Spatial, probability pattern dictionary: Cache previously loaded database

[pachi.git] / uct / tree.c

#include <assert.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

#define DEBUG
#include "board.h"
#include "debug.h"
#include "engine.h"
#include "move.h"
#include "playout.h"
#include "tactics/util.h"
#include "timeinfo.h"
#include "uct/internal.h"
#include "uct/prior.h"
#include "uct/tree.h"
#include "uct/slave.h"


/* Allocate tree node(s). The returned nodes are initialized with zeroes.
 * Returns NULL if not enough memory.
 * This function may be called by multiple threads in parallel. */
static struct tree_node *
tree_alloc_node(struct tree *t, int count, bool fast_alloc)
{
        struct tree_node *n = NULL;
        size_t nsize = count * sizeof(*n);
        unsigned long old_size = __sync_fetch_and_add(&t->nodes_size, nsize);

        if (fast_alloc) {
                if (old_size + nsize > t->max_tree_size)
                        return NULL;
                assert(t->nodes != NULL);
                n = (struct tree_node *)(t->nodes + old_size);
                memset(n, 0, nsize);
        } else {
                n = calloc2(count, sizeof(*n));
        }
        return n;
}

/* Initialize a node at a given place in memory.
 * This function may be called by multiple threads in parallel. */
static void
tree_setup_node(struct tree *t, struct tree_node *n, coord_t coord, int depth)
{
        volatile static unsigned int hash = 0;
        n->coord = coord;
        n->depth = depth;
        /* n->hash is used only for debugging. It is very likely (but not
         * guaranteed) to be unique. */
        hash_t h = n - (struct tree_node *)0;
        n->hash = (h << 32) + (hash++ & 0xffffffff);
        if (depth > t->max_depth)
                t->max_depth = depth;
}

/* Allocate and initialize a node. Returns NULL (fast_alloc mode)
 * or exits the main program if not enough memory.
 * This function may be called by multiple threads in parallel. */
static struct tree_node *
tree_init_node(struct tree *t, coord_t coord, int depth, bool fast_alloc)
{
        struct tree_node *n;
        n = tree_alloc_node(t, 1, fast_alloc);
        if (!n) return NULL;
        tree_setup_node(t, n, coord, depth);
        return n;
}

/* Create a tree structure. Pre-allocate all nodes if max_tree_size is > 0. */
struct tree *
tree_init(struct board *board, enum stone color, unsigned long max_tree_size,
          unsigned long max_pruned_size, unsigned long pruning_threshold, floating_t ltree_aging, int hbits)
{
        struct tree *t = calloc2(1, sizeof(*t));
        t->board = board;
        t->max_tree_size = max_tree_size;
        t->max_pruned_size = max_pruned_size;
        t->pruning_threshold = pruning_threshold;
        if (max_tree_size != 0) {
                t->nodes = malloc2(max_tree_size);
                /* The nodes buffer doesn't need initialization. This is currently
                 * done by tree_init_node to spread the load. Doing a memset for the
                 * entire buffer here would be too slow for large trees (>10 GB). */
        }
        /* The root PASS move is only virtual, we never play it. */
        t->root = tree_init_node(t, pass, 0, t->nodes);
        t->root_symmetry = board->symmetry;
        t->root_color = stone_other(color); // to research black moves, root will be white

        t->ltree_black = tree_init_node(t, pass, 0, false);
        t->ltree_white = tree_init_node(t, pass, 0, false);
        t->ltree_aging = ltree_aging;

        t->hbits = hbits;
        if (hbits) t->htable = uct_htable_alloc(hbits);
        return t;
}


/* This function may be called by multiple threads in parallel on the
 * same tree, but not on node n. n may be detached from the tree but
 * must have been created in this tree originally.
 * It returns the remaining size of the tree after n has been freed. */
static unsigned long
tree_done_node(struct tree *t, struct tree_node *n)
{
        struct tree_node *ni = n->children;
        while (ni) {
                struct tree_node *nj = ni->sibling;
                tree_done_node(t, ni);
                ni = nj;
        }
        free(n);
        unsigned long old_size = __sync_fetch_and_sub(&t->nodes_size, sizeof(*n));
        return old_size - sizeof(*n);
}

struct subtree_ctx {
        struct tree *t;
        struct tree_node *n;
};

/* Worker thread for tree_done_node_detached(). Only for fast_alloc=false. */
static void *
tree_done_node_worker(void *ctx_)
{
        struct subtree_ctx *ctx = ctx_;
        char *str = coord2str(node_coord(ctx->n), ctx->t->board);

        unsigned long tree_size = tree_done_node(ctx->t, ctx->n);
        if (!tree_size)
                free(ctx->t);
        if (DEBUGL(2))
                fprintf(stderr, "done freeing node at %s, tree size %lu\n", str, tree_size);
        free(str);
        free(ctx);
        return NULL;
}

/* Asynchronously free the subtree of nodes rooted at n. If the tree becomes
 * empty free the tree also.  Only for fast_alloc=false. */
static void
tree_done_node_detached(struct tree *t, struct tree_node *n)
{
        if (n->u.playouts < 1000) { // no thread for small tree
                if (!tree_done_node(t, n))
                        free(t);
                return;
        }
        pthread_attr_t attr;
        pthread_attr_init(&attr);
        pthread_attr_setdetachstate(&attr, PTHREAD_CREATE_DETACHED);

        pthread_t thread;
        struct subtree_ctx *ctx = malloc2(sizeof(struct subtree_ctx));
        ctx->t = t;
        ctx->n = n;
        pthread_create(&thread, &attr, tree_done_node_worker, ctx);
        pthread_attr_destroy(&attr);
}

void
tree_done(struct tree *t)
{
        tree_done_node(t, t->ltree_black);
        tree_done_node(t, t->ltree_white);

        if (t->htable) free(t->htable);
        if (t->nodes) {
                free(t->nodes);
                free(t);
        } else if (!tree_done_node(t, t->root)) {
                free(t);
                /* A tree_done_node_worker might still be running on this tree but
                 * it will free the tree later. It is also freeing nodes faster than
                 * we will create new ones. */
        }
}


static void
tree_node_dump(struct tree *tree, struct tree_node *node, int treeparity, int l, int thres)
{
        for (int i = 0; i < l; i++) fputc(' ', stderr);
        int children = 0;
        for (struct tree_node *ni = node->children; ni; ni = ni->sibling)
                children++;
        /* We use 1 as parity, since for all nodes we want to know the
         * win probability of _us_, not the node color. */
        fprintf(stderr, "[%s] %.3f/%d [prior %.3f/%d amaf %.3f/%d crit %.3f] h=%x c#=%d <%"PRIhash">\n",
                coord2sstr(node_coord(node), tree->board),
                tree_node_get_value(tree, treeparity, node->u.value), node->u.playouts,
                tree_node_get_value(tree, treeparity, node->prior.value), node->prior.playouts,
                tree_node_get_value(tree, treeparity, node->amaf.value), node->amaf.playouts,
                tree_node_criticality(tree, node),
                node->hints, children, node->hash);

        /* Print nodes sorted by #playouts. */

        struct tree_node *nbox[1000]; int nboxl = 0;
        for (struct tree_node *ni = node->children; ni; ni = ni->sibling)
                if (ni->u.playouts > thres)
                        nbox[nboxl++] = ni;

        while (true) {
                int best = -1;
                for (int i = 0; i < nboxl; i++)
                        if (nbox[i] && (best < 0 || nbox[i]->u.playouts > nbox[best]->u.playouts))
                                best = i;
                if (best < 0)
                        break;
                tree_node_dump(tree, nbox[best], treeparity, l + 1, /* node->u.value < 0.1 ? 0 : */ thres);
                nbox[best] = NULL;
        }
}

void
tree_dump(struct tree *tree, int thres)
{
        if (thres && tree->root->u.playouts / thres > 100) {
                /* Be a bit sensible about this; the opening tbook can create
                 * huge dumps at first. */
                thres = tree->root->u.playouts / 100 * (thres < 1000 ? 1 : thres / 1000);
        }
        fprintf(stderr, "(UCT tree; root %s; extra komi %f; max depth %d)\n",
                stone2str(tree->root_color), tree->extra_komi,
                tree->max_depth - tree->root->depth);
        tree_node_dump(tree, tree->root, 1, 0, thres);

        if (DEBUGL(3) && tree->ltree_black) {
                fprintf(stderr, "B local tree:\n");
                tree_node_dump(tree, tree->ltree_black, tree->root_color == S_WHITE ? 1 : -1, 0, thres);
                fprintf(stderr, "W local tree:\n");
                tree_node_dump(tree, tree->ltree_white, tree->root_color == S_BLACK ? 1 : -1, 0, thres);
        }
}


static char *
tree_book_name(struct board *b)
{
        static char buf[256];
        if (b->handicap > 0) {
                sprintf(buf, "ucttbook-%d-%02.01f-h%d.pachitree", b->size - 2, b->komi, b->handicap);
        } else {
                sprintf(buf, "ucttbook-%d-%02.01f.pachitree", b->size - 2, b->komi);
        }
        return buf;
}

static void
tree_node_save(FILE *f, struct tree_node *node, int thres)
{
        bool save_children = node->u.playouts >= thres;

        if (!save_children)
                node->is_expanded = 0;

        fputc(1, f);
        fwrite(((void *) node) + offsetof(struct tree_node, depth),
               sizeof(struct tree_node) - offsetof(struct tree_node, depth),
               1, f);

        if (save_children) {
                for (struct tree_node *ni = node->children; ni; ni = ni->sibling)
                        tree_node_save(f, ni, thres);
        } else {
                if (node->children)
                        node->is_expanded = 1;
        }

        fputc(0, f);
}

void
tree_save(struct tree *tree, struct board *b, int thres)
{
        char *filename = tree_book_name(b);
        FILE *f = fopen(filename, "wb");
        if (!f) {
                perror("fopen");
                return;
        }
        tree_node_save(f, tree->root, thres);
        fputc(0, f);
        fclose(f);
}


void
tree_node_load(FILE *f, struct tree_node *node, int *num)
{
        (*num)++;

        fread(((void *) node) + offsetof(struct tree_node, depth),
               sizeof(struct tree_node) - offsetof(struct tree_node, depth),
               1, f);

        /* Keep values in sane scale, otherwise we start overflowing. */
#define MAX_PLAYOUTS    10000000
        if (node->u.playouts > MAX_PLAYOUTS) {
                node->u.playouts = MAX_PLAYOUTS;
        }
        if (node->amaf.playouts > MAX_PLAYOUTS) {
                node->amaf.playouts = MAX_PLAYOUTS;
        }
        memcpy(&node->pu, &node->u, sizeof(node->u));

        struct tree_node *ni = NULL, *ni_prev = NULL;
        while (fgetc(f)) {
                ni_prev = ni; ni = calloc2(1, sizeof(*ni));
                if (!node->children)
                        node->children = ni;
                else
                        ni_prev->sibling = ni;
                ni->parent = node;
                tree_node_load(f, ni, num);
        }
}

void
tree_load(struct tree *tree, struct board *b)
{
        char *filename = tree_book_name(b);
        FILE *f = fopen(filename, "rb");
        if (!f)
                return;

        fprintf(stderr, "Loading opening tbook %s...\n", filename);

        int num = 0;
        if (fgetc(f))
                tree_node_load(f, tree->root, &num);
        fprintf(stderr, "Loaded %d nodes.\n", num);

        fclose(f);
}


/* Copy the subtree rooted at node: all nodes at or below depth
 * or with at least threshold playouts. Only for fast_alloc.
 * The code is destructive on src. The relative order of children of
 * a given node is preserved (assumed by tree_get_node in particular).
 * Returns the copy of node in the destination tree, or NULL
 * if we could not copy it. */
static struct tree_node *
tree_prune(struct tree *dest, struct tree *src, struct tree_node *node,
           int threshold, int depth)
{
        assert(dest->nodes && node);
        struct tree_node *n2 = tree_alloc_node(dest, 1, true);
        if (!n2)
                return NULL;
        *n2 = *node;
        if (n2->depth > dest->max_depth)
                dest->max_depth = n2->depth;
        n2->children = NULL;
        n2->is_expanded = false;

        if (node->depth >= depth && node->u.playouts < threshold)
                return n2;
        /* For deep nodes with many playouts, we must copy all children,
         * even those with zero playouts, because partially expanded
         * nodes are not supported. Considering them as fully expanded
         * would degrade the playing strength. The only exception is
         * when dest becomes full, but this should never happen in practice
         * if threshold is chosen to limit the number of nodes traversed. */
        struct tree_node *ni = node->children;
        if (!ni)
                return n2;
        struct tree_node **prev2 = &(n2->children);
        while (ni) {
                struct tree_node *ni2 = tree_prune(dest, src, ni, threshold, depth);
                if (!ni2) break;
                *prev2 = ni2;
                prev2 = &(ni2->sibling);
                ni2->parent = n2;
                ni = ni->sibling;
        }
        if (!ni) {
                n2->is_expanded = true;
        } else {
                n2->children = NULL; // avoid partially expanded nodes
        }
        return n2;
}

/* The following constants are used for garbage collection of nodes.
 * A tree is considered large if the top node has >= 40K playouts.
 * For such trees, we copy deep nodes only if they have enough
 * playouts, with a gradually increasing threshold up to 40.
 * These constants define how much time we're willing to spend
 * scanning the source tree when promoting a move. The chosen values
 * make worst case pruning in about 3s for 20 GB ram, and this
 * is only for long thinking time (>1M playouts). For fast games the
 * trees don't grow large. For small ram or fast game we copy the
 * entire tree.  These values do not degrade playing strength and are
 * necessary to avoid losing on time; increasing DEEP_PLAYOUTS_THRESHOLD
 * or decreasing LARGE_TREE_PLAYOUTS will make the program faster but
 * playing worse. */
#define LARGE_TREE_PLAYOUTS 40000LL
#define DEEP_PLAYOUTS_THRESHOLD 40

/* Garbage collect the tree early if the top node has < 5K playouts,
 * to avoid having to do it later on a large subtree.
 * This guarantees garbage collection in < 1s. */
#define SMALL_TREE_PLAYOUTS 5000

/* Free all the tree, keeping only the subtree rooted at node.
 * Prune the subtree if necessary to fit in memory or
 * to save time scanning the tree.
 * Returns the moved node. Only for fast_alloc. */
struct tree_node *
tree_garbage_collect(struct tree *tree, struct tree_node *node)
{
        assert(tree->nodes && !node->parent && !node->sibling);
        double start_time = time_now();
        unsigned long orig_size = tree->nodes_size;

        struct tree *temp_tree = tree_init(tree->board,  tree->root_color,
                                           tree->max_pruned_size, 0, 0, tree->ltree_aging, 0);
        temp_tree->nodes_size = 0; // We do not want the dummy pass node
        struct tree_node *temp_node;

        /* Find the maximum depth at which we can copy all nodes. */
        int max_nodes = 1;
        for (struct tree_node *ni = node->children; ni; ni = ni->sibling)
                max_nodes++;
        unsigned long nodes_size = max_nodes * sizeof(*node);
        int max_depth = node->depth;
        while (nodes_size < tree->max_pruned_size && max_nodes > 1) {
                max_nodes--;
                nodes_size += max_nodes * nodes_size;
                max_depth++;
        }

        /* Copy all nodes for small trees. For large trees, copy all nodes
         * with depth <= max_depth, and all nodes with enough playouts.
         * Avoiding going too deep (except for nodes with many playouts) is mostly
         * to save time scanning the source tree. It can take over 20s to traverse
         * completely a large source tree (20 GB) even without copying because
         * the traversal is not friendly at all with the memory cache. */
        int threshold = (node->u.playouts - LARGE_TREE_PLAYOUTS) * DEEP_PLAYOUTS_THRESHOLD / LARGE_TREE_PLAYOUTS;
        if (threshold < 0) threshold = 0;
        if (threshold > DEEP_PLAYOUTS_THRESHOLD) threshold = DEEP_PLAYOUTS_THRESHOLD; 
        temp_node = tree_prune(temp_tree, tree, node, threshold, max_depth);
        assert(temp_node);

        /* Now copy back to original tree. */
        tree->nodes_size = 0;
        tree->max_depth = 0;
        struct tree_node *new_node = tree_prune(tree, temp_tree, temp_node, 0, temp_tree->max_depth);

        if (DEBUGL(1)) {
                double now = time_now();
                static double prev_time;
                if (!prev_time) prev_time = start_time;
                fprintf(stderr,
                        "tree pruned in %0.6g s, prev %0.3g s ago, dest depth %d wanted %d,"
                        " size %lu->%lu/%lu, playouts %d\n",
                        now - start_time, start_time - prev_time, temp_tree->max_depth, max_depth,
                        orig_size, temp_tree->nodes_size, tree->max_pruned_size, new_node->u.playouts);
                prev_time = start_time;
        }
        if (temp_tree->nodes_size >= temp_tree->max_tree_size) {
                fprintf(stderr, "temp tree overflow, max_tree_size %lu, pruning_threshold %lu\n",
                        tree->max_tree_size, tree->pruning_threshold);
                /* This is not a serious problem, we will simply recompute the discarded nodes
                 * at the next move if necessary. This is better than frequently wasting memory. */
        } else {
                assert(tree->nodes_size == temp_tree->nodes_size);
                assert(tree->max_depth == temp_tree->max_depth);
        }
        tree_done(temp_tree);
        return new_node;
}


/* Get a node of given coordinate from within parent, possibly creating it
 * if necessary - in a very raw form (no .d, priors, ...). */
/* FIXME: Adjust for board symmetry. */
struct tree_node *
tree_get_node(struct tree *t, struct tree_node *parent, coord_t c, bool create)
{
        if (!parent->children || node_coord(parent->children) >= c) {
                /* Special case: Insertion at the beginning. */
                if (parent->children && node_coord(parent->children) == c)
                        return parent->children;
                if (!create)
                        return NULL;

                struct tree_node *nn = tree_init_node(t, c, parent->depth + 1, false);
                nn->parent = parent; nn->sibling = parent->children;
                parent->children = nn;
                return nn;
        }

        /* No candidate at the beginning, look through all the children. */

        struct tree_node *ni;
        for (ni = parent->children; ni->sibling; ni = ni->sibling)
                if (node_coord(ni->sibling) >= c)
                        break;

        if (ni->sibling && node_coord(ni->sibling) == c)
                return ni->sibling;
        assert(node_coord(ni) < c);
        if (!create)
                return NULL;

        struct tree_node *nn = tree_init_node(t, c, parent->depth + 1, false);
        nn->parent = parent; nn->sibling = ni->sibling; ni->sibling = nn;
        return nn;
}

/* Get local tree node corresponding to given node, given local node child
 * iterator @lni (which points either at the corresponding node, or at the
 * nearest local tree node after @ni). */
struct tree_node *
tree_lnode_for_node(struct tree *tree, struct tree_node *ni, struct tree_node *lni, int tenuki_d)
{
        /* Now set up lnode, which is the actual local node
         * corresponding to ni - either lni if it is an
         * exact match and ni is not tenuki, <pass> local
         * node if ni is tenuki, or NULL if there is no
         * corresponding node available. */

        if (is_pass(node_coord(ni))) {
                /* Also, for sanity reasons we never use local
                 * tree for passes. (Maybe we could, but it's
                 * too hard to think about.) */
                return NULL;
        }

        if (node_coord(lni) == node_coord(ni)) {
                /* We don't consider tenuki a sequence play
                 * that we have in local tree even though
                 * ni->d is too high; this can happen if this
                 * occured in different board topology. */
                return lni;
        }

        if (ni->d >= tenuki_d) {
                /* Tenuki, pick a pass lsibling if available. */
                assert(lni->parent && lni->parent->children);
                if (is_pass(node_coord(lni->parent->children))) {
                        return lni->parent->children;
                } else {
                        return NULL;
                }
        }

        /* No corresponding local node, lnode stays NULL. */
        return NULL;
}


/* Tree symmetry: When possible, we will localize the tree to a single part
 * of the board in tree_expand_node() and possibly flip along symmetry axes
 * to another part of the board in tree_promote_at(). We follow b->symmetry
 * guidelines here. */


/* This function must be thread safe, given that board b is only modified by the calling thread. */
void
tree_expand_node(struct tree *t, struct tree_node *node, struct board *b, enum stone color, struct uct *u, int parity)
{
        /* Get a Common Fate Graph distance map from parent node. */
        int distances[board_size2(b)];
        if (!is_pass(b->last_move.coord) && !is_resign(b->last_move.coord)) {
                cfg_distances(b, node_coord(node), distances, TREE_NODE_D_MAX);
        } else {
                // Pass or resign - everything is too far.
                foreach_point(b) { distances[c] = TREE_NODE_D_MAX + 1; } foreach_point_end;
        }

        /* Get a map of prior values to initialize the new nodes with. */
        struct prior_map map = {
                .b = b,
                .to_play = color,
                .parity = tree_parity(t, parity),
                .distances = distances,
        };
        // Include pass in the prior map.
        struct move_stats map_prior[board_size2(b) + 1]; map.prior = &map_prior[1];
        bool map_consider[board_size2(b) + 1]; map.consider = &map_consider[1];
        memset(map_prior, 0, sizeof(map_prior));
        memset(map_consider, 0, sizeof(map_consider));
        map.consider[pass] = true;
        int child_count = 1; // for pass
        foreach_free_point(b) {
                assert(board_at(b, c) == S_NONE);
                if (!board_is_valid_play(b, color, c))
                        continue;
                map.consider[c] = true;
                child_count++;
        } foreach_free_point_end;
        uct_prior(u, node, &map);

        /* Now, create the nodes (all at once if fast_alloc) */
        struct tree_node *ni = t->nodes ? tree_alloc_node(t, child_count, true) : tree_alloc_node(t, 1, false);
        /* In fast_alloc mode we might temporarily run out of nodes but this should be rare. */
        if (!ni) {
                node->is_expanded = false;
                return;
        }
        tree_setup_node(t, ni, pass, node->depth + 1);

        struct tree_node *first_child = ni;
        ni->parent = node;
        ni->prior = map.prior[pass]; ni->d = TREE_NODE_D_MAX + 1;

        /* The loop considers only the symmetry playground. */
        if (UDEBUGL(6)) {
                fprintf(stderr, "expanding %s within [%d,%d],[%d,%d] %d-%d\n",
                                coord2sstr(node_coord(node), b),
                                b->symmetry.x1, b->symmetry.y1,
                                b->symmetry.x2, b->symmetry.y2,
                                b->symmetry.type, b->symmetry.d);
        }
        int child = 1;
        for (int j = b->symmetry.y1; j <= b->symmetry.y2; j++) {
                for (int i = b->symmetry.x1; i <= b->symmetry.x2; i++) {
                        if (b->symmetry.d) {
                                int x = b->symmetry.type == SYM_DIAG_DOWN ? board_size(b) - 1 - i : i;
                                if (x > j) {
                                        if (UDEBUGL(7))
                                                fprintf(stderr, "drop %d,%d\n", i, j);
                                        continue;
                                }
                        }

                        coord_t c = coord_xy(t->board, i, j);
                        if (!map.consider[c]) // Filter out invalid moves
                                continue;
                        assert(c != node_coord(node)); // I have spotted "C3 C3" in some sequence...

                        struct tree_node *nj = t->nodes ? first_child + child++ : tree_alloc_node(t, 1, false);
                        tree_setup_node(t, nj, c, node->depth + 1);
                        nj->parent = node; ni->sibling = nj; ni = nj;

                        ni->prior = map.prior[c];
                        ni->d = distances[c];
                }
        }
        node->children = first_child; // must be done at the end to avoid race
}


static coord_t
flip_coord(struct board *b, coord_t c,
           bool flip_horiz, bool flip_vert, int flip_diag)
{
        int x = coord_x(c, b), y = coord_y(c, b);
        if (flip_diag) {
                int z = x; x = y; y = z;
        }
        if (flip_horiz) {
                x = board_size(b) - 1 - x;
        }
        if (flip_vert) {
                y = board_size(b) - 1 - y;
        }
        return coord_xy(b, x, y);
}

static void
tree_fix_node_symmetry(struct board *b, struct tree_node *node,
                       bool flip_horiz, bool flip_vert, int flip_diag)
{
        if (!is_pass(node_coord(node)))
                node->coord = flip_coord(b, node_coord(node), flip_horiz, flip_vert, flip_diag);

        for (struct tree_node *ni = node->children; ni; ni = ni->sibling)
                tree_fix_node_symmetry(b, ni, flip_horiz, flip_vert, flip_diag);
}

static void
tree_fix_symmetry(struct tree *tree, struct board *b, coord_t c)
{
        if (is_pass(c))
                return;

        struct board_symmetry *s = &tree->root_symmetry;
        int cx = coord_x(c, b), cy = coord_y(c, b);

        /* playground   X->h->v->d normalization
         * :::..        .d...
         * .::..        v....
         * ..:..        .....
         * .....        h...X
         * .....        .....  */
        bool flip_horiz = cx < s->x1 || cx > s->x2;
        bool flip_vert = cy < s->y1 || cy > s->y2;

        bool flip_diag = 0;
        if (s->d) {
                bool dir = (s->type == SYM_DIAG_DOWN);
                int x = dir ^ flip_horiz ^ flip_vert ? board_size(b) - 1 - cx : cx;
                if (flip_vert ? x < cy : x > cy) {
                        flip_diag = 1;
                }
        }

        if (DEBUGL(4)) {
                fprintf(stderr, "%s [%d,%d -> %d,%d;%d,%d] will flip %d %d %d -> %s, sym %d (%d) -> %d (%d)\n",
                        coord2sstr(c, b),
                        cx, cy, s->x1, s->y1, s->x2, s->y2,
                        flip_horiz, flip_vert, flip_diag,
                        coord2sstr(flip_coord(b, c, flip_horiz, flip_vert, flip_diag), b),
                        s->type, s->d, b->symmetry.type, b->symmetry.d);
        }
        if (flip_horiz || flip_vert || flip_diag)
                tree_fix_node_symmetry(b, tree->root, flip_horiz, flip_vert, flip_diag);
}


static void
tree_unlink_node(struct tree_node *node)
{
        struct tree_node *ni = node->parent;
        if (ni->children == node) {
                ni->children = node->sibling;
        } else {
                ni = ni->children;
                while (ni->sibling != node)
                        ni = ni->sibling;
                ni->sibling = node->sibling;
        }
        node->sibling = NULL;
        node->parent = NULL;
}

/* Reduce weight of statistics on promotion. Remove nodes that
 * get reduced to zero playouts; returns next node to consider
 * in the children list (@node may get deleted). */
static struct tree_node *
tree_age_node(struct tree *tree, struct tree_node *node)
{
        node->u.playouts /= tree->ltree_aging;
        if (node->parent && !node->u.playouts) {
                struct tree_node *sibling = node->sibling;
                /* Delete node, no playouts. */
                tree_unlink_node(node);
                tree_done_node(tree, node);
                return sibling;
        }

        struct tree_node *ni = node->children;
        while (ni) ni = tree_age_node(tree, ni);
        return node->sibling;
}

/* Promotes the given node as the root of the tree. In the fast_alloc
 * mode, the node may be moved and some of its subtree may be pruned. */
void
tree_promote_node(struct tree *tree, struct tree_node **node)
{
        assert((*node)->parent == tree->root);
        tree_unlink_node(*node);
        if (!tree->nodes) {
                /* Freeing the rest of the tree can take several seconds on large
                 * trees, so we must do it asynchronously: */
                tree_done_node_detached(tree, tree->root);
        } else {
                /* Garbage collect if we run out of memory, or it is cheap to do so now: */
                if (tree->nodes_size >= tree->pruning_threshold
                    || (tree->nodes_size >= tree->max_tree_size / 10 && (*node)->u.playouts < SMALL_TREE_PLAYOUTS))
                        *node = tree_garbage_collect(tree, *node);
        }
        tree->root = *node;
        tree->root_color = stone_other(tree->root_color);

        board_symmetry_update(tree->board, &tree->root_symmetry, node_coord(*node));
        /* See tree.score description for explanation on why don't we zero
         * score on node promotion. */
        // tree->score.playouts = 0;

        /* If the tree deepest node was under node, or if we called tree_garbage_collect,
         * tree->max_depth is correct. Otherwise we could traverse the tree
         * to recompute max_depth but it's not worth it: it's just for debugging
         * and soon the tree will grow and max_depth will become correct again. */

        if (tree->ltree_aging != 1.0f) { // XXX: != should work here even with the floating_t
                tree_age_node(tree, tree->ltree_black);
                tree_age_node(tree, tree->ltree_white);
        }
}

bool
tree_promote_at(struct tree *tree, struct board *b, coord_t c)
{
        tree_fix_symmetry(tree, b, c);

        for (struct tree_node *ni = tree->root->children; ni; ni = ni->sibling) {
                if (node_coord(ni) == c) {
                        tree_promote_node(tree, &ni);
                        return true;
                }
        }
        return false;
}