hold</b>  queue,  i.e.  no
  47                      further  delivery attempt will be made until
  48                      the mail is taken off hold.
  49
  50               This mode of operation is implemented by  executing
  51               the <a href="postqueue.1.html"><b>postqueue</b>(1)</a> command.
  52
  53        <b>newaliases</b>
  54               Initialize the alias database.  If no input file is
  55               specified (with the <b>-oA</b>  option,  see  below),  the
  56               program  processes  the  file(s) specified with the
  57               <b><a href="postconf.5.html#alias_database">alias_database</a></b>  configuration  parameter.   If   no
  58               alias  database type is specified, the program uses
  59               the type specified with  the  <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_database_type">default_database_type</a></b>
  60               configuration parameter.  This mode of operation is
  61               implemented by running the <a href="postalias.1.html"><b>postalias</b>(1)</a> command.
  62
  63               Note: it may take a minute or so  before  an  alias
  64               database  update  becomes visible. Use the "<b>postfix</b>
  65               <b>reload</b>" command to eliminate this delay.
  66
  67        These and other features can be selected by specifying the
  68        appropriate combination of command-line options. Some fea-
  69        tures are controlled by parameters in the <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>main.cf</b></a> configu-
  70        ration file.
  71
  72        The following options are recognized:
  73
  74        <b>-Am</b> (ignored)
  75
  76        <b>-Ac</b> (ignored)
  77               Postfix  sendmail  uses the same configuration file
  78               regardless of whether or not a message is  an  ini-
  79               tial submission.
  80
  81        <b>-B</b> <i>body</i><b>_</b><i>type</i>
  82               The message body MIME type: <b>7BIT</b> or <b>8BITMIME</b>.
  83
  84        <b>-bd</b>    Go  into  daemon  mode.  This  mode of operation is
  85               implemented by executing the "<b>postfix  start</b>"  com-
  86               mand.
  87
  88        <b>-bh</b> (ignored)
  89
  90        <b>-bH</b> (ignored)
  91               Postfix has no persistent host status database.
  92
  93        <b>-bi</b>    Initialize  alias database. See the <b>newaliases</b> com-
  94               mand above.
  95
  96        <b>-bm</b>    Read mail  from  standard  input  and  arrange  for
  97               delivery.  This is the default mode of operation.
  98
  99        <b>-bp</b>    List the mail queue. See the <b>mailq</b> command above.
 100
 101        <b>-bs</b>    Stand-alone  SMTP  server  mode. Read SMTP commands
 102               from standard input, and write responses  to  stan-
 103               dard output.  In stand-alone SMTP server mode, mail
 104               relaying and other access controls are disabled  by
 105               default.  To  enable  them,  run the process as the
 106               <b><a href="postconf.5.html#mail_owner">mail_owner</a></b> user.
 107
 108               This mode of operation is  implemented  by  running
 109               the <a href="smtpd.8.html"><b>smtpd</b>(8)</a> daemon.
 110
 111        <b>-bv</b>    Do  not collect or deliver a message. Instead, send
 112               an email  report  after  verifying  each  recipient
 113               address.    This  is  useful  for  testing  address
 114               rewriting and routing configurations.
 115
 116               This feature is available in  Postfix  version  2.1
 117               and later.
 118
 119        <b>-C</b> <i>config</i><b>_</b><i>file</i>
 120
 121        <b>-C</b> <i>config</i><b>_</b><i>dir</i>
 122               The  path  name  of the Postfix <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>main.cf</b></a> file, or of
 123               its parent directory. This information  is  ignored
 124               with Postfix versions before 2.3.
 125
 126               With all Postfix versions, you can specify a direc-
 127               tory  pathname  with  the  MAIL_CONFIG  environment
 128               variable  to override the location of configuration
 129               files.
 130
 131        <b>-F</b> <i>full</i><b>_</b><i>name</i>
 132               Set the sender full name. This overrides  the  NAME
 133               environment  variable,  and  is used only with mes-
 134               sages that have no <b>From:</b> message header.
 135
 136        <b>-f</b> <i>sender</i>
 137               Set  the  envelope  sender  address.  This  is  the
 138               address  where  delivery problems are sent to. With
 139               Postfix versions before 2.1, the <b>Errors-To:</b> message
 140               header overrides the error return address.
 141
 142        <b>-G</b>     Gateway  (relay)  submission, as opposed to initial
 143               user submission.  Either do not  rewrite  addresses
 144               at  all,  or  update  incomplete addresses with the
 145               domain information specified with <b>remote_header_re-</b>
 146               <b>write_domain</b>.
 147
 148               This  option is ignored before Postfix version 2.3.
 149
 150        <b>-h</b> <i>hop</i><b>_</b><i>count</i> (ignored)
 151               Hop count limit. Use the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#hopcount_limit">hopcount_limit</a></b>  configura-
 152               tion parameter instead.
 153
 154        <b>-I</b>     Initialize  alias database. See the <b>newaliases</b> com-
 155               mand above.
 156
 157        <b>-i</b>     When reading a message from standard  input,  don't
 158               treat  a line with only a <b>.</b> character as the end of
 159               input.
 160
 161        <b>-L</b> <i>label</i> (ignored)
 162               The logging label. Use the  <b><a href="postconf.5.html#syslog_name">syslog_name</a></b>  configura-
 163               tion parameter instead.
 164
 165        <b>-m</b> (ignored)
 166               Backwards compatibility.
 167
 168        <b>-N</b> <i>dsn</i> (default: 'delay, failure')
 169               Delivery   status   notification  control.  Specify
 170               either a comma-separated list with one or  more  of
 171               <b>failure</b>  (send  notification  when delivery fails),
 172               <b>delay</b> (send notification when delivery is delayed),
 173               or  <b>success</b>  (send notification when the message is
 174               delivered); or specify <b>never</b> (don't send any  noti-
 175               fications at all).
 176
 177               This feature is available in Postfix 2.3 and later.
 178
 179        <b>-n</b> (ignored)
 180               Backwards compatibility.
 181
 182        <b>-oA</b><i>alias</i><b>_</b><i>database</i>
 183               Non-default alias  database.  Specify  <i>pathname</i>  or
 184               <i>type</i>:<i>pathname</i>. See <a href="postalias.1.html"><b>postalias</b>(1)</a> for details.
 185
 186        <b>-O</b> <i>option=value</i> (ignored)
 187               Backwards compatibility.
 188
 189        <b>-o7</b> (ignored)
 190
 191        <b>-o8</b> (ignored)
 192               To send 8-bit or binary content, use an appropriate
 193               MIME encapsulation and specify the  appropriate  <b>-B</b>
 194               command-line option.
 195
 196        <b>-oi</b>    When  reading  a message from standard input, don't
 197               treat a line with only a <b>.</b> character as the end  of
 198               input.
 199
 200        <b>-om</b> (ignored)
 201               The  sender  is  never  eliminated  from alias etc.
 202               expansions.
 203
 204        <b>-o</b> <i>x value</i> (ignored)
 205               Set option <i>x</i> to <i>value</i>. Use the equivalent  configu-
 206               ration parameter in <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>main.cf</b></a> instead.
 207
 208        <b>-r</b> <i>sender</i>
 209               Set  the  envelope  sender  address.  This  is  the
 210               address where delivery problems are sent  to.  With
 211               Postfix versions before 2.1, the <b>Errors-To:</b> message
 212               header overrides the error return address.
 213
 214        <b>-R</b> <i>return</i><b>_</b><i>limit</i> (ignored)
 215               Limit  the  size   of   bounced   mail.   Use   the
 216               <b><a href="postconf.5.html#bounce_size_limit">bounce_size_limit</a></b>  configuration parameter instead.
 217
 218        <b>-q</b>     Attempt to deliver all queued mail. This is  imple-
 219               mented by executing the <a href="postqueue.1.html"><b>postqueue</b>(1)</a> command.
 220
 221               Warning:  flushing  undeliverable  mail  frequently
 222               will result in poor  delivery  performance  of  all
 223               other mail.
 224
 225        <b>-q</b><i>interval</i> (ignored)
 226               The   interval   between   queue   runs.   Use  the
 227               <b><a href="postconf.5.html#queue_run_delay">queue_run_delay</a></b> configuration parameter instead.
 228
 229        <b>-qI</b><i>queueid</i>
 230               Schedule immediate delivery of mail with the speci-
 231               fied  queue ID.  This option is implemented by exe-
 232               cuting the <a href="postqueue.1.html"><b>postqueue</b>(1)</a> command, and  is  available
 233               with Postfix version 2.4 and later.
 234
 235        <b>-qR</b><i>site</i>
 236               Schedule  immediate  delivery  of  all mail that is
 237               queued for the named <i>site</i>. This option accepts only
 238               <i>site</i>  names  that are eligible for the "fast flush"
 239               service,  and  is  implemented  by  executing   the
 240               <a href="postqueue.1.html"><b>postqueue</b>(1)</a> command.  See <a href="flush.8.html"><b>flush</b>(8)</a> for more infor-
 241               mation about the "fast flush" service.
 242
 243        <b>-qS</b><i>site</i>
 244               This command is not  implemented.  Use  the  slower
 245               "<b>sendmail -q</b>" command instead.
 246
 247        <b>-t</b>     Extract  recipients from message headers. These are
 248               added to any recipients specified  on  the  command
 249               line.
 250
 251               With  Postfix  versions  prior  to 2.1, this option
 252               requires that no recipient addresses are  specified
 253               on the command line.
 254
 255        <b>-U</b> (ignored)
 256               Initial user submission.
 257
 258        <b>-V</b> <i>envid</i>
 259               Specify the envelope ID for notification by servers
 260               that support DSN.
 261
 262               This feature is available in Postfix 2.3 and later.
 263
 264        <b>-XV</b> (Postfix 2.2 and earlier: <b>-V</b>)
 265               Variable  Envelope  Return  Path. Given an envelope
 266               sender address of the  form  <i>owner-listname</i>@<i>origin</i>,
 267               each  recipient  <i>user</i>@<i>domain</i>  receives  mail with a
 268               personalized envelope sender address.
 269
 270               By  default,  the  personalized   envelope   sender
 271               address  is  <i>owner-listname</i><b>+</b><i>user</i><b>=</b><i>domain</i>@<i>origin</i>. The
 272               default <b>+</b> and <b>=</b> characters  are  configurable  with
 273               the  <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_verp_delimiters">default_verp_delimiters</a></b>  configuration parame-
 274               ter.
 275
 276        <b>-XV</b><i>xy</i> (Postfix 2.2 and earlier: <b>-V</b><i>xy</i>)
 277               As <b>-XV</b>, but uses <i>x</i> and  <i>y</i>  as  the  VERP  delimiter
 278               characters,  instead  of  the  characters specified
 279               with  the   <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_verp_delimiters">default_verp_delimiters</a></b>   configuration
 280               parameter.
 281
 282        <b>-v</b>     Send  an email report of the first delivery attempt
 283               (Postfix versions 2.1  and  later).  Mail  delivery
 284               always  happens in the background. When multiple <b>-v</b>
 285               options  are  given,  enable  verbose  logging  for
 286               debugging purposes.
 287
 288        <b>-X</b> <i>log</i><b>_</b><i>file</i> (ignored)
 289               Log  mailer  traffic.  Use  the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#debug_peer_list">debug_peer_list</a></b> and
 290               <b><a href="postconf.5.html#debug_peer_level">debug_peer_level</a></b> configuration parameters  instead.
 291
 292 <b>SECURITY</b>
 293        By  design,  this  program  is not set-user (or group) id.
 294        However, it must  handle  data  from  untrusted,  possibly
 295        remote,  users.   Thus,  the  usual precautions need to be
 296        taken against malicious inputs.
 297
 298 <b>DIAGNOSTICS</b>
 299        Problems are logged to  <b>syslogd</b>(8)  and  to  the  standard
 300        error stream.
 301
 302 <b>ENVIRONMENT</b>
 303        <b>MAIL_CONFIG</b>
 304               Directory with Postfix configuration files.
 305
 306        <b>MAIL_VERBOSE</b> (value does not matter)
 307               Enable verbose logging for debugging purposes.
 308
 309        <b>MAIL_DEBUG</b> (value does not matter)
 310               Enable debugging with an external command, as spec-
 311               ified  with  the   <b><a href="postconf.5.html#debugger_command">debugger_command</a></b>   configuration
 312               parameter.
 313
 314        <b>NAME</b>   The  sender  full name. This is used only with mes-
 315               sages that have no <b>From:</b> message header.  See  also
 316               the <b>-F</b> option above.
 317
 318 <b>CONFIGURATION PARAMETERS</b>
 319        The  following  <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>main.cf</b></a> parameters are especially relevant
 320        to this program.  The text below provides only a parameter
 321        summary.  See <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>postconf</b>(5)</a> for more details including exam-
 322        ples.
 323
 324 <b>TROUBLE SHOOTING CONTROLS</b>
 325        The <a href="DEBUG_README.html">DEBUG_README</a> file gives examples  of  how  to  trouble
 326        shoot a Postfix system.
 327
 328        <b><a href="postconf.5.html#debugger_command">debugger_command</a> (empty)</b>
 329               The external command to execute when a Postfix dae-
 330               mon program is invoked with the -D option.
 331
 332        <b><a href="postconf.5.html#debug_peer_level">debug_peer_level</a> (2)</b>
 333               The increment  in  verbose  logging  level  when  a
 334               remote  client  or  server matches a pattern in the
 335               <a href="postconf.5.html#debug_peer_list">debug_peer_list</a> parameter.
 336
 337        <b><a href="postconf.5.html#debug_peer_list">debug_peer_list</a> (empty)</b>
 338               Optional list of remote client or  server  hostname
 339               or  network address patterns that cause the verbose
 340               logging level to increase by the  amount  specified
 341               in $<a href="postconf.5.html#debug_peer_level">debug_peer_level</a>.
 342
 343 <b>ACCESS CONTROLS</b>
 344        Available in Postfix version 2.2 and later:
 345
 346        <b><a href="postconf.5.html#authorized_flush_users">authorized_flush_users</a> (static:anyone)</b>
 347               List  of  users  who  are  authorized  to flush the
 348               queue.
 349
 350        <b><a href="postconf.5.html#authorized_mailq_users">authorized_mailq_users</a> (static:anyone)</b>
 351               List of users who are authorized to view the queue.
 352
 353        <b><a href="postconf.5.html#authorized_submit_users">authorized_submit_users</a> (static:anyone)</b>
 354               List  of  users  who  are authorized to submit mail
 355               with the <a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>sendmail</b>(1)</a> command (and with  the  privi-
 356               leged <a href="postdrop.1.html"><b>postdrop</b>(1)</a> helper command).
 357
 358 <b>RESOURCE AND RATE CONTROLS</b>
 359        <b><a href="postconf.5.html#bounce_size_limit">bounce_size_limit</a> (50000)</b>
 360               The maximal amount of original message text that is
 361               sent in a non-delivery notification.
 362
 363        <b><a href="postconf.5.html#fork_attempts">fork_attempts</a> (5)</b>
 364               The maximal number of attempts to  fork()  a  child
 365               process.
 366
 367        <b><a href="postconf.5.html#fork_delay">fork_delay</a> (1s)</b>
 368               The  delay  between  attempts  to  fork()  a  child
 369               process.
 370
 371        <b><a href="postconf.5.html#hopcount_limit">hopcount_limit</a> (50)</b>
 372               The maximal number of  Received:   message  headers
 373               that is allowed in the primary message headers.
 374
 375        <b><a href="postconf.5.html#queue_run_delay">queue_run_delay</a> (300s)</b>
 376               The  time between <a href="QSHAPE_README.html#deferred_queue">deferred queue</a> scans by the queue
 377               manager; prior to Postfix 2.4 the default value was
 378               1000s.
 379
 380 <b>FAST FLUSH CONTROLS</b>
 381        The <a href="ETRN_README.html">ETRN_README</a> file describes configuration and operation
 382        details for the Postfix "fast flush" service.
 383
 384        <b><a href="postconf.5.html#fast_flush_domains">fast_flush_domains</a> ($<a href="postconf.5.html#relay_domains">relay_domains</a>)</b>
 385               Optional list of destinations that are eligible for
 386               per-destination  logfiles  with mail that is queued
 387               to those destinations.
 388
 389 <b>VERP CONTROLS</b>
 390        The <a href="VERP_README.html">VERP_README</a> file describes configuration and operation
 391        details  of  Postfix  support for variable envelope return
 392        path addresses.
 393
 394        <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_verp_delimiters">default_verp_delimiters</a> (+=)</b>
 395               The two default VERP delimiter characters.
 396
 397        <b><a href="postconf.5.html#verp_delimiter_filter">verp_delimiter_filter</a> (-=+)</b>
 398               The characters Postfix accepts  as  VERP  delimiter
 399               characters  on the Postfix <a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>sendmail</b>(1)</a> command line
 400               and in SMTP commands.
 401
 402 <b>MISCELLANEOUS CONTROLS</b>
 403        <b><a href="postconf.5.html#alias_database">alias_database</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b>
 404               The alias databases for <a href="local.8.html"><b>local</b>(8)</a> delivery that  are
 405               updated with "<b>newaliases</b>" or with "<b>sendmail -bi</b>".
 406
 407        <b><a href="postconf.5.html#command_directory">command_directory</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b>
 408               The  location  of  all  postfix administrative com-
 409               mands.
 410
 411        <b><a href="postconf.5.html#config_directory">config_directory</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b>
 412               The default location of  the  Postfix  <a href="postconf.5.html">main.cf</a>  and
 413               <a href="master.5.html">master.cf</a> configuration files.
 414
 415        <b><a href="postconf.5.html#daemon_directory">daemon_directory</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b>
 416               The  directory  with  Postfix  support programs and
 417               daemon programs.
 418
 419        <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_database_type">default_database_type</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b>
 420               The default database type for use in <a href="newaliases.1.html"><b>newaliases</b>(1)</a>,
 421               <a href="postalias.1.html"><b>postalias</b>(1)</a> and <a href="postmap.1.html"><b>postmap</b>(1)</a> commands.
 422
 423        <b><a href="postconf.5.html#delay_warning_time">delay_warning_time</a> (0h)</b>
 424               The  time  after which the sender receives the mes-
 425               sage headers of mail that is still queued.
 426
 427        <b><a href="postconf.5.html#enable_errors_to">enable_errors_to</a> (no)</b>
 428               Report mail delivery errors to the  address  speci-
 429               fied   with  the  non-standard  Errors-To:  message
 430               header, instead  of  the  envelope  sender  address
 431               (this  feature is removed with Postfix version 2.2,
 432               is turned off by default with Postfix version  2.1,
 433               and  is  always  turned  on with older Postfix ver-
 434               sions).
 435
 436        <b><a href="postconf.5.html#mail_owner">mail_owner</a> (postfix)</b>
 437               The UNIX system account that owns the Postfix queue
 438               and most Postfix daemon processes.
 439
 440        <b><a href="postconf.5.html#queue_directory">queue_directory</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b>
 441               The  location of the Postfix top-level queue direc-
 442               tory.
 443
 444        <b><a href="postconf.5.html#remote_header_rewrite_domain">remote_header_rewrite_domain</a> (empty)</b>
 445               Don't rewrite message headers from  remote  clients
 446               at all when this parameter is empty; otherwise, re-
 447               write message  headers  and  append  the  specified
 448               domain name to incomplete addresses.
 449
 450        <b><a href="postconf.5.html#syslog_facility">syslog_facility</a> (mail)</b>
 451               The syslog facility of Postfix logging.
 452
 453        <b><a href="postconf.5.html#syslog_name">syslog_name</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b>
 454               The  mail  system  name  that  is  prepended to the
 455               process name in syslog  records,  so  that  "smtpd"
 456               becomes, for example, "postfix/smtpd".
 457
 458 <b>FILES</b>
 459        /var/spool/postfix, mail queue
 460        /etc/postfix, configuration files
 461
 462 <b>SEE ALSO</b>
 463        <a href="pickup.8.html">pickup(8)</a>, mail pickup daemon
 464        <a href="qmgr.8.html">qmgr(8)</a>, queue manager
 465        <a href="smtpd.8.html">smtpd(8)</a>, SMTP server
 466        <a href="flush.8.html">flush(8)</a>, fast flush service
 467        <a href="postsuper.1.html">postsuper(1)</a>, queue maintenance
 468        <a href="postalias.1.html">postalias(1)</a>, create/update/query alias database
 469        <a href="postdrop.1.html">postdrop(1)</a>, mail posting utility
 470        <a href="postfix.1.html">postfix(1)</a>, mail system control
 471        <a href="postqueue.1.html">postqueue(1)</a>, mail queue control
 472        syslogd(8), system logging
 473
 474 <b>README_FILES</b>
 475        <a href="DEBUG_README.html">DEBUG_README</a>, Postfix debugging howto
 476        <a href="ETRN_README.html">ETRN_README</a>, Postfix ETRN howto
 477        <a href="VERP_README.html">VERP_README</a>, Postfix VERP howto
 478
 479 <b>LICENSE</b>
 480        The Secure Mailer license must be  distributed  with  this
 481        software.
 482
 483 <b>AUTHOR(S)</b>
 484        Wietse Venema
 485        IBM T.J. Watson Research
 486        P.O. Box 704
 487        Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA
 488
 489                                                                    SENDMAIL(1)
 490 </pre> </body> </html>