18 #include "playout/elo.h"
19 #include "playout/moggy.h"
20 #include "playout/light.h"
24 #include "distributed/distributed.h"
25 #include "uct/dynkomi.h"
26 #include "uct/internal.h"
27 #include "uct/prior.h"
28 #include "uct/slave.h"
33 struct uct_policy
*policy_ucb1_init(struct uct
*u
, char *arg
);
34 struct uct_policy
*policy_ucb1amaf_init(struct uct
*u
, char *arg
);
35 static void uct_pondering_stop(struct uct
*u
);
36 static void uct_pondering_start(struct uct
*u
, struct board
*b0
, struct tree
*t
, enum stone color
);
38 /* Default number of simulations to perform per move.
39 * Note that this is now in total over all threads! (Unless TM_ROOT.) */
40 #define MC_GAMES 80000
41 #define MC_GAMELEN MAX_GAMELEN
42 static const struct time_info default_ti
= {
45 .len
= { .games
= MC_GAMES
},
48 /* How big proportion of ownermap counts must be of one color to consider
51 /* How many games to consider at minimum before judging groups. */
52 #define GJ_MINGAMES 500
54 /* How often to inspect the tree from the main thread to check for playout
55 * stop, progress reports, etc. (in seconds) */
56 #define TREE_BUSYWAIT_INTERVAL 0.1 /* 100ms */
58 /* Once per how many simulations (per thread) to show a progress report line. */
59 #define TREE_SIMPROGRESS_INTERVAL 10000
61 /* How often to send stats updates for the distributed engine (in seconds). */
62 #define STATS_SEND_INTERVAL 0.5
64 /* When terminating uct_search() early, the safety margin to add to the
65 * remaining playout number estimate when deciding whether the result can
67 #define PLAYOUT_DELTA_SAFEMARGIN 1000
71 setup_state(struct uct
*u
, struct board
*b
, enum stone color
)
73 u
->t
= tree_init(b
, color
, u
->fast_alloc
? u
->max_tree_size
: 0, u
->local_tree_aging
);
75 fast_srandom(u
->force_seed
);
77 fprintf(stderr
, "Fresh board with random seed %lu\n", fast_getseed());
78 //board_print(b, stderr);
79 if (!u
->no_book
&& b
->moves
== 0) {
80 assert(color
== S_BLACK
);
86 reset_state(struct uct
*u
)
89 tree_done(u
->t
); u
->t
= NULL
;
93 setup_dynkomi(struct uct
*u
, struct board
*b
, enum stone to_play
)
95 if (u
->t
->use_extra_komi
&& u
->dynkomi
->permove
)
96 u
->t
->extra_komi
= u
->dynkomi
->permove(u
->dynkomi
, b
, u
->t
);
100 uct_prepare_move(struct uct
*u
, struct board
*b
, enum stone color
)
103 /* Verify that we have sane state. */
105 assert(u
->t
&& b
->moves
);
106 if (color
!= stone_other(u
->t
->root_color
)) {
107 fprintf(stderr
, "Fatal: Non-alternating play detected %d %d\n",
108 color
, u
->t
->root_color
);
113 /* We need fresh state. */
115 setup_state(u
, b
, color
);
118 u
->ownermap
.playouts
= 0;
119 memset(u
->ownermap
.map
, 0, board_size2(b
) * sizeof(u
->ownermap
.map
[0]));
120 memset(u
->stats
, 0, board_size2(b
) * sizeof(u
->stats
[0]));
121 u
->played_own
= u
->played_all
= 0;
125 dead_group_list(struct uct
*u
, struct board
*b
, struct move_queue
*mq
)
127 struct group_judgement gj
;
129 gj
.gs
= alloca(board_size2(b
) * sizeof(gj
.gs
[0]));
130 board_ownermap_judge_group(b
, &u
->ownermap
, &gj
);
131 groups_of_status(b
, &gj
, GS_DEAD
, mq
);
135 uct_pass_is_safe(struct uct
*u
, struct board
*b
, enum stone color
, bool pass_all_alive
)
137 if (u
->ownermap
.playouts
< GJ_MINGAMES
)
140 struct move_queue mq
= { .moves
= 0 };
142 dead_group_list(u
, b
, &mq
);
143 return pass_is_safe(b
, color
, &mq
);
146 /* This function is called only when running as slave in the distributed version. */
147 static enum parse_code
148 uct_notify(struct engine
*e
, struct board
*b
, int id
, char *cmd
, char *args
, char **reply
)
150 struct uct
*u
= e
->data
;
152 static bool board_resized
= false;
153 board_resized
|= is_gamestart(cmd
);
155 /* Force resending the whole command history if we are out of sync
156 * but do it only once, not if already getting the history. */
157 if ((move_number(id
) != b
->moves
|| !board_resized
)
158 && !reply_disabled(id
) && !is_reset(cmd
)) {
160 fprintf(stderr
, "Out of sync, id %d, move %d\n", id
, b
->moves
);
161 static char buf
[128];
162 snprintf(buf
, sizeof(buf
), "out of sync, move %d expected", b
->moves
);
166 return reply_disabled(id
) ? P_NOREPLY
: P_OK
;
170 uct_printhook_ownermap(struct board
*board
, coord_t c
, char *s
, char *end
)
172 struct uct
*u
= board
->es
;
174 const char chr
[] = ":XO,"; // dame, black, white, unclear
175 const char chm
[] = ":xo,";
176 char ch
= chr
[board_ownermap_judge_point(&u
->ownermap
, c
, GJ_THRES
)];
177 if (ch
== ',') { // less precise estimate then?
178 ch
= chm
[board_ownermap_judge_point(&u
->ownermap
, c
, 0.67)];
180 s
+= snprintf(s
, end
- s
, "%c ", ch
);
185 uct_notify_play(struct engine
*e
, struct board
*b
, struct move
*m
)
187 struct uct
*u
= e
->data
;
189 /* No state, create one - this is probably game beginning
190 * and we need to load the opening book right now. */
191 uct_prepare_move(u
, b
, m
->color
);
195 /* Stop pondering, required by tree_promote_at() */
196 uct_pondering_stop(u
);
197 if (UDEBUGL(2) && u
->slave
)
198 tree_dump(u
->t
, u
->dumpthres
);
200 if (is_resign(m
->coord
)) {
206 /* Promote node of the appropriate move to the tree root. */
208 if (!tree_promote_at(u
->t
, b
, m
->coord
)) {
210 fprintf(stderr
, "Warning: Cannot promote move node! Several play commands in row?\n");
215 /* If we are a slave in a distributed engine, start pondering once
216 * we know which move we actually played. See uct_genmove() about
217 * the check for pass. */
218 if (u
->pondering_opt
&& u
->slave
&& m
->color
== u
->my_color
&& !is_pass(m
->coord
))
219 uct_pondering_start(u
, b
, u
->t
, stone_other(m
->color
));
225 uct_chat(struct engine
*e
, struct board
*b
, char *cmd
)
227 struct uct
*u
= e
->data
;
228 static char reply
[1024];
230 cmd
+= strspn(cmd
, " \n\t");
231 if (!strncasecmp(cmd
, "winrate", 7)) {
233 return "no game context (yet?)";
234 enum stone color
= u
->t
->root_color
;
235 struct tree_node
*n
= u
->t
->root
;
236 snprintf(reply
, 1024, "In %d playouts at %d threads, %s %s can win with %.2f%% probability",
237 n
->u
.playouts
, u
->threads
, stone2str(color
), coord2sstr(n
->coord
, b
),
238 tree_node_get_value(u
->t
, -1, n
->u
.value
) * 100);
239 if (u
->t
->use_extra_komi
&& abs(u
->t
->extra_komi
) >= 0.5) {
240 sprintf(reply
+ strlen(reply
), ", while self-imposing extra komi %.1f",
250 uct_dead_group_list(struct engine
*e
, struct board
*b
, struct move_queue
*mq
)
252 struct uct
*u
= e
->data
;
254 /* This means the game is probably over, no use pondering on. */
255 uct_pondering_stop(u
);
257 if (u
->pass_all_alive
)
258 return; // no dead groups
260 bool mock_state
= false;
263 /* No state, but we cannot just back out - we might
264 * have passed earlier, only assuming some stones are
265 * dead, and then re-connected, only to lose counting
266 * when all stones are assumed alive. */
267 /* Mock up some state and seed the ownermap by few
269 uct_prepare_move(u
, b
, S_BLACK
); assert(u
->t
);
270 for (int i
= 0; i
< GJ_MINGAMES
; i
++)
271 uct_playout(u
, b
, S_BLACK
, u
->t
);
275 dead_group_list(u
, b
, mq
);
278 /* Clean up the mock state in case we will receive
279 * a genmove; we could get a non-alternating-move
280 * error from uct_prepare_move() in that case otherwise. */
286 playout_policy_done(struct playout_policy
*p
)
288 if (p
->done
) p
->done(p
);
289 if (p
->data
) free(p
->data
);
294 uct_done(struct engine
*e
)
296 /* This is called on engine reset, especially when clear_board
297 * is received and new game should begin. */
298 struct uct
*u
= e
->data
;
299 uct_pondering_stop(u
);
300 if (u
->t
) reset_state(u
);
301 free(u
->ownermap
.map
);
305 free(u
->random_policy
);
306 playout_policy_done(u
->playout
);
307 uct_prior_done(u
->prior
);
311 /* Pachi threading structure (if uct_playouts_parallel() is used):
314 * | main(), GTP communication, ...
315 * | starts and stops the search managed by thread_manager
318 * | spawns and collects worker threads
324 * uct_playouts() loop, doing descend-playout until uct_halt
326 * Another way to look at it is by functions (lines denote thread boundaries):
329 * | uct_search() (uct_search_start() .. uct_search_stop())
330 * | -----------------------
331 * | spawn_thread_manager()
332 * | -----------------------
334 * V uct_playouts() */
336 /* Set in thread manager in case the workers should stop. */
337 volatile sig_atomic_t uct_halt
= 0;
338 /* ID of the running worker thread. */
339 __thread
int thread_id
= -1;
340 /* ID of the thread manager. */
341 static pthread_t thread_manager
;
342 bool thread_manager_running
;
344 static pthread_mutex_t finish_mutex
= PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER
;
345 static pthread_cond_t finish_cond
= PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER
;
346 static volatile int finish_thread
;
347 static pthread_mutex_t finish_serializer
= PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER
;
360 spawn_worker(void *ctx_
)
362 struct spawn_ctx
*ctx
= ctx_
;
364 fast_srandom(ctx
->seed
);
365 thread_id
= ctx
->tid
;
367 ctx
->games
= uct_playouts(ctx
->u
, ctx
->b
, ctx
->color
, ctx
->t
);
369 pthread_mutex_lock(&finish_serializer
);
370 pthread_mutex_lock(&finish_mutex
);
371 finish_thread
= ctx
->tid
;
372 pthread_cond_signal(&finish_cond
);
373 pthread_mutex_unlock(&finish_mutex
);
377 /* Thread manager, controlling worker threads. It must be called with
378 * finish_mutex lock held, but it will unlock it itself before exiting;
379 * this is necessary to be completely deadlock-free. */
380 /* The finish_cond can be signalled for it to stop; in that case,
381 * the caller should set finish_thread = -1. */
382 /* After it is started, it will update mctx->t to point at some tree
383 * used for the actual search (matters only for TM_ROOT), on return
384 * it will set mctx->games to the number of performed simulations. */
386 spawn_thread_manager(void *ctx_
)
388 /* In thread_manager, we use only some of the ctx fields. */
389 struct spawn_ctx
*mctx
= ctx_
;
390 struct uct
*u
= mctx
->u
;
391 struct tree
*t
= mctx
->t
;
392 bool shared_tree
= u
->parallel_tree
;
393 fast_srandom(mctx
->seed
);
395 int played_games
= 0;
396 pthread_t threads
[u
->threads
];
401 /* Garbage collect the tree by preference when pondering. */
402 if (u
->pondering
&& t
->nodes
&& t
->nodes_size
> t
->max_tree_size
/2) {
403 unsigned long temp_size
= (MIN_FREE_MEM_PERCENT
* t
->max_tree_size
) / 100;
404 t
->root
= tree_garbage_collect(t
, temp_size
, t
->root
);
407 /* Spawn threads... */
408 for (int ti
= 0; ti
< u
->threads
; ti
++) {
409 struct spawn_ctx
*ctx
= malloc2(sizeof(*ctx
));
410 ctx
->u
= u
; ctx
->b
= mctx
->b
; ctx
->color
= mctx
->color
;
411 mctx
->t
= ctx
->t
= shared_tree
? t
: tree_copy(t
);
412 ctx
->tid
= ti
; ctx
->seed
= fast_random(65536) + ti
;
413 pthread_create(&threads
[ti
], NULL
, spawn_worker
, ctx
);
415 fprintf(stderr
, "Spawned worker %d\n", ti
);
418 /* ...and collect them back: */
419 while (joined
< u
->threads
) {
420 /* Wait for some thread to finish... */
421 pthread_cond_wait(&finish_cond
, &finish_mutex
);
422 if (finish_thread
< 0) {
423 /* Stop-by-caller. Tell the workers to wrap up. */
427 /* ...and gather its remnants. */
428 struct spawn_ctx
*ctx
;
429 pthread_join(threads
[finish_thread
], (void **) &ctx
);
430 played_games
+= ctx
->games
;
433 if (ctx
->t
== mctx
->t
) mctx
->t
= t
;
434 tree_merge(t
, ctx
->t
);
439 fprintf(stderr
, "Joined worker %d\n", finish_thread
);
440 pthread_mutex_unlock(&finish_serializer
);
443 pthread_mutex_unlock(&finish_mutex
);
446 tree_normalize(mctx
->t
, u
->threads
);
448 mctx
->games
= played_games
;
452 static struct spawn_ctx
*
453 uct_search_start(struct uct
*u
, struct board
*b
, enum stone color
, struct tree
*t
)
455 assert(u
->threads
> 0);
456 assert(!thread_manager_running
);
458 struct spawn_ctx ctx
= { .u
= u
, .b
= b
, .color
= color
, .t
= t
, .seed
= fast_random(65536) };
459 static struct spawn_ctx mctx
; mctx
= ctx
;
460 pthread_mutex_lock(&finish_mutex
);
461 pthread_create(&thread_manager
, NULL
, spawn_thread_manager
, &mctx
);
462 thread_manager_running
= true;
466 static struct spawn_ctx
*
467 uct_search_stop(void)
469 assert(thread_manager_running
);
471 /* Signal thread manager to stop the workers. */
472 pthread_mutex_lock(&finish_mutex
);
474 pthread_cond_signal(&finish_cond
);
475 pthread_mutex_unlock(&finish_mutex
);
477 /* Collect the thread manager. */
478 struct spawn_ctx
*pctx
;
479 thread_manager_running
= false;
480 pthread_join(thread_manager
, (void **) &pctx
);
485 /* Determine whether we should terminate the search early. */
487 uct_search_stop_early(struct uct
*u
, struct tree
*t
, struct board
*b
,
488 struct time_info
*ti
, struct time_stop
*stop
,
489 struct tree_node
*best
, struct tree_node
*best2
,
492 /* Always use at least half the desired time. It is silly
493 * to lose a won game because we played a bad move in 0.1s. */
495 if (ti
->dim
== TD_WALLTIME
) {
496 elapsed
= time_now() - ti
->len
.t
.timer_start
;
497 if (elapsed
< 0.5 * stop
->desired
.time
) return false;
500 /* Early break in won situation. */
501 if (best
->u
.playouts
>= 2000 && tree_node_get_value(t
, 1, best
->u
.value
) >= u
->loss_threshold
)
503 /* Earlier break in super-won situation. */
504 if (best
->u
.playouts
>= 500 && tree_node_get_value(t
, 1, best
->u
.value
) >= 0.95)
507 /* Break early if we estimate the second-best move cannot
508 * catch up in assigned time anymore. We use all our time
509 * if we are in byoyomi with single stone remaining in our
510 * period, however - it's better to pre-ponder. */
511 bool time_indulgent
= (!ti
->len
.t
.main_time
&& ti
->len
.t
.byoyomi_stones
== 1);
512 if (best2
&& ti
->dim
== TD_WALLTIME
&& !time_indulgent
) {
513 double remaining
= stop
->worst
.time
- elapsed
;
514 double pps
= ((double)played
) / elapsed
;
515 double estplayouts
= remaining
* pps
+ PLAYOUT_DELTA_SAFEMARGIN
;
516 if (best
->u
.playouts
> best2
->u
.playouts
+ estplayouts
) {
518 fprintf(stderr
, "Early stop, result cannot change: "
519 "best %d, best2 %d, estimated %f simulations to go\n",
520 best
->u
.playouts
, best2
->u
.playouts
, estplayouts
);
528 /* Determine whether we should terminate the search later than expected. */
530 uct_search_keep_looking(struct uct
*u
, struct tree
*t
, struct board
*b
,
531 struct time_info
*ti
, struct time_stop
*stop
,
532 struct tree_node
*best
, struct tree_node
*best2
,
533 struct tree_node
*bestr
, struct tree_node
*winner
, int i
)
537 fprintf(stderr
, "Did not find best move, still trying...\n");
541 /* Do not waste time if we are winning. Spend up to worst time if
542 * we are unsure, but only desired time if we are sure of winning. */
543 float beta
= 2 * (tree_node_get_value(t
, 1, best
->u
.value
) - 0.5);
544 if (ti
->dim
== TD_WALLTIME
&& beta
> 0) {
545 double good_enough
= stop
->desired
.time
* beta
+ stop
->worst
.time
* (1 - beta
);
546 double elapsed
= time_now() - ti
->len
.t
.timer_start
;
547 if (elapsed
> good_enough
) return false;
550 if (u
->best2_ratio
> 0) {
551 /* Check best/best2 simulations ratio. If the
552 * two best moves give very similar results,
553 * keep simulating. */
554 if (best2
&& best2
->u
.playouts
555 && (double)best
->u
.playouts
/ best2
->u
.playouts
< u
->best2_ratio
) {
557 fprintf(stderr
, "Best2 ratio %f < threshold %f\n",
558 (double)best
->u
.playouts
/ best2
->u
.playouts
,
564 if (u
->bestr_ratio
> 0) {
565 /* Check best, best_best value difference. If the best move
566 * and its best child do not give similar enough results,
567 * keep simulating. */
568 if (bestr
&& bestr
->u
.playouts
569 && fabs((double)best
->u
.value
- bestr
->u
.value
) > u
->bestr_ratio
) {
571 fprintf(stderr
, "Bestr delta %f > threshold %f\n",
572 fabs((double)best
->u
.value
- bestr
->u
.value
),
578 if (winner
&& winner
!= best
) {
579 /* Keep simulating if best explored
580 * does not have also highest value. */
582 fprintf(stderr
, "[%d] best %3s [%d] %f != winner %3s [%d] %f\n", i
,
583 coord2sstr(best
->coord
, t
->board
),
584 best
->u
.playouts
, tree_node_get_value(t
, 1, best
->u
.value
),
585 coord2sstr(winner
->coord
, t
->board
),
586 winner
->u
.playouts
, tree_node_get_value(t
, 1, winner
->u
.value
));
590 /* No reason to keep simulating, bye. */
594 /* Run time-limited MCTS search. For a slave in the distributed
595 * engine, the search is done in background and will be stopped at
596 * the next uct_notify_play(); keep_looking is advice for the master. */
598 uct_search(struct uct
*u
, struct board
*b
, struct time_info
*ti
, enum stone color
,
599 struct tree
*t
, bool *keep_looking
)
601 int base_playouts
= u
->t
->root
->u
.playouts
;
602 if (UDEBUGL(2) && base_playouts
> 0)
603 fprintf(stderr
, "<pre-simulated %d games skipped>\n", base_playouts
);
605 *keep_looking
= false;
607 /* Number of last dynkomi adjustment. */
608 int last_dynkomi
= t
->root
->u
.playouts
;
609 /* Number of last game with progress print. */
610 int last_print
= t
->root
->u
.playouts
;
611 /* Number of simulations to wait before next print. */
612 int print_interval
= TREE_SIMPROGRESS_INTERVAL
* (u
->thread_model
== TM_ROOT
? 1 : u
->threads
);
613 /* Printed notification about full memory? */
614 bool print_fullmem
= false;
616 static struct time_stop stop
;
617 static struct spawn_ctx
*ctx
;
618 if (!thread_manager_running
) {
619 if (ti
->period
== TT_NULL
) *ti
= default_ti
;
620 time_stop_conditions(ti
, b
, u
->fuseki_end
, u
->yose_start
, &stop
);
622 ctx
= uct_search_start(u
, b
, color
, t
);
624 /* Keep the search running. */
628 /* The search tree is ctx->t. This is normally == t, but in case of
629 * TM_ROOT, it is one of the trees belonging to the independent
630 * workers. It is important to reference ctx->t directly since the
631 * thread manager will swap the tree pointer asynchronously. */
632 /* XXX: This means TM_ROOT support is suboptimal since single stalled
633 * thread can stall the others in case of limiting the search by game
634 * count. However, TM_ROOT just does not deserve any more extra code
637 /* Now, just periodically poll the search tree. */
639 time_sleep(TREE_BUSYWAIT_INTERVAL
);
640 /* TREE_BUSYWAIT_INTERVAL should never be less than desired time, or the
641 * time control is broken. But if it happens to be less, we still search
642 * at least 100ms otherwise the move is completely random. */
644 int i
= ctx
->t
->root
->u
.playouts
;
646 /* Adjust dynkomi? */
647 if (ctx
->t
->use_extra_komi
&& u
->dynkomi
->permove
648 && u
->dynkomi_interval
649 && i
> last_dynkomi
+ u
->dynkomi_interval
) {
650 last_dynkomi
+= u
->dynkomi_interval
;
651 float old_dynkomi
= ctx
->t
->extra_komi
;
652 ctx
->t
->extra_komi
= u
->dynkomi
->permove(u
->dynkomi
, b
, ctx
->t
);
653 if (UDEBUGL(3) && old_dynkomi
!= ctx
->t
->extra_komi
)
654 fprintf(stderr
, "dynkomi adjusted (%f -> %f)\n", old_dynkomi
, ctx
->t
->extra_komi
);
657 /* Print progress? */
658 if (i
- last_print
> print_interval
) {
659 last_print
+= print_interval
; // keep the numbers tidy
660 uct_progress_status(u
, ctx
->t
, color
, last_print
);
662 if (!print_fullmem
&& ctx
->t
->nodes_size
> u
->max_tree_size
) {
664 fprintf(stderr
, "memory limit hit (%lu > %lu)\n", ctx
->t
->nodes_size
, u
->max_tree_size
);
665 print_fullmem
= true;
668 /* Never consider stopping if we played too few simulations.
669 * Maybe we risk losing on time when playing in super-extreme
670 * time pressure but the tree is going to be just too messed
671 * up otherwise - we might even play invalid suicides or pass
672 * when we mustn't. */
676 struct tree_node
*best
= NULL
;
677 struct tree_node
*best2
= NULL
; // Second-best move.
678 struct tree_node
*bestr
= NULL
; // best's best child.
679 struct tree_node
*winner
= NULL
;
681 best
= u
->policy
->choose(u
->policy
, ctx
->t
->root
, b
, color
, resign
);
682 if (best
) best2
= u
->policy
->choose(u
->policy
, ctx
->t
->root
, b
, color
, best
->coord
);
684 /* Possibly stop search early if it's no use to try on. */
685 int played
= u
->played_all
+ i
- base_playouts
;
686 if (best
&& uct_search_stop_early(u
, ctx
->t
, b
, ti
, &stop
, best
, best2
, played
))
689 /* Check against time settings. */
691 if (ti
->dim
== TD_WALLTIME
) {
692 double elapsed
= time_now() - ti
->len
.t
.timer_start
;
693 if (elapsed
> stop
.worst
.time
) break;
694 desired_done
= elapsed
> stop
.desired
.time
;
696 } else { assert(ti
->dim
== TD_GAMES
);
697 if (i
> stop
.worst
.playouts
) break;
698 desired_done
= i
> stop
.desired
.playouts
;
701 /* We want to stop simulating, but are willing to keep trying
702 * if we aren't completely sure about the winner yet. */
704 if (u
->policy
->winner
&& u
->policy
->evaluate
) {
705 struct uct_descent descent
= { .node
= ctx
->t
->root
};
706 u
->policy
->winner(u
->policy
, ctx
->t
, &descent
);
707 winner
= descent
.node
;
710 bestr
= u
->policy
->choose(u
->policy
, best
, b
, stone_other(color
), resign
);
711 if (!uct_search_keep_looking(u
, ctx
->t
, b
, ti
, &stop
, best
, best2
, bestr
, winner
, i
))
715 /* TODO: Early break if best->variance goes under threshold and we already
716 * have enough playouts (possibly thanks to book or to pondering)? */
718 /* If running as slave in the distributed engine,
719 * let the search continue in background. */
721 *keep_looking
= true;
728 ctx
= uct_search_stop();
730 if (UDEBUGL(2)) tree_dump(t
, u
->dumpthres
);
732 /* We can only return an estimate here. */
733 games
= ctx
->t
->root
->u
.playouts
- base_playouts
;
736 fprintf(stderr
, "(avg score %f/%d value %f/%d)\n",
737 u
->dynkomi
->score
.value
, u
->dynkomi
->score
.playouts
,
738 u
->dynkomi
->value
.value
, u
->dynkomi
->value
.playouts
);
740 uct_progress_status(u
, t
, color
, games
);
746 /* Start pondering background with @color to play. */
748 uct_pondering_start(struct uct
*u
, struct board
*b0
, struct tree
*t
, enum stone color
)
751 fprintf(stderr
, "Starting to ponder with color %s\n", stone2str(stone_other(color
)));
754 /* We need a local board copy to ponder upon. */
755 struct board
*b
= malloc2(sizeof(*b
)); board_copy(b
, b0
);
757 /* *b0 did not have the genmove'd move played yet. */
758 struct move m
= { t
->root
->coord
, t
->root_color
};
759 int res
= board_play(b
, &m
);
761 setup_dynkomi(u
, b
, stone_other(m
.color
));
763 /* Start MCTS manager thread "headless". */
764 uct_search_start(u
, b
, color
, t
);
767 /* uct_search_stop() frontend for the pondering (non-genmove) mode, and
768 * to stop the background search for a slave in the distributed engine. */
770 uct_pondering_stop(struct uct
*u
)
772 if (!thread_manager_running
)
775 /* Stop the thread manager. */
776 struct spawn_ctx
*ctx
= uct_search_stop();
778 if (u
->pondering
) fprintf(stderr
, "(pondering) ");
779 uct_progress_status(u
, ctx
->t
, ctx
->color
, ctx
->games
);
783 u
->pondering
= false;
788 uct_search_setup(struct uct
*u
, struct board
*b
, enum stone color
)
790 if (b
->superko_violation
) {
791 fprintf(stderr
, "!!! WARNING: SUPERKO VIOLATION OCCURED BEFORE THIS MOVE\n");
792 fprintf(stderr
, "Maybe you play with situational instead of positional superko?\n");
793 fprintf(stderr
, "I'm going to ignore the violation, but note that I may miss\n");
794 fprintf(stderr
, "some moves valid under this ruleset because of this.\n");
795 b
->superko_violation
= false;
798 uct_prepare_move(u
, b
, color
);
803 /* How to decide whether to use dynkomi in this game? Since we use
804 * pondering, it's not simple "who-to-play" matter. Decide based on
805 * the last genmove issued. */
806 u
->t
->use_extra_komi
= !!(u
->dynkomi_mask
& color
);
807 setup_dynkomi(u
, b
, color
);
809 if (b
->rules
== RULES_JAPANESE
)
810 u
->territory_scoring
= true;
812 /* Make pessimistic assumption about komi for Japanese rules to
813 * avoid losing by 0.5 when winning by 0.5 with Chinese rules.
814 * The rules usually give the same winner if the integer part of komi
815 * is odd so we adjust the komi only if it is even (for a board of
816 * odd size). We are not trying to get an exact evaluation for rare
817 * cases of seki. For details see http://home.snafu.de/jasiek/parity.html */
818 if (u
->territory_scoring
&& (((int)floor(b
->komi
) + board_size(b
)) & 1)) {
819 b
->komi
+= (color
== S_BLACK
? 1.0 : -1.0);
821 fprintf(stderr
, "Setting komi to %.1f assuming Japanese rules\n",
827 uct_search_best(struct uct
*u
, struct board
*b
, enum stone color
,
828 bool pass_all_alive
, int played_games
, int base_playouts
,
831 /* Choose the best move from the tree. */
832 struct tree_node
*best
= u
->policy
->choose(u
->policy
, u
->t
->root
, b
, color
, resign
);
837 *best_coord
= best
->coord
;
839 fprintf(stderr
, "*** WINNER is %s (%d,%d) with score %1.4f (%d/%d:%d/%d games), extra komi %f\n",
840 coord2sstr(best
->coord
, b
), coord_x(best
->coord
, b
), coord_y(best
->coord
, b
),
841 tree_node_get_value(u
->t
, 1, best
->u
.value
), best
->u
.playouts
,
842 u
->t
->root
->u
.playouts
, u
->t
->root
->u
.playouts
- base_playouts
, played_games
,
845 /* Do not resign if we're so short of time that evaluation of best
846 * move is completely unreliable, we might be winning actually.
847 * In this case best is almost random but still better than resign.
848 * Also do not resign if we are getting bad results while actually
849 * giving away extra komi points (dynkomi). */
850 if (tree_node_get_value(u
->t
, 1, best
->u
.value
) < u
->resign_ratio
851 && !is_pass(best
->coord
) && best
->u
.playouts
> GJ_MINGAMES
852 && u
->t
->extra_komi
< 0.5 /* XXX we assume dynamic komi == we are black */) {
853 *best_coord
= resign
;
857 /* If the opponent just passed and we win counting, always
859 if (b
->moves
> 1 && is_pass(b
->last_move
.coord
)) {
860 /* Make sure enough playouts are simulated. */
861 while (u
->ownermap
.playouts
< GJ_MINGAMES
)
862 uct_playout(u
, b
, color
, u
->t
);
863 if (uct_pass_is_safe(u
, b
, color
, u
->pass_all_alive
|| pass_all_alive
)) {
865 fprintf(stderr
, "<Will rather pass, looks safe enough.>\n");
874 /* Common part of uct_genmove() and uct_genmoves().
875 * Returns the best node, or NULL if *best_coord is pass or resign. */
876 static struct tree_node
*
877 uct_bestmove(struct engine
*e
, struct board
*b
, struct time_info
*ti
, enum stone color
,
878 bool pass_all_alive
, bool *keep_looking
, coord_t
*best_coord
)
880 double start_time
= time_now();
881 struct uct
*u
= e
->data
;
883 uct_search_setup(u
, b
, color
);
885 int base_playouts
= u
->t
->root
->u
.playouts
;
886 /* Start the Monte Carlo Tree Search! */
887 int played_games
= uct_search(u
, b
, ti
, color
, u
->t
, keep_looking
);
888 u
->played_own
+= played_games
;
891 double time
= time_now() - start_time
+ 0.000001; /* avoid divide by zero */
892 fprintf(stderr
, "genmove in %0.2fs (%d games/s, %d games/s/thread)\n",
893 time
, (int)(played_games
/time
), (int)(played_games
/time
/u
->threads
));
896 return uct_search_best(u
, b
, color
, pass_all_alive
, played_games
, base_playouts
, best_coord
);
900 uct_genmove(struct engine
*e
, struct board
*b
, struct time_info
*ti
, enum stone color
, bool pass_all_alive
)
902 struct uct
*u
= e
->data
;
903 uct_pondering_stop(u
);
907 struct tree_node
*best
;
908 best
= uct_bestmove(e
, b
, ti
, color
, pass_all_alive
, &keep_looking
, &best_coord
);
911 return coord_copy(best_coord
);
913 tree_promote_node(u
->t
, &best
);
915 /* After a pass, pondering is harmful for two reasons:
916 * (i) We might keep pondering even when the game is over.
917 * Of course this is the case for opponent resign as well.
918 * (ii) More importantly, the ownermap will get skewed since
919 * the UCT will start cutting off any playouts. */
920 if (u
->pondering_opt
&& !is_pass(best
->coord
)) {
921 uct_pondering_start(u
, b
, u
->t
, stone_other(color
));
923 return coord_copy(best_coord
);
928 uct_genbook(struct engine
*e
, struct board
*b
, struct time_info
*ti
, enum stone color
)
930 struct uct
*u
= e
->data
;
931 if (!u
->t
) uct_prepare_move(u
, b
, color
);
934 if (ti
->dim
== TD_GAMES
) {
935 /* Don't count in games that already went into the book. */
936 ti
->len
.games
+= u
->t
->root
->u
.playouts
;
939 uct_search(u
, b
, ti
, color
, u
->t
, &keep_looking
);
941 assert(ti
->dim
== TD_GAMES
);
942 tree_save(u
->t
, b
, ti
->len
.games
/ 100);
948 uct_dumpbook(struct engine
*e
, struct board
*b
, enum stone color
)
950 struct uct
*u
= e
->data
;
951 struct tree
*t
= tree_init(b
, color
, u
->fast_alloc
? u
->max_tree_size
: 0, u
->local_tree_aging
);
959 uct_state_init(char *arg
, struct board
*b
)
961 struct uct
*u
= calloc2(1, sizeof(struct uct
));
962 bool using_elo
= false;
964 u
->debug_level
= debug_level
;
965 u
->gamelen
= MC_GAMELEN
;
969 u
->playout_amaf
= true;
970 u
->playout_amaf_nakade
= false;
971 u
->amaf_prior
= false;
972 u
->max_tree_size
= 3072ULL * 1048576;
974 u
->dynkomi_mask
= S_BLACK
;
977 u
->thread_model
= TM_TREEVL
;
978 u
->parallel_tree
= true;
979 u
->virtual_loss
= true;
981 u
->fuseki_end
= 20; // max time at 361*20% = 72 moves (our 36th move, still 99 to play)
982 u
->yose_start
= 40; // (100-40-25)*361/100/2 = 63 moves still to play by us then
983 u
->bestr_ratio
= 0.02;
984 // 2.5 is clearly too much, but seems to compensate well for overly stern time allocations.
985 // TODO: Further tuning and experiments with better time allocation schemes.
986 u
->best2_ratio
= 2.5;
988 u
->val_scale
= 0.04; u
->val_points
= 40;
991 u
->local_tree_aging
= 2;
994 char *optspec
, *next
= arg
;
997 next
+= strcspn(next
, ",");
998 if (*next
) { *next
++ = 0; } else { *next
= 0; }
1000 char *optname
= optspec
;
1001 char *optval
= strchr(optspec
, '=');
1002 if (optval
) *optval
++ = 0;
1004 if (!strcasecmp(optname
, "debug")) {
1006 u
->debug_level
= atoi(optval
);
1009 } else if (!strcasecmp(optname
, "mercy") && optval
) {
1010 /* Minimal difference of black/white captures
1011 * to stop playout - "Mercy Rule". Speeds up
1012 * hopeless playouts at the expense of some
1014 u
->mercymin
= atoi(optval
);
1015 } else if (!strcasecmp(optname
, "gamelen") && optval
) {
1016 u
->gamelen
= atoi(optval
);
1017 } else if (!strcasecmp(optname
, "expand_p") && optval
) {
1018 u
->expand_p
= atoi(optval
);
1019 } else if (!strcasecmp(optname
, "dumpthres") && optval
) {
1020 u
->dumpthres
= atoi(optval
);
1021 } else if (!strcasecmp(optname
, "best2_ratio") && optval
) {
1022 /* If set, prolong simulating while
1023 * first_best/second_best playouts ratio
1024 * is less than best2_ratio. */
1025 u
->best2_ratio
= atof(optval
);
1026 } else if (!strcasecmp(optname
, "bestr_ratio") && optval
) {
1027 /* If set, prolong simulating while
1028 * best,best_best_child values delta
1029 * is more than bestr_ratio. */
1030 u
->bestr_ratio
= atof(optval
);
1031 } else if (!strcasecmp(optname
, "playout_amaf")) {
1032 /* Whether to include random playout moves in
1033 * AMAF as well. (Otherwise, only tree moves
1034 * are included in AMAF. Of course makes sense
1035 * only in connection with an AMAF policy.) */
1036 /* with-without: 55.5% (+-4.1) */
1037 if (optval
&& *optval
== '0')
1038 u
->playout_amaf
= false;
1040 u
->playout_amaf
= true;
1041 } else if (!strcasecmp(optname
, "playout_amaf_nakade")) {
1042 /* Whether to include nakade moves from playouts
1043 * in the AMAF statistics; this tends to nullify
1044 * the playout_amaf effect by adding too much
1046 if (optval
&& *optval
== '0')
1047 u
->playout_amaf_nakade
= false;
1049 u
->playout_amaf_nakade
= true;
1050 } else if (!strcasecmp(optname
, "playout_amaf_cutoff") && optval
) {
1051 /* Keep only first N% of playout stage AMAF
1053 u
->playout_amaf_cutoff
= atoi(optval
);
1054 } else if ((!strcasecmp(optname
, "policy") || !strcasecmp(optname
, "random_policy")) && optval
) {
1055 char *policyarg
= strchr(optval
, ':');
1056 struct uct_policy
**p
= !strcasecmp(optname
, "policy") ? &u
->policy
: &u
->random_policy
;
1059 if (!strcasecmp(optval
, "ucb1")) {
1060 *p
= policy_ucb1_init(u
, policyarg
);
1061 } else if (!strcasecmp(optval
, "ucb1amaf")) {
1062 *p
= policy_ucb1amaf_init(u
, policyarg
);
1064 fprintf(stderr
, "UCT: Invalid tree policy %s\n", optval
);
1067 } else if (!strcasecmp(optname
, "playout") && optval
) {
1068 char *playoutarg
= strchr(optval
, ':');
1071 if (!strcasecmp(optval
, "moggy")) {
1072 u
->playout
= playout_moggy_init(playoutarg
, b
);
1073 } else if (!strcasecmp(optval
, "light")) {
1074 u
->playout
= playout_light_init(playoutarg
, b
);
1075 } else if (!strcasecmp(optval
, "elo")) {
1076 u
->playout
= playout_elo_init(playoutarg
, b
);
1079 fprintf(stderr
, "UCT: Invalid playout policy %s\n", optval
);
1082 } else if (!strcasecmp(optname
, "prior") && optval
) {
1083 u
->prior
= uct_prior_init(optval
, b
);
1084 } else if (!strcasecmp(optname
, "amaf_prior") && optval
) {
1085 u
->amaf_prior
= atoi(optval
);
1086 } else if (!strcasecmp(optname
, "threads") && optval
) {
1087 /* By default, Pachi will run with only single
1088 * tree search thread! */
1089 u
->threads
= atoi(optval
);
1090 } else if (!strcasecmp(optname
, "thread_model") && optval
) {
1091 if (!strcasecmp(optval
, "root")) {
1092 /* Root parallelization - each thread
1093 * does independent search, trees are
1094 * merged at the end. */
1095 u
->thread_model
= TM_ROOT
;
1096 u
->parallel_tree
= false;
1097 u
->virtual_loss
= false;
1098 } else if (!strcasecmp(optval
, "tree")) {
1099 /* Tree parallelization - all threads
1100 * grind on the same tree. */
1101 u
->thread_model
= TM_TREE
;
1102 u
->parallel_tree
= true;
1103 u
->virtual_loss
= false;
1104 } else if (!strcasecmp(optval
, "treevl")) {
1105 /* Tree parallelization, but also
1106 * with virtual losses - this discou-
1107 * rages most threads choosing the
1108 * same tree branches to read. */
1109 u
->thread_model
= TM_TREEVL
;
1110 u
->parallel_tree
= true;
1111 u
->virtual_loss
= true;
1113 fprintf(stderr
, "UCT: Invalid thread model %s\n", optval
);
1116 } else if (!strcasecmp(optname
, "pondering")) {
1117 /* Keep searching even during opponent's turn. */
1118 u
->pondering_opt
= !optval
|| atoi(optval
);
1119 } else if (!strcasecmp(optname
, "fuseki_end") && optval
) {
1120 /* At the very beginning it's not worth thinking
1121 * too long because the playout evaluations are
1122 * very noisy. So gradually increase the thinking
1123 * time up to maximum when fuseki_end percent
1124 * of the board has been played.
1125 * This only applies if we are not in byoyomi. */
1126 u
->fuseki_end
= atoi(optval
);
1127 } else if (!strcasecmp(optname
, "yose_start") && optval
) {
1128 /* When yose_start percent of the board has been
1129 * played, or if we are in byoyomi, stop spending
1130 * more time and spread the remaining time
1132 * Between fuseki_end and yose_start, we spend
1133 * a constant proportion of the remaining time
1134 * on each move. (yose_start should actually
1135 * be much earlier than when real yose start,
1136 * but "yose" is a good short name to convey
1138 u
->yose_start
= atoi(optval
);
1139 } else if (!strcasecmp(optname
, "force_seed") && optval
) {
1140 u
->force_seed
= atoi(optval
);
1141 } else if (!strcasecmp(optname
, "no_book")) {
1143 } else if (!strcasecmp(optname
, "dynkomi") && optval
) {
1144 /* Dynamic komi approach; there are multiple
1145 * ways to adjust komi dynamically throughout
1146 * play. We currently support two: */
1147 char *dynkomiarg
= strchr(optval
, ':');
1150 if (!strcasecmp(optval
, "none")) {
1151 u
->dynkomi
= uct_dynkomi_init_none(u
, dynkomiarg
, b
);
1152 } else if (!strcasecmp(optval
, "linear")) {
1153 u
->dynkomi
= uct_dynkomi_init_linear(u
, dynkomiarg
, b
);
1154 } else if (!strcasecmp(optval
, "adaptive")) {
1155 u
->dynkomi
= uct_dynkomi_init_adaptive(u
, dynkomiarg
, b
);
1157 fprintf(stderr
, "UCT: Invalid dynkomi mode %s\n", optval
);
1160 } else if (!strcasecmp(optname
, "dynkomi_mask") && optval
) {
1161 /* Bitmask of colors the player must be
1162 * for dynkomi be applied; you may want
1163 * to use dynkomi_mask=3 to allow dynkomi
1164 * even in games where Pachi is white. */
1165 u
->dynkomi_mask
= atoi(optval
);
1166 } else if (!strcasecmp(optname
, "dynkomi_interval") && optval
) {
1167 /* If non-zero, re-adjust dynamic komi
1168 * throughout a single genmove reading,
1169 * roughly every N simulations. */
1170 /* XXX: Does not work with tree
1171 * parallelization. */
1172 u
->dynkomi_interval
= atoi(optval
);
1173 } else if (!strcasecmp(optname
, "val_scale") && optval
) {
1174 /* How much of the game result value should be
1175 * influenced by win size. Zero means it isn't. */
1176 u
->val_scale
= atof(optval
);
1177 } else if (!strcasecmp(optname
, "val_points") && optval
) {
1178 /* Maximum size of win to be scaled into game
1179 * result value. Zero means boardsize^2. */
1180 u
->val_points
= atoi(optval
) * 2; // result values are doubled
1181 } else if (!strcasecmp(optname
, "val_extra")) {
1182 /* If false, the score coefficient will be simply
1183 * added to the value, instead of scaling the result
1184 * coefficient because of it. */
1185 u
->val_extra
= !optval
|| atoi(optval
);
1186 } else if (!strcasecmp(optname
, "local_tree") && optval
) {
1187 /* Whether to bias exploration by local tree values
1188 * (must be supported by the used policy).
1190 * 1: Do, value = result.
1191 * Try to temper the result:
1192 * 2: Do, value = 0.5+(result-expected)/2.
1193 * 3: Do, value = 0.5+bzz((result-expected)^2).
1194 * 4: Do, value = 0.5+sqrt(result-expected)/2. */
1195 u
->local_tree
= atoi(optval
);
1196 } else if (!strcasecmp(optname
, "tenuki_d") && optval
) {
1197 /* Tenuki distance at which to break the local tree. */
1198 u
->tenuki_d
= atoi(optval
);
1199 if (u
->tenuki_d
> TREE_NODE_D_MAX
+ 1) {
1200 fprintf(stderr
, "uct: tenuki_d must not be larger than TREE_NODE_D_MAX+1 %d\n", TREE_NODE_D_MAX
+ 1);
1203 } else if (!strcasecmp(optname
, "local_tree_aging") && optval
) {
1204 /* How much to reduce local tree values between moves. */
1205 u
->local_tree_aging
= atof(optval
);
1206 } else if (!strcasecmp(optname
, "local_tree_allseq")) {
1207 /* By default, only complete sequences are stored
1208 * in the local tree. If this is on, also
1209 * subsequences starting at each move are stored. */
1210 u
->local_tree_allseq
= !optval
|| atoi(optval
);
1211 } else if (!strcasecmp(optname
, "local_tree_playout")) {
1212 /* Whether to adjust ELO playout probability
1213 * distributions according to matched localtree
1215 u
->local_tree_playout
= !optval
|| atoi(optval
);
1216 } else if (!strcasecmp(optname
, "local_tree_pseqroot")) {
1217 /* By default, when we have no sequence move
1218 * to suggest in-playout, we give up. If this
1219 * is on, we make probability distribution from
1220 * sequences first moves instead. */
1221 u
->local_tree_pseqroot
= !optval
|| atoi(optval
);
1222 } else if (!strcasecmp(optname
, "pass_all_alive")) {
1223 /* Whether to consider all stones alive at the game
1224 * end instead of marking dead groupd. */
1225 u
->pass_all_alive
= !optval
|| atoi(optval
);
1226 } else if (!strcasecmp(optname
, "territory_scoring")) {
1227 /* Use territory scoring (default is area scoring).
1228 * An explicit kgs-rules command overrides this. */
1229 u
->territory_scoring
= !optval
|| atoi(optval
);
1230 } else if (!strcasecmp(optname
, "random_policy_chance") && optval
) {
1231 /* If specified (N), with probability 1/N, random_policy policy
1232 * descend is used instead of main policy descend; useful
1233 * if specified policy (e.g. UCB1AMAF) can make unduly biased
1234 * choices sometimes, you can fall back to e.g.
1235 * random_policy=UCB1. */
1236 u
->random_policy_chance
= atoi(optval
);
1237 } else if (!strcasecmp(optname
, "max_tree_size") && optval
) {
1238 /* Maximum amount of memory [MiB] consumed by the move tree.
1239 * For fast_alloc it includes the temp tree used for pruning.
1240 * Default is 3072 (3 GiB). Note that if you use TM_ROOT,
1241 * this limits size of only one of the trees, not all of them
1243 u
->max_tree_size
= atol(optval
) * 1048576;
1244 } else if (!strcasecmp(optname
, "fast_alloc")) {
1245 u
->fast_alloc
= !optval
|| atoi(optval
);
1246 } else if (!strcasecmp(optname
, "slave")) {
1247 /* Act as slave for the distributed engine. */
1248 u
->slave
= !optval
|| atoi(optval
);
1249 } else if (!strcasecmp(optname
, "banner") && optval
) {
1250 /* Additional banner string. This must come as the
1251 * last engine parameter. */
1252 if (*next
) *--next
= ',';
1253 u
->banner
= strdup(optval
);
1256 fprintf(stderr
, "uct: Invalid engine argument %s or missing value\n", optname
);
1262 u
->resign_ratio
= 0.2; /* Resign when most games are lost. */
1263 u
->loss_threshold
= 0.85; /* Stop reading if after at least 2000 playouts this is best value. */
1265 u
->policy
= policy_ucb1amaf_init(u
, NULL
);
1267 if (!!u
->random_policy_chance
^ !!u
->random_policy
) {
1268 fprintf(stderr
, "uct: Only one of random_policy and random_policy_chance is set\n");
1272 if (!u
->local_tree
) {
1273 /* No ltree aging. */
1274 u
->local_tree_aging
= 1.0f
;
1277 u
->local_tree_playout
= false;
1279 if (u
->fast_alloc
&& !u
->parallel_tree
) {
1280 fprintf(stderr
, "fast_alloc not supported with root parallelization.\n");
1284 u
->max_tree_size
= (100ULL * u
->max_tree_size
) / (100 + MIN_FREE_MEM_PERCENT
);
1287 u
->prior
= uct_prior_init(NULL
, b
);
1290 u
->playout
= playout_moggy_init(NULL
, b
);
1291 u
->playout
->debug_level
= u
->debug_level
;
1293 u
->ownermap
.map
= malloc2(board_size2(b
) * sizeof(u
->ownermap
.map
[0]));
1294 u
->stats
= malloc2(board_size2(b
) * sizeof(u
->stats
[0]));
1297 u
->dynkomi
= uct_dynkomi_init_linear(u
, NULL
, b
);
1299 /* Some things remain uninitialized for now - the opening book
1300 * is not loaded and the tree not set up. */
1301 /* This will be initialized in setup_state() at the first move
1302 * received/requested. This is because right now we are not aware
1303 * about any komi or handicap setup and such. */
1309 engine_uct_init(char *arg
, struct board
*b
)
1311 struct uct
*u
= uct_state_init(arg
, b
);
1312 struct engine
*e
= calloc2(1, sizeof(struct engine
));
1313 e
->name
= "UCT Engine";
1314 e
->printhook
= uct_printhook_ownermap
;
1315 e
->notify_play
= uct_notify_play
;
1317 e
->genmove
= uct_genmove
;
1318 e
->genmoves
= uct_genmoves
;
1319 e
->dead_group_list
= uct_dead_group_list
;
1323 e
->notify
= uct_notify
;
1325 const char banner
[] = "I'm playing UCT. When I'm losing, I will resign, "
1326 "if I think I win, I play until you pass. "
1327 "Anyone can send me 'winrate' in private chat to get my assessment of the position.";
1328 if (!u
->banner
) u
->banner
= "";
1329 e
->comment
= malloc2(sizeof(banner
) + strlen(u
->banner
) + 1);
1330 sprintf(e
->comment
, "%s %s", banner
, u
->banner
);