- Fixes '=' whitespace
[openocd.git] / src / target / etb.c
blob979d7a70db87bc824e159628d0d5ae74531faa40
1 /***************************************************************************
2 * Copyright (C) 2007 by Dominic Rath *
3 * Dominic.Rath@gmx.de *
4 * *
5 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify *
6 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by *
7 * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or *
8 * (at your option) any later version. *
9 * *
10 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, *
11 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of *
12 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the *
13 * GNU General Public License for more details. *
14 * *
15 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License *
16 * along with this program; if not, write to the *
17 * Free Software Foundation, Inc., *
18 * 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. *
19 ***************************************************************************/
20 #ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
21 #include "config.h"
22 #endif
24 #include "arm7_9_common.h"
25 #include "etb.h"
28 static char* etb_reg_list[] =
30 "ETB_identification",
31 "ETB_ram_depth",
32 "ETB_ram_width",
33 "ETB_status",
34 "ETB_ram_data",
35 "ETB_ram_read_pointer",
36 "ETB_ram_write_pointer",
37 "ETB_trigger_counter",
38 "ETB_control",
41 static int etb_reg_arch_type = -1;
43 static int etb_get_reg(reg_t *reg);
45 static int handle_etb_config_command(struct command_context_s *cmd_ctx, char *cmd, char **args, int argc);
47 static int etb_set_instr(etb_t *etb, uint32_t new_instr)
49 jtag_tap_t *tap;
51 tap = etb->tap;
52 if (tap == NULL)
53 return ERROR_FAIL;
55 if (buf_get_u32(tap->cur_instr, 0, tap->ir_length) != new_instr)
57 scan_field_t field;
59 field.tap = tap;
60 field.num_bits = tap->ir_length;
61 field.out_value = calloc(CEIL(field.num_bits, 8), 1);
62 buf_set_u32(field.out_value, 0, field.num_bits, new_instr);
64 field.in_value = NULL;
66 jtag_add_ir_scan(1, &field, jtag_get_end_state());
68 free(field.out_value);
71 return ERROR_OK;
74 static int etb_scann(etb_t *etb, uint32_t new_scan_chain)
76 if (etb->cur_scan_chain != new_scan_chain)
78 scan_field_t field;
80 field.tap = etb->tap;
81 field.num_bits = 5;
82 field.out_value = calloc(CEIL(field.num_bits, 8), 1);
83 buf_set_u32(field.out_value, 0, field.num_bits, new_scan_chain);
85 field.in_value = NULL;
87 /* select INTEST instruction */
88 etb_set_instr(etb, 0x2);
89 jtag_add_dr_scan(1, &field, jtag_get_end_state());
91 etb->cur_scan_chain = new_scan_chain;
93 free(field.out_value);
96 return ERROR_OK;
99 reg_cache_t* etb_build_reg_cache(etb_t *etb)
101 reg_cache_t *reg_cache = malloc(sizeof(reg_cache_t));
102 reg_t *reg_list = NULL;
103 etb_reg_t *arch_info = NULL;
104 int num_regs = 9;
105 int i;
107 /* register a register arch-type for etm registers only once */
108 if (etb_reg_arch_type == -1)
109 etb_reg_arch_type = register_reg_arch_type(etb_get_reg, etb_set_reg_w_exec);
111 /* the actual registers are kept in two arrays */
112 reg_list = calloc(num_regs, sizeof(reg_t));
113 arch_info = calloc(num_regs, sizeof(etb_reg_t));
115 /* fill in values for the reg cache */
116 reg_cache->name = "etb registers";
117 reg_cache->next = NULL;
118 reg_cache->reg_list = reg_list;
119 reg_cache->num_regs = num_regs;
121 /* set up registers */
122 for (i = 0; i < num_regs; i++)
124 reg_list[i].name = etb_reg_list[i];
125 reg_list[i].size = 32;
126 reg_list[i].dirty = 0;
127 reg_list[i].valid = 0;
128 reg_list[i].bitfield_desc = NULL;
129 reg_list[i].num_bitfields = 0;
130 reg_list[i].value = calloc(1, 4);
131 reg_list[i].arch_info = &arch_info[i];
132 reg_list[i].arch_type = etb_reg_arch_type;
133 reg_list[i].size = 32;
134 arch_info[i].addr = i;
135 arch_info[i].etb = etb;
138 return reg_cache;
141 static int etb_get_reg(reg_t *reg)
143 int retval;
145 if ((retval = etb_read_reg(reg)) != ERROR_OK)
147 LOG_ERROR("BUG: error scheduling etm register read");
148 return retval;
151 if ((retval = jtag_execute_queue()) != ERROR_OK)
153 LOG_ERROR("register read failed");
154 return retval;
157 return ERROR_OK;
161 static void etb_getbuf(jtag_callback_data_t arg)
163 uint8_t *in = (uint8_t *)arg;
164 *((uint32_t *)in) = buf_get_u32(in, 0, 32);
168 static int etb_read_ram(etb_t *etb, uint32_t *data, int num_frames)
170 scan_field_t fields[3];
171 int i;
173 jtag_set_end_state(TAP_IDLE);
174 etb_scann(etb, 0x0);
175 etb_set_instr(etb, 0xc);
177 fields[0].tap = etb->tap;
178 fields[0].num_bits = 32;
179 fields[0].out_value = NULL;
180 fields[0].in_value = NULL;
182 fields[1].tap = etb->tap;
183 fields[1].num_bits = 7;
184 fields[1].out_value = malloc(1);
185 buf_set_u32(fields[1].out_value, 0, 7, 4);
186 fields[1].in_value = NULL;
188 fields[2].tap = etb->tap;
189 fields[2].num_bits = 1;
190 fields[2].out_value = malloc(1);
191 buf_set_u32(fields[2].out_value, 0, 1, 0);
192 fields[2].in_value = NULL;
194 jtag_add_dr_scan(3, fields, jtag_get_end_state());
196 for (i = 0; i < num_frames; i++)
198 /* ensure nR/W reamins set to read */
199 buf_set_u32(fields[2].out_value, 0, 1, 0);
201 /* address remains set to 0x4 (RAM data) until we read the last frame */
202 if (i < num_frames - 1)
203 buf_set_u32(fields[1].out_value, 0, 7, 4);
204 else
205 buf_set_u32(fields[1].out_value, 0, 7, 0);
207 fields[0].in_value = (uint8_t *)(data+i);
208 jtag_add_dr_scan(3, fields, jtag_get_end_state());
210 jtag_add_callback(etb_getbuf, (jtag_callback_data_t)(data+i));
213 jtag_execute_queue();
215 free(fields[1].out_value);
216 free(fields[2].out_value);
218 return ERROR_OK;
221 int etb_read_reg_w_check(reg_t *reg, uint8_t* check_value, uint8_t* check_mask)
223 etb_reg_t *etb_reg = reg->arch_info;
224 uint8_t reg_addr = etb_reg->addr & 0x7f;
225 scan_field_t fields[3];
227 LOG_DEBUG("%i", (int)(etb_reg->addr));
229 jtag_set_end_state(TAP_IDLE);
230 etb_scann(etb_reg->etb, 0x0);
231 etb_set_instr(etb_reg->etb, 0xc);
233 fields[0].tap = etb_reg->etb->tap;
234 fields[0].num_bits = 32;
235 fields[0].out_value = reg->value;
236 fields[0].in_value = NULL;
237 fields[0].check_value = NULL;
238 fields[0].check_mask = NULL;
240 fields[1].tap = etb_reg->etb->tap;
241 fields[1].num_bits = 7;
242 fields[1].out_value = malloc(1);
243 buf_set_u32(fields[1].out_value, 0, 7, reg_addr);
244 fields[1].in_value = NULL;
245 fields[1].check_value = NULL;
246 fields[1].check_mask = NULL;
248 fields[2].tap = etb_reg->etb->tap;
249 fields[2].num_bits = 1;
250 fields[2].out_value = malloc(1);
251 buf_set_u32(fields[2].out_value, 0, 1, 0);
252 fields[2].in_value = NULL;
253 fields[2].check_value = NULL;
254 fields[2].check_mask = NULL;
256 jtag_add_dr_scan(3, fields, jtag_get_end_state());
258 /* read the identification register in the second run, to make sure we
259 * don't read the ETB data register twice, skipping every second entry
261 buf_set_u32(fields[1].out_value, 0, 7, 0x0);
262 fields[0].in_value = reg->value;
263 fields[0].check_value = check_value;
264 fields[0].check_mask = check_mask;
266 jtag_add_dr_scan_check(3, fields, jtag_get_end_state());
268 free(fields[1].out_value);
269 free(fields[2].out_value);
271 return ERROR_OK;
274 int etb_read_reg(reg_t *reg)
276 return etb_read_reg_w_check(reg, NULL, NULL);
279 int etb_set_reg(reg_t *reg, uint32_t value)
281 int retval;
283 if ((retval = etb_write_reg(reg, value)) != ERROR_OK)
285 LOG_ERROR("BUG: error scheduling etm register write");
286 return retval;
289 buf_set_u32(reg->value, 0, reg->size, value);
290 reg->valid = 1;
291 reg->dirty = 0;
293 return ERROR_OK;
296 int etb_set_reg_w_exec(reg_t *reg, uint8_t *buf)
298 int retval;
300 etb_set_reg(reg, buf_get_u32(buf, 0, reg->size));
302 if ((retval = jtag_execute_queue()) != ERROR_OK)
304 LOG_ERROR("register write failed");
305 return retval;
307 return ERROR_OK;
310 int etb_write_reg(reg_t *reg, uint32_t value)
312 etb_reg_t *etb_reg = reg->arch_info;
313 uint8_t reg_addr = etb_reg->addr & 0x7f;
314 scan_field_t fields[3];
316 LOG_DEBUG("%i: 0x%8.8" PRIx32 "", (int)(etb_reg->addr), value);
318 jtag_set_end_state(TAP_IDLE);
319 etb_scann(etb_reg->etb, 0x0);
320 etb_set_instr(etb_reg->etb, 0xc);
322 fields[0].tap = etb_reg->etb->tap;
323 fields[0].num_bits = 32;
324 fields[0].out_value = malloc(4);
325 buf_set_u32(fields[0].out_value, 0, 32, value);
326 fields[0].in_value = NULL;
328 fields[1].tap = etb_reg->etb->tap;
329 fields[1].num_bits = 7;
330 fields[1].out_value = malloc(1);
331 buf_set_u32(fields[1].out_value, 0, 7, reg_addr);
332 fields[1].in_value = NULL;
334 fields[2].tap = etb_reg->etb->tap;
335 fields[2].num_bits = 1;
336 fields[2].out_value = malloc(1);
337 buf_set_u32(fields[2].out_value, 0, 1, 1);
339 fields[2].in_value = NULL;
341 free(fields[0].out_value);
342 free(fields[1].out_value);
343 free(fields[2].out_value);
345 return ERROR_OK;
348 int etb_store_reg(reg_t *reg)
350 return etb_write_reg(reg, buf_get_u32(reg->value, 0, reg->size));
353 static int etb_register_commands(struct command_context_s *cmd_ctx)
355 command_t *etb_cmd;
357 etb_cmd = register_command(cmd_ctx, NULL, "etb", NULL, COMMAND_ANY, "Embedded Trace Buffer");
359 register_command(cmd_ctx, etb_cmd, "config", handle_etb_config_command, COMMAND_CONFIG, NULL);
361 return ERROR_OK;
364 static int handle_etb_config_command(struct command_context_s *cmd_ctx, char *cmd, char **args, int argc)
366 target_t *target;
367 jtag_tap_t *tap;
368 armv4_5_common_t *armv4_5;
369 arm7_9_common_t *arm7_9;
371 if (argc != 2)
373 return ERROR_COMMAND_SYNTAX_ERROR;
376 target = get_target(args[0]);
378 if (!target)
380 LOG_ERROR("target '%s' not defined", args[0]);
381 return ERROR_FAIL;
384 if (arm7_9_get_arch_pointers(target, &armv4_5, &arm7_9) != ERROR_OK)
386 command_print(cmd_ctx, "current target isn't an ARM7/ARM9 target");
387 return ERROR_FAIL;
390 tap = jtag_tap_by_string( args[1] );
391 if (tap == NULL)
393 command_print(cmd_ctx, "Tap: %s does not exist", args[1] );
394 return ERROR_FAIL;
397 if (arm7_9->etm_ctx)
399 etb_t *etb = malloc(sizeof(etb_t));
401 arm7_9->etm_ctx->capture_driver_priv = etb;
403 etb->tap = tap;
404 etb->cur_scan_chain = 0xffffffff;
405 etb->reg_cache = NULL;
406 etb->ram_width = 0;
407 etb->ram_depth = 0;
409 else
411 LOG_ERROR("target has no ETM defined, ETB left unconfigured");
412 return ERROR_FAIL;
415 return ERROR_OK;
418 static int etb_init(etm_context_t *etm_ctx)
420 etb_t *etb = etm_ctx->capture_driver_priv;
422 etb->etm_ctx = etm_ctx;
424 /* identify ETB RAM depth and width */
425 etb_read_reg(&etb->reg_cache->reg_list[ETB_RAM_DEPTH]);
426 etb_read_reg(&etb->reg_cache->reg_list[ETB_RAM_WIDTH]);
427 jtag_execute_queue();
429 etb->ram_depth = buf_get_u32(etb->reg_cache->reg_list[ETB_RAM_DEPTH].value, 0, 32);
430 etb->ram_width = buf_get_u32(etb->reg_cache->reg_list[ETB_RAM_WIDTH].value, 0, 32);
432 return ERROR_OK;
435 static trace_status_t etb_status(etm_context_t *etm_ctx)
437 etb_t *etb = etm_ctx->capture_driver_priv;
439 etb->etm_ctx = etm_ctx;
441 /* if tracing is currently idle, return this information */
442 if (etm_ctx->capture_status == TRACE_IDLE)
444 return etm_ctx->capture_status;
446 else if (etm_ctx->capture_status & TRACE_RUNNING)
448 reg_t *etb_status_reg = &etb->reg_cache->reg_list[ETB_STATUS];
449 int etb_timeout = 100;
451 /* trace is running, check the ETB status flags */
452 etb_get_reg(etb_status_reg);
454 /* check Full bit to identify an overflow */
455 if (buf_get_u32(etb_status_reg->value, 0, 1) == 1)
456 etm_ctx->capture_status |= TRACE_OVERFLOWED;
458 /* check Triggered bit to identify trigger condition */
459 if (buf_get_u32(etb_status_reg->value, 1, 1) == 1)
460 etm_ctx->capture_status |= TRACE_TRIGGERED;
462 /* check AcqComp to identify trace completion */
463 if (buf_get_u32(etb_status_reg->value, 2, 1) == 1)
465 while (etb_timeout-- && (buf_get_u32(etb_status_reg->value, 3, 1) == 0))
467 /* wait for data formatter idle */
468 etb_get_reg(etb_status_reg);
471 if (etb_timeout == 0)
473 LOG_ERROR("AcqComp set but DFEmpty won't go high, ETB status: 0x%" PRIx32 "",
474 buf_get_u32(etb_status_reg->value, 0, etb_status_reg->size));
477 if (!(etm_ctx->capture_status && TRACE_TRIGGERED))
479 LOG_ERROR("trace completed, but no trigger condition detected");
482 etm_ctx->capture_status &= ~TRACE_RUNNING;
483 etm_ctx->capture_status |= TRACE_COMPLETED;
487 return etm_ctx->capture_status;
490 static int etb_read_trace(etm_context_t *etm_ctx)
492 etb_t *etb = etm_ctx->capture_driver_priv;
493 int first_frame = 0;
494 int num_frames = etb->ram_depth;
495 uint32_t *trace_data = NULL;
496 int i, j;
498 etb_read_reg(&etb->reg_cache->reg_list[ETB_STATUS]);
499 etb_read_reg(&etb->reg_cache->reg_list[ETB_RAM_WRITE_POINTER]);
500 jtag_execute_queue();
502 /* check if we overflowed, and adjust first frame of the trace accordingly
503 * if we didn't overflow, read only up to the frame that would be written next,
504 * i.e. don't read invalid entries
506 if (buf_get_u32(etb->reg_cache->reg_list[ETB_STATUS].value, 0, 1))
508 first_frame = buf_get_u32(etb->reg_cache->reg_list[ETB_RAM_WRITE_POINTER].value, 0, 32);
510 else
512 num_frames = buf_get_u32(etb->reg_cache->reg_list[ETB_RAM_WRITE_POINTER].value, 0, 32);
515 etb_write_reg(&etb->reg_cache->reg_list[ETB_RAM_READ_POINTER], first_frame);
517 /* read data into temporary array for unpacking */
518 trace_data = malloc(sizeof(uint32_t) * num_frames);
519 etb_read_ram(etb, trace_data, num_frames);
521 if (etm_ctx->trace_depth > 0)
523 free(etm_ctx->trace_data);
526 if ((etm_ctx->portmode & ETM_PORT_WIDTH_MASK) == ETM_PORT_4BIT)
527 etm_ctx->trace_depth = num_frames * 3;
528 else if ((etm_ctx->portmode & ETM_PORT_WIDTH_MASK) == ETM_PORT_8BIT)
529 etm_ctx->trace_depth = num_frames * 2;
530 else
531 etm_ctx->trace_depth = num_frames;
533 etm_ctx->trace_data = malloc(sizeof(etmv1_trace_data_t) * etm_ctx->trace_depth);
535 for (i = 0, j = 0; i < num_frames; i++)
537 if ((etm_ctx->portmode & ETM_PORT_WIDTH_MASK) == ETM_PORT_4BIT)
539 /* trace word j */
540 etm_ctx->trace_data[j].pipestat = trace_data[i] & 0x7;
541 etm_ctx->trace_data[j].packet = (trace_data[i] & 0x78) >> 3;
542 etm_ctx->trace_data[j].flags = 0;
543 if ((trace_data[i] & 0x80) >> 7)
545 etm_ctx->trace_data[j].flags |= ETMV1_TRACESYNC_CYCLE;
547 if (etm_ctx->trace_data[j].pipestat == STAT_TR)
549 etm_ctx->trace_data[j].pipestat = etm_ctx->trace_data[j].packet & 0x7;
550 etm_ctx->trace_data[j].flags |= ETMV1_TRIGGER_CYCLE;
553 /* trace word j+1 */
554 etm_ctx->trace_data[j+1].pipestat = (trace_data[i] & 0x100) >> 8;
555 etm_ctx->trace_data[j+1].packet = (trace_data[i] & 0x7800) >> 11;
556 etm_ctx->trace_data[j+1].flags = 0;
557 if ((trace_data[i] & 0x8000) >> 15)
559 etm_ctx->trace_data[j+1].flags |= ETMV1_TRACESYNC_CYCLE;
561 if (etm_ctx->trace_data[j+1].pipestat == STAT_TR)
563 etm_ctx->trace_data[j+1].pipestat = etm_ctx->trace_data[j+1].packet & 0x7;
564 etm_ctx->trace_data[j+1].flags |= ETMV1_TRIGGER_CYCLE;
567 /* trace word j+2 */
568 etm_ctx->trace_data[j+2].pipestat = (trace_data[i] & 0x10000) >> 16;
569 etm_ctx->trace_data[j+2].packet = (trace_data[i] & 0x780000) >> 19;
570 etm_ctx->trace_data[j+2].flags = 0;
571 if ((trace_data[i] & 0x800000) >> 23)
573 etm_ctx->trace_data[j+2].flags |= ETMV1_TRACESYNC_CYCLE;
575 if (etm_ctx->trace_data[j+2].pipestat == STAT_TR)
577 etm_ctx->trace_data[j+2].pipestat = etm_ctx->trace_data[j+2].packet & 0x7;
578 etm_ctx->trace_data[j+2].flags |= ETMV1_TRIGGER_CYCLE;
581 j += 3;
583 else if ((etm_ctx->portmode & ETM_PORT_WIDTH_MASK) == ETM_PORT_8BIT)
585 /* trace word j */
586 etm_ctx->trace_data[j].pipestat = trace_data[i] & 0x7;
587 etm_ctx->trace_data[j].packet = (trace_data[i] & 0x7f8) >> 3;
588 etm_ctx->trace_data[j].flags = 0;
589 if ((trace_data[i] & 0x800) >> 11)
591 etm_ctx->trace_data[j].flags |= ETMV1_TRACESYNC_CYCLE;
593 if (etm_ctx->trace_data[j].pipestat == STAT_TR)
595 etm_ctx->trace_data[j].pipestat = etm_ctx->trace_data[j].packet & 0x7;
596 etm_ctx->trace_data[j].flags |= ETMV1_TRIGGER_CYCLE;
599 /* trace word j+1 */
600 etm_ctx->trace_data[j+1].pipestat = (trace_data[i] & 0x7000) >> 12;
601 etm_ctx->trace_data[j+1].packet = (trace_data[i] & 0x7f8000) >> 15;
602 etm_ctx->trace_data[j+1].flags = 0;
603 if ((trace_data[i] & 0x800000) >> 23)
605 etm_ctx->trace_data[j+1].flags |= ETMV1_TRACESYNC_CYCLE;
607 if (etm_ctx->trace_data[j+1].pipestat == STAT_TR)
609 etm_ctx->trace_data[j+1].pipestat = etm_ctx->trace_data[j+1].packet & 0x7;
610 etm_ctx->trace_data[j+1].flags |= ETMV1_TRIGGER_CYCLE;
613 j += 2;
615 else
617 /* trace word j */
618 etm_ctx->trace_data[j].pipestat = trace_data[i] & 0x7;
619 etm_ctx->trace_data[j].packet = (trace_data[i] & 0x7fff8) >> 3;
620 etm_ctx->trace_data[j].flags = 0;
621 if ((trace_data[i] & 0x80000) >> 19)
623 etm_ctx->trace_data[j].flags |= ETMV1_TRACESYNC_CYCLE;
625 if (etm_ctx->trace_data[j].pipestat == STAT_TR)
627 etm_ctx->trace_data[j].pipestat = etm_ctx->trace_data[j].packet & 0x7;
628 etm_ctx->trace_data[j].flags |= ETMV1_TRIGGER_CYCLE;
631 j += 1;
635 free(trace_data);
637 return ERROR_OK;
640 static int etb_start_capture(etm_context_t *etm_ctx)
642 etb_t *etb = etm_ctx->capture_driver_priv;
643 uint32_t etb_ctrl_value = 0x1;
644 uint32_t trigger_count;
646 if ((etm_ctx->portmode & ETM_PORT_MODE_MASK) == ETM_PORT_DEMUXED)
648 if ((etm_ctx->portmode & ETM_PORT_WIDTH_MASK) != ETM_PORT_8BIT)
650 LOG_ERROR("ETB can't run in demultiplexed mode with a 4 or 16 bit port");
651 return ERROR_ETM_PORTMODE_NOT_SUPPORTED;
653 etb_ctrl_value |= 0x2;
656 if ((etm_ctx->portmode & ETM_PORT_MODE_MASK) == ETM_PORT_MUXED)
657 return ERROR_ETM_PORTMODE_NOT_SUPPORTED;
659 trigger_count = (etb->ram_depth * etm_ctx->trigger_percent) / 100;
661 etb_write_reg(&etb->reg_cache->reg_list[ETB_TRIGGER_COUNTER], trigger_count);
662 etb_write_reg(&etb->reg_cache->reg_list[ETB_RAM_WRITE_POINTER], 0x0);
663 etb_write_reg(&etb->reg_cache->reg_list[ETB_CTRL], etb_ctrl_value);
664 jtag_execute_queue();
666 /* we're starting a new trace, initialize capture status */
667 etm_ctx->capture_status = TRACE_RUNNING;
669 return ERROR_OK;
672 static int etb_stop_capture(etm_context_t *etm_ctx)
674 etb_t *etb = etm_ctx->capture_driver_priv;
675 reg_t *etb_ctrl_reg = &etb->reg_cache->reg_list[ETB_CTRL];
677 etb_write_reg(etb_ctrl_reg, 0x0);
678 jtag_execute_queue();
680 /* trace stopped, just clear running flag, but preserve others */
681 etm_ctx->capture_status &= ~TRACE_RUNNING;
683 return ERROR_OK;
686 etm_capture_driver_t etb_capture_driver =
688 .name = "etb",
689 .register_commands = etb_register_commands,
690 .init = etb_init,
691 .status = etb_status,
692 .start_capture = etb_start_capture,
693 .stop_capture = etb_stop_capture,
694 .read_trace = etb_read_trace,