1 This is brief developer-oriented overview in Pachi structure.
3 Pachi is completely Go-specific (c.f. Fuego; though e.g. atari go support
4 should be easy to add), but fairly modular. It has been built with focus
5 on MonteCarlo-based play, but it can in principle be used for other
12 Pachi consists of the following components:
15 +------+ +--------+ +---------+
16 | core | -- | engine | -- | playout |
17 +------+ +--------+ +---------+
23 * "core" takes care of the program's lifetime, GTP interface and basic
24 fast Go board implementation
26 zzgo.c global initialization and the main loop
27 version.h current version information
28 debug.h debugging infrastructure
29 random.[ch] fast random number generator
30 gtp.[ch] GTP protocol interface
31 timeinfo.[ch] Time-keeping information
32 stone.[ch] one board point coloring definition
33 move.[ch] one board move definition
34 board.[ch] board definition and basic interface
36 * "aux library" provides extra functions like static tactical evaluation
37 and pattern matching; it is somewhat interwound with "core" component
39 mq.h "move queue" data structure
40 stats.h "move statistics" data structure
41 probdist.[ch] "probability distribution" data structure
42 ownermap.[ch] simulation-based finalpos. "owner map" data structure
43 pattern3.[ch] fast 3x3 spatial pattern matcher
44 pattern.[ch] general multi-feature pattern matcher
45 network.[ch] Network interface (useful for distributed engine)
47 * "tactical library" provides extended interfaces for the go board,
48 most important non-trivial tactical information
50 util.[ch] the universal catch-all for extended board interfaces
52 * "engine" receives notifications about opponent moves and is asked
53 to generate a move to play on given board
55 engine.h abstract engine interface
56 random/ example "random move generator" engine
57 replay/ example "playout move generator" engine
58 montecarlo/ simple treeless Monte Carlo engine, quite bitrotten
59 uct/ the main UCT-player engine, see below
60 distributed/ "meta-engine" for distributed play by orchestrating
61 several UCT engines on different computers
62 patternscan/ auxiliary engine for harvesting patterns from
64 joseki/ auxiliary engine for generating joseki patterns
66 * "playout" policy is asked to generate moves to play during the Monte Carlo
67 simulations, and to provide rough evaluation of moves feasibility for
70 playout.[ch] abstract playout policy interface,
71 Monte Carlo simulation execution
72 playout/light uniformly random playout policy
73 playout/moggy rule-based "Mogo-like" playout policy
74 playout/elo probdist-based "CrazyStone-like" playout policy
76 * Also, several ways of testing Pachi are provided:
78 t-unit/ interface for writing unit-tests for specific
79 functionality, mainly tactics
80 t-play/ interface for testing performance by playing games
81 against a fixed opponent (e.g. GNUGo)
87 The UCT engine has non-trivial structure by itself:
89 +-------------+ +-----+ +-------------------+
90 | node policy | -- | UCT | --- | node prior-hinter |
91 +-------------+ +-----+ +-------------------+
97 * "UCT" is the core of the engine
99 uct.[ch] engine initialization, public interface
100 internal.h internal state and data structures
101 tree.[ch] minimax move tree with success statistics
102 walk.[ch] filling the tree by walking it many times
103 and running MC simulations from leaves
104 slave.[ch] engine interface for the distributed engine
106 * "node prior-hinter" assigns newly created nodes preliminary success
107 statistics ("prior values") to focus the search better
109 prior.[ch] variety of methods for setting the priors
111 * "node policy" mainly chooses the current node's child to descend
112 through during the tree walk, based on the already recorded statistics;
113 it must balance exploration and exploitation well during the selection
115 policy/ucb1 the old-school original simple policy
116 policy/ucb1amaf the AMAF/RAVE-based policy gathering statistics rapidly
118 * "dynkomi driver" dynamically determines self-imposed extra virtual komi
126 The infrastructure is optimized for speed to make it well suited
127 for bruteforce engines, however tradeoffs are made to make it useful
128 for heavier MonteCarlo playouts as well (e.g. real liberties are
129 tracked instead of pseudoliberties). If you are looking for raw
130 light playout speed, libEGO is better choice.
132 In general, arbitrary board sizes are supported; however, board sizes
133 smaller than 9x9 have not been tested and board sizes larger than 25x25
134 are not supported by GTP - also, in theory some buffer overflows might
135 happen with board sizes larger than 19x19. The engine parameters are
136 primarily tuned for 19x19 play.
141 While the Pachi engines generally play according to Chinese rules,
142 internally, Pachi uses Tromp-Taylor rules because they are simple,
143 fast and universal; they are very close to the New Zealand rules.
144 That means, it simply counts the number of stones and one-point eyes
145 of each color on the board, plus komi and handicap correction.
147 Tromp-Taylor rules also mean that multi-stone suicide is allowed! If you
148 do not like that (basically if you want to pretend it plays according
149 to Chinese rules), you need to rule that out in your engine, currently.
150 The provided engines DO avoid multi-stone suicide, though it is allowed
151 in the playouts for performance reasons (perhaps we should re-visit that
152 decision in light of heavy playouts).
154 Tromp-Taylor rules have positional superko; the board implementation
155 will set a flag if it is violated, but play the move anyway. You need
156 to enforce the superko rule in your engine.
162 ...is a very sad hack. ENSURE that only trusted parties talk to Pachi's
163 GTP interface, as it is totally non-resilient to any kind of overflow
164 or bad input attacks and allowing arbitrary input to be entered within
165 is a major security hole. Yes, this needs to be cleaned up. Also, currently
166 engines cannot plug in their own commands and there is no GoGui interface.
168 Pachi supports only few GTP commands now. Most importantly, it does not
169 support the undo command. The final_status_list command requires engine
173 General Pattern Matcher
174 =======================
176 Pachi has in-development general pattern matcher that can match various
177 sets of features (spatial and others), inspired by the CrazyStone pattern
178 model. Please see pattern.h for detailed description of the pattern concept
179 and recognized features.
181 To harvest patterns, use 'zzgo -e patternscan' (see patternscan/patternscan.c
182 for available options). The output of the pattern scanner are two data
183 structures: The matched patterns
185 (feature1:payload feature2:payload ...)
187 and spatial dictionary. "Spatial" feature represents a particular
188 configuration of stones in a circle around the move-to-play; each
189 configuration has its own record in the dictionary and the spatial
190 feature references only the id in the dictionary; so you need to keep
191 both the patterns and the "patterns.spat" file. Normally, 'patternscan'
192 will only match already existing dictionary entries, but you
193 can pass it "gen_spat_dict" so that it appends all newly found spatial
194 features to the dictionary - use "spat_threshold" to limit recording
195 only to frequently occuring spatial features; to start the dictionary
196 from scratch, simply remove any existing "patterns.spat" file.
198 There are few pre-made scripts to make the initialization of the pattern
201 * pattern_byplayer.sh: Sorts out patterns from given SGF collection by
202 player names, one player per file in a dedicated directory. This is
203 useful if you want to use the patterns to e.g. recognize games of a
204 player by characteristic patterns. Spatial dictionary is autogenerated
207 * pattern_spatial_gen.sh: Initializes spatial dictionary by spatial features
208 found at least N times in given SGF collection. This is useful for
209 further gathering of general pattern statistics while keeping the amount
210 of spatial features manageable.
212 * pattern_spatial_show.pl ID: Shows spatial pattern of given id in 2D plane.
214 * pattern_mm.sh: Combines patternsacn engine and the MM tool (see below),
215 producing gamma values for harvested patterns.
217 Minorization-majorization (CrazyStone patterns)
218 -----------------------------------------------
220 The pattern harvester can be used together with the MM tool by Remi Coulom:
222 http://remi.coulom.free.fr/Amsterdam2007/mm.tar.bz2
224 This tool will compute relative strength of individual features for teaming
225 them up and using the outcoming probability distribution for generating moves.
226 There is a script that will take you from SGF game collection to gamma values
227 in single shot - "pattern_mm.sh".
229 The resulting "patterns.gamma" file contains mapping from feature instances
230 to gamma floats, representing the features strength; note that it is totally
231 meaningless without the accompanying "patterns.spat" file generated by the
232 pattern_gather script. This file is used for "full-scale" pattern matching
233 used for tree node priors. Another "fast" pattern feature set is used for
234 generation of in-playout probability distribution - gamma values for these
235 features are stored in "patterns.gammaf".
237 To make Pachi use the gamma values for tree bias and in MC playouts, use the
238 "elo" playout policy - but note that it's still in heavy development.
244 The UCT engine allows external plugins to be loaded and provide external
245 knowledge for various heuristics - currently just biasing the MCTS priors,
246 but more can be added easily. The plugins should follow the API in
247 <uct/plugin.h> - see that file for details.
253 Joseki patterns can be generated from variations of a SGF file. Josekis
254 are matched per-quadrant, no other move must be within the quadrant. See
255 joseki/README for details on usage of the auxiliary engine and a full
256 recipe for making Pachi play according to joseki sequences extracted from
263 The UCT engine can "pre-read" the starting board position and
264 dump the core of the built tree to a file, loading it later. This is
265 called a 'tbook' (as in "tree book") and can be generated using the
266 ./gentbook.sh script. The newly generated file is automatically used
267 by the UCT engine when found.
269 Alternatively, there is a support for directly used opening book
270 (so-called fbook, a.k.a. "forced book" or "fuseki book"). The book
271 is stored in a text file in Fuego-compatible format and can be loaded
272 using the ./zzgo -f parameter.