4 NILFS2 is a log-structured file system (LFS) supporting continuous
5 snapshotting. In addition to versioning capability of the entire file
6 system, users can even restore files mistakenly overwritten or
7 destroyed just a few seconds ago. Since NILFS2 can keep consistency
8 like conventional LFS, it achieves quick recovery after system
11 NILFS2 creates a number of checkpoints every few seconds or per
12 synchronous write basis (unless there is no change). Users can select
13 significant versions among continuously created checkpoints, and can
14 change them into snapshots which will be preserved until they are
15 changed back to checkpoints.
17 There is no limit on the number of snapshots until the volume gets
18 full. Each snapshot is mountable as a read-only file system
19 concurrently with its writable mount, and this feature is convenient
22 The userland tools are included in nilfs-utils package, which is
23 available from the following download page. At least "mkfs.nilfs2",
24 "mount.nilfs2", "umount.nilfs2", and "nilfs_cleanerd" (so called
25 cleaner or garbage collector) are required. Details on the tools are
26 described in the man pages included in the package.
28 Project web page: http://www.nilfs.org/en/
29 Download page: http://www.nilfs.org/en/download.html
30 Git tree web page: http://www.nilfs.org/git/
31 List info: http://vger.kernel.org/vger-lists.html#linux-nilfs
36 Features which NILFS2 does not support yet:
49 NILFS2 supports the following mount options:
52 nobarrier Disables barriers.
53 errors=continue(*) Keep going on a filesystem error.
54 errors=remount-ro Remount the filesystem read-only on an error.
55 errors=panic Panic and halt the machine if an error occurs.
56 cp=n Specify the checkpoint-number of the snapshot to be
57 mounted. Checkpoints and snapshots are listed by lscp
58 user command. Only the checkpoints marked as snapshot
59 are mountable with this option. Snapshot is read-only,
60 so a read-only mount option must be specified together.
61 order=relaxed(*) Apply relaxed order semantics that allows modified data
62 blocks to be written to disk without making a
63 checkpoint if no metadata update is going. This mode
64 is equivalent to the ordered data mode of the ext3
65 filesystem except for the updates on data blocks still
66 conserve atomicity. This will improve synchronous
67 write performance for overwriting.
68 order=strict Apply strict in-order semantics that preserves sequence
69 of all file operations including overwriting of data
70 blocks. That means, it is guaranteed that no
71 overtaking of events occurs in the recovered file
73 norecovery Disable recovery of the filesystem on mount.
74 This disables every write access on the device for
75 read-only mounts or snapshots. This option will fail
76 for r/w mounts on an unclean volume.
77 discard Issue discard/TRIM commands to the underlying block
78 device when blocks are freed. This is useful for SSD
79 devices and sparse/thinly-provisioned LUNs.
84 To use nilfs2 as a local file system, simply:
86 # mkfs -t nilfs2 /dev/block_device
87 # mount -t nilfs2 /dev/block_device /dir
89 This will also invoke the cleaner through the mount helper program
92 Checkpoints and snapshots are managed by the following commands.
93 Their manpages are included in the nilfs-utils package above.
95 lscp list checkpoints or snapshots.
96 mkcp make a checkpoint or a snapshot.
97 chcp change an existing checkpoint to a snapshot or vice versa.
98 rmcp invalidate specified checkpoint(s).
102 # mount -t nilfs2 -r -o cp=<cno> /dev/block_device /snap_dir
104 where <cno> is the checkpoint number of the snapshot.
106 To unmount the NILFS2 mount point or snapshot, simply:
110 Then, the cleaner daemon is automatically shut down by the umount
111 helper program (umount.nilfs2).
116 A nilfs2 volume is equally divided into a number of segments except
117 for the super block (SB) and segment #0. A segment is the container
118 of logs. Each log is composed of summary information blocks, payload
119 blocks, and an optional super root block (SR):
121 ______________________________________________________
122 | |SB| | Segment | Segment | Segment | ... | Segment | |
123 |_|__|_|____0____|____1____|____2____|_____|____N____|_|
124 0 +1K +4K +8M +16M +24M +(8MB x N)
125 . . (Typical offsets for 4KB-block)
127 .______________________.
128 | log | log |... | log |
129 |__1__|__2__|____|__m__|
133 .______________________________.
134 | Summary | Payload blocks |SR|
135 |_blocks__|_________________|__|
137 The payload blocks are organized per file, and each file consists of
138 data blocks and B-tree node blocks:
140 |<--- File-A --->|<--- File-B --->|
141 _______________________________________________________________
142 | Data blocks | B-tree blocks | Data blocks | B-tree blocks | ...
143 _|_____________|_______________|_____________|_______________|_
146 Since only the modified blocks are written in the log, it may have
147 files without data blocks or B-tree node blocks.
149 The organization of the blocks is recorded in the summary information
150 blocks, which contains a header structure (nilfs_segment_summary), per
151 file structures (nilfs_finfo), and per block structures (nilfs_binfo):
153 _________________________________________________________________________
154 | Summary | finfo | binfo | ... | binfo | finfo | binfo | ... | binfo |...
155 |_blocks__|___A___|_(A,1)_|_____|(A,Na)_|___B___|_(B,1)_|_____|(B,Nb)_|___
158 The logs include regular files, directory files, symbolic link files
159 and several meta data files. The mata data files are the files used
160 to maintain file system meta data. The current version of NILFS2 uses
161 the following meta data files:
163 1) Inode file (ifile) -- Stores on-disk inodes
164 2) Checkpoint file (cpfile) -- Stores checkpoints
165 3) Segment usage file (sufile) -- Stores allocation state of segments
166 4) Data address translation file -- Maps virtual block numbers to usual
167 (DAT) block numbers. This file serves to
168 make on-disk blocks relocatable.
170 The following figure shows a typical organization of the logs:
172 _________________________________________________________________________
173 | Summary | regular file | file | ... | ifile | cpfile | sufile | DAT |SR|
174 |_blocks__|_or_directory_|_______|_____|_______|________|________|_____|__|
177 To stride over segment boundaries, this sequence of files may be split
178 into multiple logs. The sequence of logs that should be treated as
179 logically one log, is delimited with flags marked in the segment
180 summary. The recovery code of nilfs2 looks this boundary information
181 to ensure atomicity of updates.
183 The super root block is inserted for every checkpoints. It includes
184 three special inodes, inodes for the DAT, cpfile, and sufile. Inodes
185 of regular files, directories, symlinks and other special files, are
186 included in the ifile. The inode of ifile itself is included in the
187 corresponding checkpoint entry in the cpfile. Thus, the hierarchy
188 among NILFS2 files can be depicted as follows:
193 Super root block (the latest cno=xx)
198 |-- ifile (cno=c2) ---- file (ino=i1)
199 : : |-- file (ino=i2)
200 `-- ifile (cno=xx) |-- file (ino=i3)
203 ( regular file, directory, or symlink )
205 For detail on the format of each file, please see include/linux/nilfs2_fs.h.