Merge dmd upstream 6243fa6d2

[official-gcc.git] / gcc / d / dmd / expressionsem.c

/* Compiler implementation of the D programming language
 * Copyright (C) 1999-2018 by The D Language Foundation, All Rights Reserved
 * written by Walter Bright
 * http://www.digitalmars.com
 * Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
 * http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
 */

#include "root/dsystem.h"
#include "root/rmem.h"
#include "root/root.h"

#include "mars.h"
#include "mangle.h"
#include "mtype.h"
#include "init.h"
#include "expression.h"
#include "template.h"
#include "utf.h"
#include "enum.h"
#include "scope.h"
#include "statement.h"
#include "declaration.h"
#include "aggregate.h"
#include "import.h"
#include "id.h"
#include "dsymbol.h"
#include "module.h"
#include "attrib.h"
#include "hdrgen.h"
#include "parse.h"
#include "nspace.h"
#include "ctfe.h"
#include "target.h"

bool typeMerge(Scope *sc, TOK op, Type **pt, Expression **pe1, Expression **pe2);
bool isArrayOpValid(Expression *e);
Expression *expandVar(int result, VarDeclaration *v);
TypeTuple *toArgTypes(Type *t);
bool checkAssignEscape(Scope *sc, Expression *e, bool gag);
bool checkParamArgumentEscape(Scope *sc, FuncDeclaration *fdc, Identifier *par, Expression *arg, bool gag);
bool checkAccess(AggregateDeclaration *ad, Loc loc, Scope *sc, Dsymbol *smember);
bool checkNestedRef(Dsymbol *s, Dsymbol *p);
bool checkFrameAccess(Loc loc, Scope *sc, AggregateDeclaration *ad, size_t istart = 0);
bool symbolIsVisible(Module *mod, Dsymbol *s);
VarDeclaration *copyToTemp(StorageClass stc, const char *name, Expression *e);
Expression *extractSideEffect(Scope *sc, const char *name, Expression **e0, Expression *e, bool alwaysCopy = false);
Type *getTypeInfoType(Type *t, Scope *sc);
bool MODimplicitConv(MOD modfrom, MOD modto);
MATCH MODmethodConv(MOD modfrom, MOD modto);
void MODMatchToBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, unsigned char lhsMod, unsigned char rhsMod);

void unSpeculative(Scope *sc, RootObject *o);
bool arrayExpressionToCommonType(Scope *sc, Expressions *exps, Type **pt);
bool checkDefCtor(Loc loc, Type *t);
bool isDotOpDispatch(Expression *e);
bool functionParameters(Loc loc, Scope *sc, TypeFunction *tf, Type *tthis, Expressions *arguments, FuncDeclaration *fd, Type **prettype, Expression **peprefix);
Expression *getRightThis(Loc loc, Scope *sc, AggregateDeclaration *ad, Expression *e1, Declaration *var, int flag = 0);
bool isNeedThisScope(Scope *sc, Declaration *d);
Expression *resolveUFCS(Scope *sc, CallExp *ce);
bool checkUnsafeAccess(Scope *sc, Expression *e, bool readonly, bool printmsg);
bool isSafeCast(Expression *e, Type *tfrom, Type *tto);
FuncDeclaration *isFuncAddress(Expression *e, bool *hasOverloads = NULL);
Expression *callCpCtor(Scope *sc, Expression *e);

Expression *resolve(Loc loc, Scope *sc, Dsymbol *s, bool hasOverloads);
Expression *resolveUFCSProperties(Scope *sc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2 = NULL);
Expression *resolvePropertiesX(Scope *sc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2 = NULL);
Expression *trySemantic(Expression *e, Scope *sc);
Expression *unaSemantic(UnaExp *e, Scope *sc);
Expression *binSemantic(BinExp *e, Scope *sc);
Expression *binSemanticProp(BinExp *e, Scope *sc);
Expression *semantic(Expression *e, Scope *sc);
Expression *semanticY(DotIdExp *exp, Scope *sc, int flag);
Expression *semanticY(DotTemplateInstanceExp *exp, Scope *sc, int flag);

/****************************************
 * Preprocess arguments to function.
 * Output:
 *      exps[]  tuples expanded, properties resolved, rewritten in place
 * Returns:
 *      true    a semantic error occurred
 */

static bool preFunctionParameters(Scope *sc, Expressions *exps)
{
    bool err = false;
    if (exps)
    {
        expandTuples(exps);

        for (size_t i = 0; i < exps->dim; i++)
        {
            Expression *arg = (*exps)[i];

            arg = resolveProperties(sc, arg);
            if (arg->op == TOKtype)
            {
                arg->error("cannot pass type %s as a function argument", arg->toChars());
                arg = new ErrorExp();
                err = true;
            }
            else if (checkNonAssignmentArrayOp(arg))
            {
                arg = new ErrorExp();
                err = true;
            }
            (*exps)[i] = arg;
        }
    }
    return err;
}

class ExpressionSemanticVisitor : public Visitor
{
public:
    Expression *result;
    Scope *sc;

    ExpressionSemanticVisitor(Scope *sc)
    {
        this->result = NULL;
        this->sc = sc;
    }

private:
    void setError()
    {
        result = new ErrorExp();
    }

    /*********************
     * Mark the operand as will never be dereferenced,
     * which is useful info for @safe checks.
     * Do before semantic() on operands rewrites them.
     */
    static void setNoderefOperand(UnaExp *e)
    {
        if (e->e1->op == TOKdotid)
            ((DotIdExp *)e->e1)->noderef = true;
    }

    /*********************
     * Mark the operands as will never be dereferenced,
     * which is useful info for @safe checks.
     * Do before semantic() on operands rewrites them.
     */
    static void setNoderefOperands(BinExp *e)
    {
        if (e->e1->op == TOKdotid)
            ((DotIdExp *)e->e1)->noderef = true;
        if (e->e2->op == TOKdotid)
            ((DotIdExp *)e->e2)->noderef = true;
    }

    static FuncDeclaration *resolveOverloadSet(Loc loc, Scope *sc,
        OverloadSet *os, Objects* tiargs, Type *tthis, Expressions *arguments)
    {
        FuncDeclaration *f = NULL;
        for (size_t i = 0; i < os->a.dim; i++)
        {
            Dsymbol *s = os->a[i];
            if (tiargs && s->isFuncDeclaration())
                continue;
            if (FuncDeclaration *f2 = resolveFuncCall(loc, sc, s, tiargs, tthis, arguments, 1))
            {
                if (f2->errors)
                    return NULL;
                if (f)
                {
                    /* Error if match in more than one overload set,
                     * even if one is a 'better' match than the other.
                     */
                    ScopeDsymbol::multiplyDefined(loc, f, f2);
                }
                else
                    f = f2;
            }
        }
        if (!f)
            ::error(loc, "no overload matches for %s", os->toChars());
        else if (f->errors)
            f = NULL;
        return f;
    }

    /****************************************************
     * Determine if `exp`, which takes the address of `v`, can do so safely.
     * Params:
     *      sc = context
     *      exp = expression that takes the address of `v`
     *      v = the variable getting its address taken
     * Returns:
     *      `true` if ok, `false` for error
     */
    static bool checkAddressVar(Scope *sc, UnaExp *e, VarDeclaration *v)
    {
        if (v)
        {
            if (!v->canTakeAddressOf())
            {
                e->error("cannot take address of %s", e->e1->toChars());
                return false;
            }
            if (sc->func && !sc->intypeof && !v->isDataseg())
            {
                const char *p = v->isParameter() ? "parameter" : "local";
                if (global.params.vsafe)
                {
                    // Taking the address of v means it cannot be set to 'scope' later
                    v->storage_class &= ~STCmaybescope;
                    v->doNotInferScope = true;
                    if (v->storage_class & STCscope && sc->func->setUnsafe())
                    {
                        e->error("cannot take address of scope %s %s in @safe function %s", p, v->toChars(), sc->func->toChars());
                        return false;
                    }
                }
                else if (sc->func->setUnsafe())
                {
                    e->error("cannot take address of %s %s in @safe function %s", p, v->toChars(), sc->func->toChars());
                    return false;
                }
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

    static bool checkVectorElem(Expression *e, Expression *elem)
    {
        if (elem->isConst() == 1)
            return false;

        e->error("constant expression expected, not %s", elem->toChars());
        return true;
    }

public:
    void visit(Expression *e)
    {
        if (e->type)
            e->type = e->type->semantic(e->loc, sc);
        else
            e->type = Type::tvoid;
        result = e;
    }

    void visit(IntegerExp *e)
    {
        assert(e->type);
        if (e->type->ty == Terror)
            return setError();
        assert(e->type->deco);
        e->normalize();
        result = e;
    }

    void visit(RealExp *e)
    {
        if (!e->type)
            e->type = Type::tfloat64;
        else
            e->type = e->type->semantic(e->loc, sc);
        result = e;
    }

    void visit(ComplexExp *e)
    {
        if (!e->type)
            e->type = Type::tcomplex80;
        else
            e->type = e->type->semantic(e->loc, sc);
        result = e;
    }

    void visit(IdentifierExp *exp)
    {
        if (exp->type)   // This is used as the dummy expression
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        Dsymbol *scopesym;
        Dsymbol *s = sc->search(exp->loc, exp->ident, &scopesym);
        if (s)
        {
            if (s->errors)
                return setError();

            Expression *e;

            /* See if the symbol was a member of an enclosing 'with'
            */
            WithScopeSymbol *withsym = scopesym->isWithScopeSymbol();
            if (withsym && withsym->withstate->wthis)
            {
                /* Disallow shadowing
                */
                // First find the scope of the with
                Scope *scwith = sc;
                while (scwith->scopesym != scopesym)
                {
                    scwith = scwith->enclosing;
                    assert(scwith);
                }
                // Look at enclosing scopes for symbols with the same name,
                // in the same function
                for (Scope *scx = scwith; scx && scx->func == scwith->func; scx = scx->enclosing)
                {
                    Dsymbol *s2;
                    if (scx->scopesym && scx->scopesym->symtab &&
                        (s2 = scx->scopesym->symtab->lookup(s->ident)) != NULL &&
                        s != s2)
                    {
                        exp->error("with symbol %s is shadowing local symbol %s", s->toPrettyChars(), s2->toPrettyChars());
                        return setError();
                    }
                }
                s = s->toAlias();

                // Same as wthis.ident
                //  TODO: DotIdExp.semantic will find 'ident' from 'wthis' again.
                //  The redudancy should be removed.
                e = new VarExp(exp->loc, withsym->withstate->wthis);
                e = new DotIdExp(exp->loc, e, exp->ident);
                e = semantic(e, sc);
            }
            else
            {
                if (withsym)
                {
                    Declaration *d = s->isDeclaration();
                    if (d)
                        checkAccess(exp->loc, sc, NULL, d);
                }

                /* If f is really a function template,
                 * then replace f with the function template declaration.
                 */
                FuncDeclaration *f = s->isFuncDeclaration();
                if (f)
                {
                    TemplateDeclaration *td = getFuncTemplateDecl(f);
                    if (td)
                    {
                        if (td->overroot)       // if not start of overloaded list of TemplateDeclaration's
                            td = td->overroot;  // then get the start
                        e = new TemplateExp(exp->loc, td, f);
                        e = semantic(e, sc);
                        result = e;
                        return;
                    }
                }
                // Haven't done overload resolution yet, so pass 1
                e = resolve(exp->loc, sc, s, true);
            }
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        if (hasThis(sc))
        {
            AggregateDeclaration *ad = sc->getStructClassScope();
            if (ad && ad->aliasthis)
            {
                Expression *e;
                e = new IdentifierExp(exp->loc, Id::This);
                e = new DotIdExp(exp->loc, e, ad->aliasthis->ident);
                e = new DotIdExp(exp->loc, e, exp->ident);
                e = trySemantic(e, sc);
                if (e)
                {
                    result = e;
                    return;
                }
            }
        }

        if (exp->ident == Id::ctfe)
        {
            if (sc->flags & SCOPEctfe)
            {
                exp->error("variable __ctfe cannot be read at compile time");
                return setError();
            }

            // Create the magic __ctfe bool variable
            VarDeclaration *vd = new VarDeclaration(exp->loc, Type::tbool, Id::ctfe, NULL);
            vd->storage_class |= STCtemp;
            Expression *e = new VarExp(exp->loc, vd);
            e = semantic(e, sc);
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        // If we've reached this point and are inside a with() scope then we may
        // try one last attempt by checking whether the 'wthis' object supports
        // dynamic dispatching via opDispatch.
        // This is done by rewriting this expression as wthis.ident.
        for (Scope *sc2 = sc; sc2; sc2 = sc2->enclosing)
        {
            if (!sc2->scopesym)
                continue;

            if (WithScopeSymbol *ss = sc2->scopesym->isWithScopeSymbol())
            {
                if (ss->withstate->wthis)
                {
                    Expression *e;
                    e = new VarExp(exp->loc, ss->withstate->wthis);
                    e = new DotIdExp(exp->loc, e, exp->ident);
                    e = trySemantic(e, sc);
                    if (e)
                    {
                        result = e;
                        return;
                    }
                }
                break;
            }
        }

        /* Look for what user might have meant
         */
        if (const char *n = importHint(exp->ident->toChars()))
            exp->error("`%s` is not defined, perhaps `import %s;` is needed?", exp->ident->toChars(), n);
        else if (Dsymbol *s2 = sc->search_correct(exp->ident))
            exp->error("undefined identifier `%s`, did you mean %s `%s`?", exp->ident->toChars(), s2->kind(), s2->toChars());
        else if (const char *p = Scope::search_correct_C(exp->ident))
            exp->error("undefined identifier `%s`, did you mean `%s`?", exp->ident->toChars(), p);
        else
            exp->error("undefined identifier `%s`", exp->ident->toChars());
        return setError();
    }

    void visit(DsymbolExp *e)
    {
        result = resolve(e->loc, sc, e->s, e->hasOverloads);
    }

    void visit(ThisExp *e)
    {
        if (e->type)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        FuncDeclaration *fd = hasThis(sc);  // fd is the uplevel function with the 'this' variable

        /* Special case for typeof(this) and typeof(super) since both
         * should work even if they are not inside a non-static member function
         */
        if (!fd && sc->intypeof == 1)
        {
            // Find enclosing struct or class
            for (Dsymbol *s = sc->getStructClassScope(); 1; s = s->parent)
            {
                if (!s)
                {
                    e->error("%s is not in a class or struct scope", e->toChars());
                    goto Lerr;
                }
                ClassDeclaration *cd = s->isClassDeclaration();
                if (cd)
                {
                    e->type = cd->type;
                    result = e;
                    return;
                }
                StructDeclaration *sd = s->isStructDeclaration();
                if (sd)
                {
                    e->type = sd->type;
                    result = e;
                    return;
                }
            }
        }
        if (!fd)
            goto Lerr;

        assert(fd->vthis);
        e->var = fd->vthis;
        assert(e->var->parent);
        e->type = e->var->type;
        if (e->var->checkNestedReference(sc, e->loc))
            return setError();
        if (!sc->intypeof)
            sc->callSuper |= CSXthis;
        result = e;
        return;

    Lerr:
        e->error("'this' is only defined in non-static member functions, not %s", sc->parent->toChars());
        return setError();
    }

    void visit(SuperExp *e)
    {
        if (e->type)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        FuncDeclaration *fd = hasThis(sc);
        ClassDeclaration *cd;
        Dsymbol *s;

        /* Special case for typeof(this) and typeof(super) since both
         * should work even if they are not inside a non-static member function
         */
        if (!fd && sc->intypeof == 1)
        {
            // Find enclosing class
            for (s = sc->getStructClassScope(); 1; s = s->parent)
            {
                if (!s)
                {
                    e->error("%s is not in a class scope", e->toChars());
                    goto Lerr;
                }
                cd = s->isClassDeclaration();
                if (cd)
                {
                    cd = cd->baseClass;
                    if (!cd)
                    {
                        e->error("class %s has no 'super'", s->toChars());
                        goto Lerr;
                    }
                    e->type = cd->type;
                    result = e;
                    return;
                }
            }
        }
        if (!fd)
            goto Lerr;

        e->var = fd->vthis;
        assert(e->var && e->var->parent);

        s = fd->toParent();
        while (s && s->isTemplateInstance())
            s = s->toParent();
        if (s->isTemplateDeclaration()) // allow inside template constraint
            s = s->toParent();
        assert(s);
        cd = s->isClassDeclaration();
        //printf("parent is %s %s\n", fd->toParent()->kind(), fd->toParent()->toChars());
        if (!cd)
            goto Lerr;
        if (!cd->baseClass)
        {
            e->error("no base class for %s", cd->toChars());
            e->type = e->var->type;
        }
        else
        {
            e->type = cd->baseClass->type;
            e->type = e->type->castMod(e->var->type->mod);
        }

        if (e->var->checkNestedReference(sc, e->loc))
            return setError();

        if (!sc->intypeof)
            sc->callSuper |= CSXsuper;
        result = e;
        return;

    Lerr:
        e->error("'super' is only allowed in non-static class member functions");
        return setError();
    }

    void visit(NullExp *e)
    {
        // NULL is the same as (void *)0
        if (e->type)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }
        e->type = Type::tnull;
        result = e;
    }

    void visit(StringExp *e)
    {
        if (e->type)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        OutBuffer buffer;
        size_t newlen = 0;
        const char *p;
        size_t u;
        unsigned c;

        switch (e->postfix)
        {
            case 'd':
                for (u = 0; u < e->len;)
                {
                    p = utf_decodeChar((utf8_t *)e->string, e->len, &u, &c);
                    if (p)
                    {
                        e->error("%s", p);
                        return setError();
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        buffer.write4(c);
                        newlen++;
                    }
                }
                buffer.write4(0);
                e->string = buffer.extractData();
                e->len = newlen;
                e->sz = 4;
                e->type = new TypeDArray(Type::tdchar->immutableOf());
                e->committed = 1;
                break;

            case 'w':
                for (u = 0; u < e->len;)
                {
                    p = utf_decodeChar((utf8_t *)e->string, e->len, &u, &c);
                    if (p)
                    {
                        e->error("%s", p);
                        return setError();
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        buffer.writeUTF16(c);
                        newlen++;
                        if (c >= 0x10000)
                            newlen++;
                    }
                }
                buffer.writeUTF16(0);
                e->string = buffer.extractData();
                e->len = newlen;
                e->sz = 2;
                e->type = new TypeDArray(Type::twchar->immutableOf());
                e->committed = 1;
                break;

            case 'c':
                e->committed = 1;
                /* fall through */

            default:
                e->type = new TypeDArray(Type::tchar->immutableOf());
                break;
        }
        e->type = e->type->semantic(e->loc, sc);
        //e->type = e->type->immutableOf();
        //printf("type = %s\n", e->type->toChars());

        result = e;
    }

    void visit(ArrayLiteralExp *e)
    {
        if (e->type)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        /* Perhaps an empty array literal [ ] should be rewritten as null?
        */

        if (e->basis)
            e->basis = semantic(e->basis, sc);
        if (arrayExpressionSemantic(e->elements, sc) || (e->basis && e->basis->op == TOKerror))
            return setError();
        expandTuples(e->elements);

        Type *t0;
        if (e->basis)
            e->elements->push(e->basis);
        bool err = arrayExpressionToCommonType(sc, e->elements, &t0);
        if (e->basis)
            e->elements->pop();
        if (err)
            return setError();

        e->type = t0->arrayOf();
        e->type = e->type->semantic(e->loc, sc);

        /* Disallow array literals of type void being used.
        */
        if (e->elements->dim > 0 && t0->ty == Tvoid)
        {
            e->error("%s of type %s has no value", e->toChars(), e->type->toChars());
            return setError();
        }

        semanticTypeInfo(sc, e->type);

        result = e;
    }

    void visit(AssocArrayLiteralExp *e)
    {
        if (e->type)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        // Run semantic() on each element
        bool err_keys = arrayExpressionSemantic(e->keys, sc);
        bool err_vals = arrayExpressionSemantic(e->values, sc);
        if (err_keys || err_vals)
            return setError();
        expandTuples(e->keys);
        expandTuples(e->values);
        if (e->keys->dim != e->values->dim)
        {
            e->error("number of keys is %u, must match number of values %u", e->keys->dim, e->values->dim);
            return setError();
        }

        Type *tkey = NULL;
        Type *tvalue = NULL;
        err_keys = arrayExpressionToCommonType(sc, e->keys, &tkey);
        err_vals = arrayExpressionToCommonType(sc, e->values, &tvalue);
        if (err_keys || err_vals)
            return setError();

        if (tkey == Type::terror || tvalue == Type::terror)
            return setError();

        e->type = new TypeAArray(tvalue, tkey);
        e->type = e->type->semantic(e->loc, sc);

        semanticTypeInfo(sc, e->type);

        result = e;
    }

    void visit(StructLiteralExp *e)
    {
        if (e->type)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        e->sd->size(e->loc);
        if (e->sd->sizeok != SIZEOKdone)
            return setError();

        if (arrayExpressionSemantic(e->elements, sc))  // run semantic() on each element
            return setError();
        expandTuples(e->elements);

        /* Fit elements[] to the corresponding type of field[].
        */
        if (!e->sd->fit(e->loc, sc, e->elements, e->stype))
            return setError();

        /* Fill out remainder of elements[] with default initializers for fields[]
        */
        if (!e->sd->fill(e->loc, e->elements, false))
        {
            /* An error in the initializer needs to be recorded as an error
             * in the enclosing function or template, since the initializer
             * will be part of the stuct declaration.
             */
            global.increaseErrorCount();
            return setError();
        }

        if (checkFrameAccess(e->loc, sc, e->sd, e->elements->dim))
            return setError();

        e->type = e->stype ? e->stype : e->sd->type;
        result = e;
    }

    void visit(TypeExp *exp)
    {
        if (exp->type->ty == Terror)
            return setError();

        //printf("TypeExp::semantic(%s)\n", exp->type->toChars());
        Expression *e;
        Type *t;
        Dsymbol *s;

        exp->type->resolve(exp->loc, sc, &e, &t, &s, true);
        if (e)
        {
            //printf("e = %s %s\n", Token::toChars(e->op), e->toChars());
            e = semantic(e, sc);
        }
        else if (t)
        {
            //printf("t = %d %s\n", t->ty, t->toChars());
            exp->type = t->semantic(exp->loc, sc);
            e = exp;
        }
        else if (s)
        {
            //printf("s = %s %s\n", s->kind(), s->toChars());
            e = resolve(exp->loc, sc, s, true);
        }
        else
            assert(0);

        if (global.params.vcomplex)
            exp->type->checkComplexTransition(exp->loc);

        result = e;
    }

    void visit(ScopeExp *exp)
    {
        if (exp->type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        ScopeDsymbol *sds2 = exp->sds;
        TemplateInstance *ti = sds2->isTemplateInstance();
        while (ti)
        {
            WithScopeSymbol *withsym;
            if (!ti->findTempDecl(sc, &withsym) ||
                !ti->semanticTiargs(sc))
                return setError();
            if (withsym && withsym->withstate->wthis)
            {
                Expression *e = new VarExp(exp->loc, withsym->withstate->wthis);
                e = new DotTemplateInstanceExp(exp->loc, e, ti);
                result = semantic(e, sc);
                return;
            }
            if (ti->needsTypeInference(sc))
            {
                if (TemplateDeclaration *td = ti->tempdecl->isTemplateDeclaration())
                {
                    Dsymbol *p = td->toParent2();
                    FuncDeclaration *fdthis = hasThis(sc);
                    AggregateDeclaration *ad = p ? p->isAggregateDeclaration() : NULL;
                    if (fdthis && ad && isAggregate(fdthis->vthis->type) == ad &&
                        (td->_scope->stc & STCstatic) == 0)
                    {
                        Expression *e = new DotTemplateInstanceExp(exp->loc, new ThisExp(exp->loc), ti->name, ti->tiargs);
                        result = semantic(e, sc);
                        return;
                    }
                }
                else if (OverloadSet *os = ti->tempdecl->isOverloadSet())
                {
                    FuncDeclaration *fdthis = hasThis(sc);
                    AggregateDeclaration *ad = os->parent->isAggregateDeclaration();
                    if (fdthis && ad && isAggregate(fdthis->vthis->type) == ad)
                    {
                        Expression *e = new DotTemplateInstanceExp(exp->loc, new ThisExp(exp->loc), ti->name, ti->tiargs);
                        result = semantic(e, sc);
                        return;
                    }
                }
                // ti is an instance which requires IFTI.
                exp->sds = ti;
                exp->type = Type::tvoid;
                result = exp;
                return;
            }
            ti->semantic(sc);
            if (!ti->inst || ti->errors)
                return setError();

            Dsymbol *s = ti->toAlias();
            if (s == ti)
            {
                exp->sds = ti;
                exp->type = Type::tvoid;
                result = exp;
                return;
            }
            sds2 = s->isScopeDsymbol();
            if (sds2)
            {
                ti = sds2->isTemplateInstance();
                //printf("+ sds2 = %s, '%s'\n", sds2->kind(), sds2->toChars());
                continue;
            }

            if (VarDeclaration *v = s->isVarDeclaration())
            {
                if (!v->type)
                {
                    exp->error("forward reference of %s %s", v->kind(), v->toChars());
                    return setError();
                }
                if ((v->storage_class & STCmanifest) && v->_init)
                {
                    /* When an instance that will be converted to a constant exists,
                     * the instance representation "foo!tiargs" is treated like a
                     * variable name, and its recursive appearance check (note that
                     * it's equivalent with a recursive instantiation of foo) is done
                     * separately from the circular initialization check for the
                     * eponymous enum variable declaration.
                     *
                     *  template foo(T) {
                     *    enum bool foo = foo;    // recursive definition check (v.inuse)
                     *  }
                     *  template bar(T) {
                     *    enum bool bar = bar!T;  // recursive instantiation check (ti.inuse)
                     *  }
                     */
                    if (ti->inuse)
                    {
                        exp->error("recursive expansion of %s '%s'", ti->kind(), ti->toPrettyChars());
                        return setError();
                    }

                    Expression *e = v->expandInitializer(exp->loc);
                    ti->inuse++;
                    e = semantic(e, sc);
                    ti->inuse--;
                    result = e;
                    return;
                }
            }

            //printf("s = %s, '%s'\n", s->kind(), s->toChars());
            Expression *e = resolve(exp->loc, sc, s, true);
            //printf("-1ScopeExp::semantic()\n");
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        //printf("sds2 = %s, '%s'\n", sds2->kind(), sds2->toChars());
        //printf("\tparent = '%s'\n", sds2->parent->toChars());
        sds2->semantic(sc);

        if (Type *t = sds2->getType())    // (Aggregate|Enum)Declaration
        {
            Expression *ex = new TypeExp(exp->loc, t);
            result = semantic(ex, sc);
            return;
        }

        if (TemplateDeclaration *td = sds2->isTemplateDeclaration())
        {
            result = semantic(new TemplateExp(exp->loc, td), sc);
            return;
        }

        exp->sds = sds2;
        exp->type = Type::tvoid;
        //printf("-2ScopeExp::semantic() %s\n", exp->toChars());
        result = exp;
    }

    void visit(NewExp *exp)
    {
        if (exp->type)                   // if semantic() already run
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        // Bugzilla 11581: With the syntax `new T[edim]` or `thisexp.new T[edim]`,
        // T should be analyzed first and edim should go into arguments iff it's
        // not a tuple.
        Expression *edim = NULL;
        if (!exp->arguments && exp->newtype->ty == Tsarray)
        {
            edim = ((TypeSArray *)exp->newtype)->dim;
            exp->newtype = ((TypeNext *)exp->newtype)->next;
        }

        ClassDeclaration *cdthis = NULL;
        if (exp->thisexp)
        {
            exp->thisexp = semantic(exp->thisexp, sc);
            if (exp->thisexp->op == TOKerror)
                return setError();
            cdthis = exp->thisexp->type->isClassHandle();
            if (!cdthis)
            {
                exp->error("'this' for nested class must be a class type, not %s", exp->thisexp->type->toChars());
                return setError();
            }

            sc = sc->push(cdthis);
            exp->type = exp->newtype->semantic(exp->loc, sc);
            sc = sc->pop();
        }
        else
        {
            exp->type = exp->newtype->semantic(exp->loc, sc);
        }
        if (exp->type->ty == Terror)
            return setError();

        if (edim)
        {
            if (exp->type->toBasetype()->ty == Ttuple)
            {
                // --> new T[edim]
                exp->type = new TypeSArray(exp->type, edim);
                exp->type = exp->type->semantic(exp->loc, sc);
                if (exp->type->ty == Terror)
                    return setError();
            }
            else
            {
                // --> new T[](edim)
                exp->arguments = new Expressions();
                exp->arguments->push(edim);
                exp->type = exp->type->arrayOf();
            }
        }

        exp->newtype = exp->type;             // in case type gets cast to something else
        Type *tb = exp->type->toBasetype();
        //printf("tb: %s, deco = %s\n", tb->toChars(), tb->deco);

        if (arrayExpressionSemantic(exp->newargs, sc) ||
            preFunctionParameters(sc, exp->newargs))
        {
            return setError();
        }
        if (arrayExpressionSemantic(exp->arguments, sc) ||
            preFunctionParameters(sc, exp->arguments))
        {
            return setError();
        }

        if (exp->thisexp && tb->ty != Tclass)
        {
            exp->error("e.new is only for allocating nested classes, not %s", tb->toChars());
            return setError();
        }

        size_t nargs = exp->arguments ? exp->arguments->dim : 0;
        Expression *newprefix = NULL;

        if (tb->ty == Tclass)
        {
            ClassDeclaration *cd = ((TypeClass *)tb)->sym;
            cd->size(exp->loc);
            if (cd->sizeok != SIZEOKdone)
                return setError();
            if (!cd->ctor)
                cd->ctor = cd->searchCtor();
            if (cd->noDefaultCtor && !nargs && !cd->defaultCtor)
            {
                exp->error("default construction is disabled for type %s", cd->type->toChars());
                return setError();
            }

            if (cd->isInterfaceDeclaration())
            {
                exp->error("cannot create instance of interface %s", cd->toChars());
                return setError();
            }
            if (cd->isAbstract())
            {
                exp->error("cannot create instance of abstract class %s", cd->toChars());
                for (size_t i = 0; i < cd->vtbl.dim; i++)
                {
                    FuncDeclaration *fd = cd->vtbl[i]->isFuncDeclaration();
                    if (fd && fd->isAbstract())
                        errorSupplemental(exp->loc, "function '%s' is not implemented", fd->toFullSignature());
                }
                return setError();
            }
            // checkDeprecated() is already done in newtype->semantic().

            if (cd->isNested())
            {
                /* We need a 'this' pointer for the nested class.
                 * Ensure we have the right one.
                 */
                Dsymbol *s = cd->toParent2();
                //printf("cd isNested, parent = %s '%s'\n", s->kind(), s->toPrettyChars());
                if (ClassDeclaration *cdn = s->isClassDeclaration())
                {
                    if (!cdthis)
                    {
                        // Supply an implicit 'this' and try again
                        exp->thisexp = new ThisExp(exp->loc);
                        for (Dsymbol *sp = sc->parent; 1; sp = sp->parent)
                        {
                            if (!sp)
                            {
                                exp->error("outer class %s 'this' needed to 'new' nested class %s", cdn->toChars(), cd->toChars());
                                return setError();
                            }
                            ClassDeclaration *cdp = sp->isClassDeclaration();
                            if (!cdp)
                                continue;
                            if (cdp == cdn || cdn->isBaseOf(cdp, NULL))
                                break;
                            // Add a '.outer' and try again
                            exp->thisexp = new DotIdExp(exp->loc, exp->thisexp, Id::outer);
                        }
                        exp->thisexp = semantic(exp->thisexp, sc);
                        if (exp->thisexp->op == TOKerror)
                            return setError();
                        cdthis = exp->thisexp->type->isClassHandle();
                    }
                    if (cdthis != cdn && !cdn->isBaseOf(cdthis, NULL))
                    {
                        //printf("cdthis = %s\n", cdthis->toChars());
                        exp->error("'this' for nested class must be of type %s, not %s",
                            cdn->toChars(), exp->thisexp->type->toChars());
                        return setError();
                    }
                    if (!MODimplicitConv(exp->thisexp->type->mod, exp->newtype->mod))
                    {
                        exp->error("nested type %s should have the same or weaker constancy as enclosing type %s",
                            exp->newtype->toChars(), exp->thisexp->type->toChars());
                        return setError();
                    }
                }
                else if (exp->thisexp)
                {
                    exp->error("e.new is only for allocating nested classes");
                    return setError();
                }
                else if (FuncDeclaration *fdn = s->isFuncDeclaration())
                {
                    // make sure the parent context fdn of cd is reachable from sc
                    if (checkNestedRef(sc->parent, fdn))
                    {
                        exp->error("outer function context of %s is needed to 'new' nested class %s",
                            fdn->toPrettyChars(), cd->toPrettyChars());
                        return setError();
                    }
                }
                else
                    assert(0);
            }
            else if (exp->thisexp)
            {
                exp->error("e.new is only for allocating nested classes");
                return setError();
            }

            if (cd->aggNew)
            {
                // Prepend the size argument to newargs[]
                Expression *e = new IntegerExp(exp->loc, cd->size(exp->loc), Type::tsize_t);
                if (!exp->newargs)
                    exp->newargs = new Expressions();
                exp->newargs->shift(e);

                FuncDeclaration *f = resolveFuncCall(exp->loc, sc, cd->aggNew, NULL, tb, exp->newargs);
                if (!f || f->errors)
                    return setError();
                exp->checkDeprecated(sc, f);
                exp->checkPurity(sc, f);
                exp->checkSafety(sc, f);
                exp->checkNogc(sc, f);
                checkAccess(cd, exp->loc, sc, f);

                TypeFunction *tf = (TypeFunction *)f->type;
                Type *rettype;
                if (functionParameters(exp->loc, sc, tf, NULL, exp->newargs, f, &rettype, &newprefix))
                    return setError();

                exp->allocator = f->isNewDeclaration();
                assert(exp->allocator);
            }
            else
            {
                if (exp->newargs && exp->newargs->dim)
                {
                    exp->error("no allocator for %s", cd->toChars());
                    return setError();
                }
            }

            if (cd->ctor)
            {
                FuncDeclaration *f = resolveFuncCall(exp->loc, sc, cd->ctor, NULL, tb, exp->arguments, 0);
                if (!f || f->errors)
                    return setError();
                exp->checkDeprecated(sc, f);
                exp->checkPurity(sc, f);
                exp->checkSafety(sc, f);
                exp->checkNogc(sc, f);
                checkAccess(cd, exp->loc, sc, f);

                TypeFunction *tf = (TypeFunction *)f->type;
                if (!exp->arguments)
                    exp->arguments = new Expressions();
                if (functionParameters(exp->loc, sc, tf, exp->type, exp->arguments, f, &exp->type, &exp->argprefix))
                    return setError();

                exp->member = f->isCtorDeclaration();
                assert(exp->member);
            }
            else
            {
                if (nargs)
                {
                    exp->error("no constructor for %s", cd->toChars());
                    return setError();
                }
            }
        }
        else if (tb->ty == Tstruct)
        {
            StructDeclaration *sd = ((TypeStruct *)tb)->sym;
            sd->size(exp->loc);
            if (sd->sizeok != SIZEOKdone)
                return setError();
            if (!sd->ctor)
                sd->ctor = sd->searchCtor();
            if (sd->noDefaultCtor && !nargs)
            {
                exp->error("default construction is disabled for type %s", sd->type->toChars());
                return setError();
            }
            // checkDeprecated() is already done in newtype->semantic().

            if (sd->aggNew)
            {
                // Prepend the uint size argument to newargs[]
                Expression *e = new IntegerExp(exp->loc, sd->size(exp->loc), Type::tsize_t);
                if (!exp->newargs)
                    exp->newargs = new Expressions();
                exp->newargs->shift(e);

                FuncDeclaration *f = resolveFuncCall(exp->loc, sc, sd->aggNew, NULL, tb, exp->newargs);
                if (!f || f->errors)
                    return setError();
                exp->checkDeprecated(sc, f);
                exp->checkPurity(sc, f);
                exp->checkSafety(sc, f);
                exp->checkNogc(sc, f);
                checkAccess(sd, exp->loc, sc, f);

                TypeFunction *tf = (TypeFunction *)f->type;
                Type *rettype;
                if (functionParameters(exp->loc, sc, tf, NULL, exp->newargs, f, &rettype, &newprefix))
                    return setError();

                exp->allocator = f->isNewDeclaration();
                assert(exp->allocator);
            }
            else
            {
                if (exp->newargs && exp->newargs->dim)
                {
                    exp->error("no allocator for %s", sd->toChars());
                    return setError();
                }
            }

            if (sd->ctor && nargs)
            {
                FuncDeclaration *f = resolveFuncCall(exp->loc, sc, sd->ctor, NULL, tb, exp->arguments, 0);
                if (!f || f->errors)
                    return setError();
                exp->checkDeprecated(sc, f);
                exp->checkPurity(sc, f);
                exp->checkSafety(sc, f);
                exp->checkNogc(sc, f);
                checkAccess(sd, exp->loc, sc, f);

                TypeFunction *tf = (TypeFunction *)f->type;
                if (!exp->arguments)
                    exp->arguments = new Expressions();
                if (functionParameters(exp->loc, sc, tf, exp->type, exp->arguments, f, &exp->type, &exp->argprefix))
                    return setError();

                exp->member = f->isCtorDeclaration();
                assert(exp->member);

                if (checkFrameAccess(exp->loc, sc, sd, sd->fields.dim))
                    return setError();
            }
            else
            {
                if (!exp->arguments)
                    exp->arguments = new Expressions();

                if (!sd->fit(exp->loc, sc, exp->arguments, tb))
                    return setError();
                if (!sd->fill(exp->loc, exp->arguments, false))
                    return setError();
                if (checkFrameAccess(exp->loc, sc, sd, exp->arguments ? exp->arguments->dim : 0))
                    return setError();
            }

            exp->type = exp->type->pointerTo();
        }
        else if (tb->ty == Tarray && nargs)
        {
            Type *tn = tb->nextOf()->baseElemOf();
            Dsymbol *s = tn->toDsymbol(sc);
            AggregateDeclaration *ad = s ? s->isAggregateDeclaration() : NULL;
            if (ad && ad->noDefaultCtor)
            {
                exp->error("default construction is disabled for type %s", tb->nextOf()->toChars());
                return setError();
            }
            for (size_t i = 0; i < nargs; i++)
            {
                if (tb->ty != Tarray)
                {
                    exp->error("too many arguments for array");
                    return setError();
                }

                Expression *arg = (*exp->arguments)[i];
                arg = resolveProperties(sc, arg);
                arg = arg->implicitCastTo(sc, Type::tsize_t);
                arg = arg->optimize(WANTvalue);
                if (arg->op == TOKint64 && (sinteger_t)arg->toInteger() < 0)
                {
                    exp->error("negative array index %s", arg->toChars());
                    return setError();
                }
                (*exp->arguments)[i] =  arg;
                tb = ((TypeDArray *)tb)->next->toBasetype();
            }
        }
        else if (tb->isscalar())
        {
            if (!nargs)
            {
            }
            else if (nargs == 1)
            {
                Expression *e = (*exp->arguments)[0];
                e = e->implicitCastTo(sc, tb);
                (*exp->arguments)[0] = e;
            }
            else
            {
                exp->error("more than one argument for construction of %s", exp->type->toChars());
                return setError();
            }

            exp->type = exp->type->pointerTo();
        }
        else
        {
            exp->error("new can only create structs, dynamic arrays or class objects, not %s's", exp->type->toChars());
            return setError();
        }

        //printf("NewExp: '%s'\n", toChars());
        //printf("NewExp:type '%s'\n", exp->type->toChars());
        semanticTypeInfo(sc, exp->type);

        if (newprefix)
        {
            result = Expression::combine(newprefix, exp);
            return;
        }
        result = exp;
    }

    void visit(NewAnonClassExp *e)
    {
        Expression *d = new DeclarationExp(e->loc, e->cd);
        sc = sc->push();            // just create new scope
        sc->flags &= ~SCOPEctfe;    // temporary stop CTFE
        d = semantic(d, sc);
        sc = sc->pop();

        if (!e->cd->errors && sc->intypeof && !sc->parent->inNonRoot())
        {
            ScopeDsymbol *sds = sc->tinst ? (ScopeDsymbol *)sc->tinst : sc->_module;
            sds->members->push(e->cd);
        }

        Expression *n = new NewExp(e->loc, e->thisexp, e->newargs, e->cd->type, e->arguments);

        Expression *c = new CommaExp(e->loc, d, n);
        result = semantic(c, sc);
    }

    void visit(SymOffExp *e)
    {
        //var->semantic(sc);
        if (!e->type)
            e->type = e->var->type->pointerTo();
        if (VarDeclaration *v = e->var->isVarDeclaration())
        {
            if (v->checkNestedReference(sc, e->loc))
                return setError();
        }
        else if (FuncDeclaration *f = e->var->isFuncDeclaration())
        {
            if (f->checkNestedReference(sc, e->loc))
                return setError();
        }
        result = e;
    }

    void visit(VarExp *e)
    {
        if (FuncDeclaration *fd = e->var->isFuncDeclaration())
        {
            //printf("L%d fd = %s\n", __LINE__, f->toChars());
            if (!fd->functionSemantic())
                return setError();
        }

        if (!e->type)
            e->type = e->var->type;

        if (e->type && !e->type->deco)
            e->type = e->type->semantic(e->loc, sc);

        /* Fix for 1161 doesn't work because it causes protection
         * problems when instantiating imported templates passing private
         * variables as alias template parameters.
         */
        //checkAccess(e->loc, sc, NULL, e->var);

        if (VarDeclaration *vd = e->var->isVarDeclaration())
        {
            if (vd->checkNestedReference(sc, e->loc))
                return setError();
            // Bugzilla 12025: If the variable is not actually used in runtime code,
            // the purity violation error is redundant.
            //checkPurity(sc, vd);
        }
        else if (FuncDeclaration *fd = e->var->isFuncDeclaration())
        {
            // TODO: If fd isn't yet resolved its overload, the checkNestedReference
            // call would cause incorrect validation.
            // Maybe here should be moved in CallExp, or AddrExp for functions.
            if (fd->checkNestedReference(sc, e->loc))
                return setError();
        }
        else if (e->var->isOverDeclaration())
        {
            e->type = Type::tvoid; // ambiguous type?
        }

        result = e;
    }

    void visit(TupleExp *exp)
    {
        if (exp->type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (exp->e0)
            exp->e0 = semantic(exp->e0, sc);

        // Run semantic() on each argument
        bool err = false;
        for (size_t i = 0; i < exp->exps->dim; i++)
        {
            Expression *e = (*exp->exps)[i];
            e = semantic(e, sc);
            if (!e->type)
            {
                exp->error("%s has no value", e->toChars());
                err = true;
            }
            else if (e->op == TOKerror)
                err = true;
            else
                (*exp->exps)[i] = e;
        }
        if (err)
            return setError();

        expandTuples(exp->exps);
        exp->type = new TypeTuple(exp->exps);
        exp->type = exp->type->semantic(exp->loc, sc);
        //printf("-TupleExp::semantic(%s)\n", exp->toChars());
        result = exp;
    }

    void visit(FuncExp *exp)
    {
        Expression *e = exp;

        sc = sc->push();            // just create new scope
        sc->flags &= ~SCOPEctfe;    // temporary stop CTFE
        sc->protection = Prot(PROTpublic);    // Bugzilla 12506

        if (!exp->type || exp->type == Type::tvoid)
        {
            /* fd->treq might be incomplete type,
             * so should not semantic it.
             * void foo(T)(T delegate(int) dg){}
             * foo(a=>a); // in IFTI, treq == T delegate(int)
             */
            //if (exp->fd->treq)
            //    exp->fd->treq = exp->fd->treq->semantic(exp->loc, sc);

            exp->genIdent(sc);

            // Set target of return type inference
            if (exp->fd->treq && !exp->fd->type->nextOf())
            {
                TypeFunction *tfv = NULL;
                if (exp->fd->treq->ty == Tdelegate ||
                    (exp->fd->treq->ty == Tpointer && exp->fd->treq->nextOf()->ty == Tfunction))
                    tfv = (TypeFunction *)exp->fd->treq->nextOf();
                if (tfv)
                {
                    TypeFunction *tfl = (TypeFunction *)exp->fd->type;
                    tfl->next = tfv->nextOf();
                }
            }

            //printf("td = %p, treq = %p\n", exp->td, exp->fd->treq);
            if (exp->td)
            {
                assert(exp->td->parameters && exp->td->parameters->dim);
                exp->td->semantic(sc);
                exp->type = Type::tvoid; // temporary type

                if (exp->fd->treq)       // defer type determination
                {
                    FuncExp *fe;
                    if (exp->matchType(exp->fd->treq, sc, &fe) > MATCHnomatch)
                        e = fe;
                    else
                        e = new ErrorExp();
                }
                goto Ldone;
            }

            unsigned olderrors = global.errors;
            exp->fd->semantic(sc);
            if (olderrors == global.errors)
            {
                exp->fd->semantic2(sc);
                if (olderrors == global.errors)
                    exp->fd->semantic3(sc);
            }
            if (olderrors != global.errors)
            {
                if (exp->fd->type && exp->fd->type->ty == Tfunction && !exp->fd->type->nextOf())
                    ((TypeFunction *)exp->fd->type)->next = Type::terror;
                e = new ErrorExp();
                goto Ldone;
            }

            // Type is a "delegate to" or "pointer to" the function literal
            if ((exp->fd->isNested() && exp->fd->tok == TOKdelegate) ||
                (exp->tok == TOKreserved && exp->fd->treq && exp->fd->treq->ty == Tdelegate))
            {
                exp->type = new TypeDelegate(exp->fd->type);
                exp->type = exp->type->semantic(exp->loc, sc);

                exp->fd->tok = TOKdelegate;
            }
            else
            {
                exp->type = new TypePointer(exp->fd->type);
                exp->type = exp->type->semantic(exp->loc, sc);
                //exp->type = exp->fd->type->pointerTo();

                /* A lambda expression deduced to function pointer might become
                 * to a delegate literal implicitly.
                 *
                 *   auto foo(void function() fp) { return 1; }
                 *   assert(foo({}) == 1);
                 *
                 * So, should keep fd->tok == TOKreserve if fd->treq == NULL.
                 */
                if (exp->fd->treq && exp->fd->treq->ty == Tpointer)
                {
                    // change to non-nested
                    exp->fd->tok = TOKfunction;
                    exp->fd->vthis = NULL;
                }
            }
            exp->fd->tookAddressOf++;
        }
    Ldone:
        sc = sc->pop();
        result = e;
    }

    // used from CallExp::semantic()
    Expression *callExpSemantic(FuncExp *exp, Scope *sc, Expressions *arguments)
    {
        if ((!exp->type || exp->type == Type::tvoid) && exp->td && arguments && arguments->dim)
        {
            for (size_t k = 0; k < arguments->dim; k++)
            {   Expression *checkarg = (*arguments)[k];
                if (checkarg->op == TOKerror)
                    return checkarg;
            }

            exp->genIdent(sc);

            assert(exp->td->parameters && exp->td->parameters->dim);
            exp->td->semantic(sc);

            TypeFunction *tfl = (TypeFunction *)exp->fd->type;
            size_t dim = Parameter::dim(tfl->parameters);
            if (arguments->dim < dim)
            {   // Default arguments are always typed, so they don't need inference.
                Parameter *p = Parameter::getNth(tfl->parameters, arguments->dim);
                if (p->defaultArg)
                    dim = arguments->dim;
            }

            if ((!tfl->varargs && arguments->dim == dim) ||
                ( tfl->varargs && arguments->dim >= dim))
            {
                Objects *tiargs = new Objects();
                tiargs->reserve(exp->td->parameters->dim);

                for (size_t i = 0; i < exp->td->parameters->dim; i++)
                {
                    TemplateParameter *tp = (*exp->td->parameters)[i];
                    for (size_t u = 0; u < dim; u++)
                    {   Parameter *p = Parameter::getNth(tfl->parameters, u);
                        if (p->type->ty == Tident &&
                            ((TypeIdentifier *)p->type)->ident == tp->ident)
                        {   Expression *e = (*arguments)[u];
                            tiargs->push(e->type);
                            u = dim;    // break inner loop
                        }
                    }
                }

                TemplateInstance *ti = new TemplateInstance(exp->loc, exp->td, tiargs);
                Expression *se = new ScopeExp(exp->loc, ti);
                return semantic(se, sc);
            }
            exp->error("cannot infer function literal type");
            return new ErrorExp();
        }
        return semantic(exp, sc);
    }

    void visit(DeclarationExp *e)
    {
        if (e->type)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        unsigned olderrors = global.errors;

        /* This is here to support extern(linkage) declaration,
         * where the extern(linkage) winds up being an AttribDeclaration
         * wrapper.
         */
        Dsymbol *s = e->declaration;

        while (1)
        {
            AttribDeclaration *ad = s->isAttribDeclaration();
            if (ad)
            {
                if (ad->decl && ad->decl->dim == 1)
                {
                    s = (*ad->decl)[0];
                    continue;
                }
            }
            break;
        }

        VarDeclaration *v = s->isVarDeclaration();
        if (v)
        {
            // Do semantic() on initializer first, so:
            //      int a = a;
            // will be illegal.
            e->declaration->semantic(sc);
            s->parent = sc->parent;
        }

        //printf("inserting '%s' %p into sc = %p\n", s->toChars(), s, sc);
        // Insert into both local scope and function scope.
        // Must be unique in both.
        if (s->ident)
        {
            if (!sc->insert(s))
            {
                e->error("declaration %s is already defined", s->toPrettyChars());
                return setError();
            }
            else if (sc->func)
            {
                // Bugzilla 11720 - include Dataseg variables
                if ((s->isFuncDeclaration() ||
                     s->isAggregateDeclaration() ||
                     s->isEnumDeclaration() ||
                     (v && v->isDataseg())) &&
                    !sc->func->localsymtab->insert(s))
                {
                    e->error("declaration %s is already defined in another scope in %s",
                        s->toPrettyChars(), sc->func->toChars());
                    return setError();
                }
                else
                {
                    // Disallow shadowing
                    for (Scope *scx = sc->enclosing; scx && scx->func == sc->func; scx = scx->enclosing)
                    {
                        Dsymbol *s2;
                        if (scx->scopesym && scx->scopesym->symtab &&
                            (s2 = scx->scopesym->symtab->lookup(s->ident)) != NULL &&
                            s != s2)
                        {
                            e->error("%s %s is shadowing %s %s", s->kind(), s->ident->toChars(), s2->kind(), s2->toPrettyChars());
                            return setError();
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        if (!s->isVarDeclaration())
        {
            Scope *sc2 = sc;
            if (sc2->stc & (STCpure | STCnothrow | STCnogc))
                sc2 = sc->push();
            sc2->stc &= ~(STCpure | STCnothrow | STCnogc);
            e->declaration->semantic(sc2);
            if (sc2 != sc)
                sc2->pop();
            s->parent = sc->parent;
        }
        if (global.errors == olderrors)
        {
            e->declaration->semantic2(sc);
            if (global.errors == olderrors)
            {
                e->declaration->semantic3(sc);
            }
        }
        // todo: error in declaration should be propagated.

        e->type = Type::tvoid;
        result = e;
    }

    void visit(TypeidExp *exp)
    {
        Type *ta = isType(exp->obj);
        Expression *ea = isExpression(exp->obj);
        Dsymbol *sa = isDsymbol(exp->obj);

        //printf("ta %p ea %p sa %p\n", ta, ea, sa);

        if (ta)
        {
            ta->resolve(exp->loc, sc, &ea, &ta, &sa, true);
        }

        if (ea)
        {
            if (Dsymbol *sym = getDsymbol(ea))
                ea = resolve(exp->loc, sc, sym, false);
            else
                ea = semantic(ea, sc);
            ea = resolveProperties(sc, ea);
            ta = ea->type;
            if (ea->op == TOKtype)
                ea = NULL;
        }

        if (!ta)
        {
            //printf("ta %p ea %p sa %p\n", ta, ea, sa);
            exp->error("no type for typeid(%s)", ea ? ea->toChars() : (sa ? sa->toChars() : ""));
            return setError();
        }

        if (global.params.vcomplex)
            ta->checkComplexTransition(exp->loc);

        Expression *e;
        if (ea && ta->toBasetype()->ty == Tclass)
        {
            /* Get the dynamic type, which is .classinfo
            */
            ea = semantic(ea, sc);
            e = new TypeidExp(ea->loc, ea);
            e->type = Type::typeinfoclass->type;
        }
        else if (ta->ty == Terror)
        {
            e = new ErrorExp();
        }
        else
        {
            // Handle this in the glue layer
            e = new TypeidExp(exp->loc, ta);
            e->type = getTypeInfoType(ta, sc);

            semanticTypeInfo(sc, ta);

            if (ea)
            {
                e = new CommaExp(exp->loc, ea, e);       // execute ea
                e = semantic(e, sc);
            }
        }
        result = e;
    }

    void visit(TraitsExp *e)
    {
        result = semanticTraits(e, sc);
    }

    void visit(HaltExp *e)
    {
        e->type = Type::tvoid;
        result = e;
    }

    void visit(IsExp *e)
    {
        /* is(targ id tok tspec)
         * is(targ id :  tok2)
         * is(targ id == tok2)
         */

        //printf("IsExp::semantic(%s)\n", toChars());
        if (e->id && !(sc->flags & SCOPEcondition))
        {
            e->error("can only declare type aliases within static if conditionals or static asserts");
            return setError();
        }

        Type *tded = NULL;
        Scope *sc2 = sc->copy();    // keep sc->flags
        sc2->tinst = NULL;
        sc2->minst = NULL;
        sc2->flags |= SCOPEfullinst;
        Type *t = e->targ->trySemantic(e->loc, sc2);
        sc2->pop();
        if (!t)
            goto Lno;                       // errors, so condition is false
        e->targ = t;
        if (e->tok2 != TOKreserved)
        {
            switch (e->tok2)
            {
                case TOKstruct:
                    if (e->targ->ty != Tstruct)
                        goto Lno;
                    if (((TypeStruct *)e->targ)->sym->isUnionDeclaration())
                        goto Lno;
                    tded = e->targ;
                    break;

                case TOKunion:
                    if (e->targ->ty != Tstruct)
                        goto Lno;
                    if (!((TypeStruct *)e->targ)->sym->isUnionDeclaration())
                        goto Lno;
                    tded = e->targ;
                    break;

                case TOKclass:
                    if (e->targ->ty != Tclass)
                        goto Lno;
                    if (((TypeClass *)e->targ)->sym->isInterfaceDeclaration())
                        goto Lno;
                    tded = e->targ;
                    break;

                case TOKinterface:
                    if (e->targ->ty != Tclass)
                        goto Lno;
                    if (!((TypeClass *)e->targ)->sym->isInterfaceDeclaration())
                        goto Lno;
                    tded = e->targ;
                    break;
                case TOKconst:
                    if (!e->targ->isConst())
                        goto Lno;
                    tded = e->targ;
                    break;

                case TOKimmutable:
                    if (!e->targ->isImmutable())
                        goto Lno;
                    tded = e->targ;
                    break;

                case TOKshared:
                    if (!e->targ->isShared())
                        goto Lno;
                    tded = e->targ;
                    break;

                case TOKwild:
                    if (!e->targ->isWild())
                        goto Lno;
                    tded = e->targ;
                    break;

                case TOKsuper:
                    // If class or interface, get the base class and interfaces
                    if (e->targ->ty != Tclass)
                        goto Lno;
                    else
                    {
                        ClassDeclaration *cd = ((TypeClass *)e->targ)->sym;
                        Parameters *args = new Parameters;
                        args->reserve(cd->baseclasses->dim);
                        if (cd->_scope && !cd->symtab)
                            cd->semantic(cd->_scope);
                        for (size_t i = 0; i < cd->baseclasses->dim; i++)
                        {
                            BaseClass *b = (*cd->baseclasses)[i];
                            args->push(new Parameter(STCin, b->type, NULL, NULL));
                        }
                        tded = new TypeTuple(args);
                    }
                    break;

                case TOKenum:
                    if (e->targ->ty != Tenum)
                        goto Lno;
                    if (e->id)
                        tded = ((TypeEnum *)e->targ)->sym->getMemtype(e->loc);
                    else
                        tded = e->targ;
                    if (tded->ty == Terror)
                        return setError();
                    break;

                case TOKdelegate:
                    if (e->targ->ty != Tdelegate)
                        goto Lno;
                    tded = ((TypeDelegate *)e->targ)->next;    // the underlying function type
                    break;

                case TOKfunction:
                case TOKparameters:
                    {
                        if (e->targ->ty != Tfunction)
                            goto Lno;
                        tded = e->targ;

                        /* Generate tuple from function parameter types.
                        */
                        assert(tded->ty == Tfunction);
                        Parameters *params = ((TypeFunction *)tded)->parameters;
                        size_t dim = Parameter::dim(params);
                        Parameters *args = new Parameters;
                        args->reserve(dim);
                        for (size_t i = 0; i < dim; i++)
                        {
                            Parameter *arg = Parameter::getNth(params, i);
                            assert(arg && arg->type);
                            /* If one of the default arguments was an error,
                               don't return an invalid tuple
                               */
                            if (e->tok2 == TOKparameters && arg->defaultArg &&
                                arg->defaultArg->op == TOKerror)
                                return setError();
                            args->push(new Parameter(arg->storageClass, arg->type,
                                                     (e->tok2 == TOKparameters) ? arg->ident : NULL,
                                                     (e->tok2 == TOKparameters) ? arg->defaultArg : NULL));
                        }
                        tded = new TypeTuple(args);
                        break;
                    }
                case TOKreturn:
                    /* Get the 'return type' for the function,
                     * delegate, or pointer to function.
                     */
                    if (e->targ->ty == Tfunction)
                        tded = ((TypeFunction *)e->targ)->next;
                    else if (e->targ->ty == Tdelegate)
                    {
                        tded = ((TypeDelegate *)e->targ)->next;
                        tded = ((TypeFunction *)tded)->next;
                    }
                    else if (e->targ->ty == Tpointer &&
                             ((TypePointer *)e->targ)->next->ty == Tfunction)
                    {
                        tded = ((TypePointer *)e->targ)->next;
                        tded = ((TypeFunction *)tded)->next;
                    }
                    else
                        goto Lno;
                    break;

                case TOKargTypes:
                    /* Generate a type tuple of the equivalent types used to determine if a
                     * function argument of this type can be passed in registers.
                     * The results of this are highly platform dependent, and intended
                     * primarly for use in implementing va_arg().
                     */
                    tded = toArgTypes(e->targ);
                    if (!tded)
                        goto Lno;           // not valid for a parameter
                    break;

                case TOKvector:
                    if (e->targ->ty != Tvector)
                        goto Lno;
                    tded = ((TypeVector *)e->targ)->basetype;
                    break;

                default:
                    assert(0);
            }
            goto Lyes;
        }
        else if (e->tspec && !e->id && !(e->parameters && e->parameters->dim))
        {
            /* Evaluate to true if targ matches tspec
             * is(targ == tspec)
             * is(targ : tspec)
             */
            e->tspec = e->tspec->semantic(e->loc, sc);
            //printf("targ  = %s, %s\n", e->targ->toChars(), e->targ->deco);
            //printf("tspec = %s, %s\n", e->tspec->toChars(), e->tspec->deco);
            if (e->tok == TOKcolon)
            {
                if (e->targ->implicitConvTo(e->tspec))
                    goto Lyes;
                else
                    goto Lno;
            }
            else /* == */
            {
                if (e->targ->equals(e->tspec))
                    goto Lyes;
                else
                    goto Lno;
            }
        }
        else if (e->tspec)
        {
            /* Evaluate to true if targ matches tspec.
             * If true, declare id as an alias for the specialized type.
             * is(targ == tspec, tpl)
             * is(targ : tspec, tpl)
             * is(targ id == tspec)
             * is(targ id : tspec)
             * is(targ id == tspec, tpl)
             * is(targ id : tspec, tpl)
             */

            Identifier *tid = e->id ? e->id : Identifier::generateId("__isexp_id");
            e->parameters->insert(0, new TemplateTypeParameter(e->loc, tid, NULL, NULL));

            Objects dedtypes;
            dedtypes.setDim(e->parameters->dim);
            dedtypes.zero();

            MATCH m = deduceType(e->targ, sc, e->tspec, e->parameters, &dedtypes);
            //printf("targ: %s\n", e->targ->toChars());
            //printf("tspec: %s\n", e->tspec->toChars());
            if (m <= MATCHnomatch ||
                (m != MATCHexact && e->tok == TOKequal))
            {
                goto Lno;
            }
            else
            {
                tded = (Type *)dedtypes[0];
                if (!tded)
                    tded = e->targ;
                Objects tiargs;
                tiargs.setDim(1);
                tiargs[0] = e->targ;

                /* Declare trailing parameters
                */
                for (size_t i = 1; i < e->parameters->dim; i++)
                {
                    TemplateParameter *tp = (*e->parameters)[i];
                    Declaration *s = NULL;

                    m = tp->matchArg(e->loc, sc, &tiargs, i, e->parameters, &dedtypes, &s);
                    if (m <= MATCHnomatch)
                        goto Lno;
                    s->semantic(sc);
                    if (sc->sds)
                        s->addMember(sc, sc->sds);
                    else if (!sc->insert(s))
                        e->error("declaration %s is already defined", s->toChars());

                    unSpeculative(sc, s);
                }
                goto Lyes;
            }
        }
        else if (e->id)
        {
            /* Declare id as an alias for type targ. Evaluate to true
             * is(targ id)
             */
            tded = e->targ;
            goto Lyes;
        }

    Lyes:
        if (e->id)
        {
            Dsymbol *s;
            Tuple *tup = isTuple(tded);
            if (tup)
                s = new TupleDeclaration(e->loc, e->id, &(tup->objects));
            else
                s = new AliasDeclaration(e->loc, e->id, tded);
            s->semantic(sc);
            /* The reason for the !tup is unclear. It fails Phobos unittests if it is not there.
             * More investigation is needed.
             */
            if (!tup && !sc->insert(s))
                e->error("declaration %s is already defined", s->toChars());
            if (sc->sds)
                s->addMember(sc, sc->sds);

            unSpeculative(sc, s);
        }
        //printf("Lyes\n");
        result = new IntegerExp(e->loc, 1, Type::tbool);
        return;

    Lno:
        //printf("Lno\n");
        result = new IntegerExp(e->loc, 0, Type::tbool);
    }

    void visit(BinAssignExp *exp)
    {
        if (exp->type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        Expression *e = exp->op_overload(sc);
        if (e)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        if (exp->e1->checkReadModifyWrite(exp->op, exp->e2))
            return setError();

        if (exp->e1->op == TOKarraylength)
        {
            // arr.length op= e2;
            e = ArrayLengthExp::rewriteOpAssign(exp);
            e = semantic(e, sc);
            result = e;
            return;
        }
        if (exp->e1->op == TOKslice || exp->e1->type->ty == Tarray || exp->e1->type->ty == Tsarray)
        {
            if (exp->e1->op == TOKslice)
                ((SliceExp *)exp->e1)->arrayop = true;

            // T[] op= ...
            if (exp->e2->implicitConvTo(exp->e1->type->nextOf()))
            {
                // T[] op= T
                exp->e2 = exp->e2->castTo(sc, exp->e1->type->nextOf());
            }
            else if (Expression *ex = typeCombine(exp, sc))
            {
                result = ex;
                return;
            }
            exp->type = exp->e1->type;
            result = arrayOp(exp, sc);
            return;
        }

        exp->e1 = semantic(exp->e1, sc);
        exp->e1 = exp->e1->optimize(WANTvalue);
        exp->e1 = exp->e1->modifiableLvalue(sc, exp->e1);
        exp->type = exp->e1->type;
        if (exp->checkScalar())
            return setError();

        int arith = (exp->op == TOKaddass || exp->op == TOKminass || exp->op == TOKmulass ||
                     exp->op == TOKdivass || exp->op == TOKmodass || exp->op == TOKpowass);
        int bitwise = (exp->op == TOKandass || exp->op == TOKorass || exp->op == TOKxorass);
        int shift = (exp->op == TOKshlass || exp->op == TOKshrass || exp->op == TOKushrass);

        if (bitwise && exp->type->toBasetype()->ty == Tbool)
            exp->e2 = exp->e2->implicitCastTo(sc, exp->type);
        else if (exp->checkNoBool())
            return setError();

        if ((exp->op == TOKaddass || exp->op == TOKminass) &&
            exp->e1->type->toBasetype()->ty == Tpointer &&
            exp->e2->type->toBasetype()->isintegral())
        {
            result = scaleFactor(exp, sc);
            return;
        }

        if (Expression *ex = typeCombine(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }

        if (arith && exp->checkArithmeticBin())
            return setError();
        if ((bitwise || shift) && exp->checkIntegralBin())
            return setError();
        if (shift)
        {
            if (exp->e2->type->toBasetype()->ty != Tvector)
                exp->e2 = exp->e2->castTo(sc, Type::tshiftcnt);
        }

        if (!Target::isVectorOpSupported(exp->type->toBasetype(), exp->op, exp->e2->type->toBasetype()))
        {
            result = exp->incompatibleTypes();
            return;
        }

        if (exp->e1->op == TOKerror || exp->e2->op == TOKerror)
            return setError();

        e = exp->checkOpAssignTypes(sc);
        if (e->op == TOKerror)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        assert(e->op == TOKassign || e == exp);
        result = ((BinExp *)e)->reorderSettingAAElem(sc);
    }

    void visit(CompileExp *exp)
    {
        sc = sc->startCTFE();
        exp->e1 = semantic(exp->e1, sc);
        exp->e1 = resolveProperties(sc, exp->e1);
        sc = sc->endCTFE();
        if (exp->e1->op == TOKerror)
        {
            result = exp->e1;
            return;
        }
        if (!exp->e1->type->isString())
        {
            exp->error("argument to mixin must be a string type, not %s", exp->e1->type->toChars());
            return setError();
        }
        exp->e1 = exp->e1->ctfeInterpret();
        StringExp *se = exp->e1->toStringExp();
        if (!se)
        {
            exp->error("argument to mixin must be a string, not (%s)", exp->e1->toChars());
            return setError();
        }
        se = se->toUTF8(sc);
        unsigned errors = global.errors;
        Parser p(exp->loc, sc->_module, (utf8_t *)se->string, se->len, 0);
        p.nextToken();
        //printf("p.loc.linnum = %d\n", p.loc.linnum);
        Expression *e = p.parseExpression();
        if (p.errors)
        {
            assert(global.errors != errors);        // should have caught all these cases
            return setError();
        }
        if (p.token.value != TOKeof)
        {
            exp->error("incomplete mixin expression (%s)", se->toChars());
            return setError();
        }
        result = semantic(e, sc);
    }

    void visit(ImportExp *e)
    {
        const char *name;
        StringExp *se;

        sc = sc->startCTFE();
        e->e1 = semantic(e->e1, sc);
        e->e1 = resolveProperties(sc, e->e1);
        sc = sc->endCTFE();
        e->e1 = e->e1->ctfeInterpret();
        if (e->e1->op != TOKstring)
        {
            e->error("file name argument must be a string, not (%s)", e->e1->toChars());
            goto Lerror;
        }
        se = (StringExp *)e->e1;
        se = se->toUTF8(sc);
        name = (char *)se->string;

        if (!global.params.fileImppath)
        {
            e->error("need -Jpath switch to import text file %s", name);
            goto Lerror;
        }

        /* Be wary of CWE-22: Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory
         * ('Path Traversal') attacks.
         * http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/22.html
         */

        name = FileName::safeSearchPath(global.filePath, name);
        if (!name)
        {
            e->error("file %s cannot be found or not in a path specified with -J", se->toChars());
            goto Lerror;
        }

        if (global.params.verbose)
            message("file      %.*s\t(%s)", (int)se->len, (char *)se->string, name);
        if (global.params.moduleDeps != NULL)
        {
            OutBuffer *ob = global.params.moduleDeps;
            Module* imod = sc->instantiatingModule();

            if (!global.params.moduleDepsFile)
                ob->writestring("depsFile ");
            ob->writestring(imod->toPrettyChars());
            ob->writestring(" (");
            escapePath(ob, imod->srcfile->toChars());
            ob->writestring(") : ");
            if (global.params.moduleDepsFile)
                ob->writestring("string : ");
            ob->writestring((char *) se->string);
            ob->writestring(" (");
            escapePath(ob, name);
            ob->writestring(")");
            ob->writenl();
        }

        {
            File f(name);
            if (f.read())
            {
                e->error("cannot read file %s", f.toChars());
                goto Lerror;
            }
            else
            {
                f.ref = 1;
                se = new StringExp(e->loc, f.buffer, f.len);
            }
        }
        result = semantic(se, sc);
        return;

    Lerror:
        return setError();
    }

    void visit(AssertExp *exp)
    {
        if (Expression *ex = unaSemantic(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }
        exp->e1 = resolveProperties(sc, exp->e1);
        // BUG: see if we can do compile time elimination of the Assert
        exp->e1 = exp->e1->optimize(WANTvalue);
        exp->e1 = exp->e1->toBoolean(sc);
        if (exp->msg)
        {
            exp->msg = semantic(exp->msg, sc);
            exp->msg = resolveProperties(sc, exp->msg);
            exp->msg = exp->msg->implicitCastTo(sc, Type::tchar->constOf()->arrayOf());
            exp->msg = exp->msg->optimize(WANTvalue);
        }

        if (exp->e1->op == TOKerror)
        {
            result = exp->e1;
            return;
        }
        if (exp->msg && exp->msg->op == TOKerror)
        {
            result = exp->msg;
            return;
        }

        bool f1 = checkNonAssignmentArrayOp(exp->e1);
        bool f2 = exp->msg && checkNonAssignmentArrayOp(exp->msg);
        if (f1 || f2)
            return setError();

        if (exp->e1->isBool(false))
        {
            FuncDeclaration *fd = sc->parent->isFuncDeclaration();
            if (fd)
                fd->hasReturnExp |= 4;
            sc->callSuper |= CSXhalt;
            if (sc->fieldinit)
            {
                for (size_t i = 0; i < sc->fieldinit_dim; i++)
                    sc->fieldinit[i] |= CSXhalt;
            }

            if (!global.params.useAssert)
            {
                Expression *e = new HaltExp(exp->loc);
                e = semantic(e, sc);
                result = e;
                return;
            }
        }
        exp->type = Type::tvoid;
        result = exp;
    }

    void visit(DotIdExp *exp)
    {
        Expression *e = semanticY(exp, sc, 1);
        if (e && isDotOpDispatch(e))
        {
            unsigned errors = global.startGagging();
            e = resolvePropertiesX(sc, e);
            if (global.endGagging(errors))
                e = NULL;   /* fall down to UFCS */
            else
            {
                result = e;
                return;
            }
        }
        if (!e)     // if failed to find the property
        {
            /* If ident is not a valid property, rewrite:
             *   e1.ident
             * as:
             *   .ident(e1)
             */
            e = resolveUFCSProperties(sc, exp);
        }
        result = e;
    }

    void visit(DotTemplateExp *e)
    {
        if (Expression *ex = unaSemantic(e, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }
        result = e;
    }

    void visit(DotVarExp *exp)
    {
        if (exp->type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        exp->var = exp->var->toAlias()->isDeclaration();

        exp->e1 = semantic(exp->e1, sc);

        if (TupleDeclaration *tup = exp->var->isTupleDeclaration())
        {
            /* Replace:
             *  e1.tuple(a, b, c)
             * with:
             *  tuple(e1.a, e1.b, e1.c)
             */
            Expression *e0 = NULL;
            Expression *ev = sc->func ? extractSideEffect(sc, "__tup", &e0, exp->e1) : exp->e1;

            Expressions *exps = new Expressions;
            exps->reserve(tup->objects->dim);
            for (size_t i = 0; i < tup->objects->dim; i++)
            {
                RootObject *o = (*tup->objects)[i];
                Expression *e;
                if (o->dyncast() == DYNCAST_EXPRESSION)
                {
                    e = (Expression *)o;
                    if (e->op == TOKdsymbol)
                    {
                        Dsymbol *s = ((DsymbolExp *)e)->s;
                        e = new DotVarExp(exp->loc, ev, s->isDeclaration());
                    }
                }
                else if (o->dyncast() == DYNCAST_DSYMBOL)
                {
                    e = new DsymbolExp(exp->loc, (Dsymbol *)o);
                }
                else if (o->dyncast() == DYNCAST_TYPE)
                {
                    e = new TypeExp(exp->loc, (Type *)o);
                }
                else
                {
                    exp->error("%s is not an expression", o->toChars());
                    return setError();
                }
                exps->push(e);
            }

            Expression *e = new TupleExp(exp->loc, e0, exps);
            e = semantic(e, sc);
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        exp->e1 = exp->e1->addDtorHook(sc);

        Type *t1 = exp->e1->type;

        if (FuncDeclaration *fd = exp->var->isFuncDeclaration())
        {
            // for functions, do checks after overload resolution
            if (!fd->functionSemantic())
                return setError();

            /* Bugzilla 13843: If fd obviously has no overloads, we should
             * normalize AST, and it will give a chance to wrap fd with FuncExp.
             */
            if (fd->isNested() || fd->isFuncLiteralDeclaration())
            {
                // (e1, fd)
                Expression *e = resolve(exp->loc, sc, fd, false);
                result = Expression::combine(exp->e1, e);
                return;
            }

            exp->type = fd->type;
            assert(exp->type);
        }
        else if (exp->var->isOverDeclaration())
        {
            exp->type = Type::tvoid; // ambiguous type?
        }
        else
        {
            exp->type = exp->var->type;
            if (!exp->type && global.errors)
            {
                // var is goofed up, just return 0
                return setError();
            }
            assert(exp->type);

            if (t1->ty == Tpointer)
                t1 = t1->nextOf();

            exp->type = exp->type->addMod(t1->mod);

            Dsymbol *vparent = exp->var->toParent();
            AggregateDeclaration *ad = vparent ? vparent->isAggregateDeclaration() : NULL;

            if (Expression *e1x = getRightThis(exp->loc, sc, ad, exp->e1, exp->var, 1))
                exp->e1 = e1x;
            else
            {
                /* Later checkRightThis will report correct error for invalid field variable access.
                */
                Expression *e = new VarExp(exp->loc, exp->var);
                e = semantic(e, sc);
                result = e;
                return;
            }
            checkAccess(exp->loc, sc, exp->e1, exp->var);

            VarDeclaration *v = exp->var->isVarDeclaration();
            if (v && (v->isDataseg() || (v->storage_class & STCmanifest)))
            {
                Expression *e = expandVar(WANTvalue, v);
                if (e)
                {
                    result = e;
                    return;
                }
            }

            if (v && v->isDataseg())     // fix bugzilla 8238
            {
                // (e1, v)
                checkAccess(exp->loc, sc, exp->e1, v);
                Expression *e = new VarExp(exp->loc, v);
                e = new CommaExp(exp->loc, exp->e1, e);
                e = semantic(e, sc);
                result = e;
                return;
            }
        }

        //printf("-DotVarExp::semantic('%s')\n", exp->toChars());
        result = exp;
    }

    void visit(DotTemplateInstanceExp *exp)
    {
        // Indicate we need to resolve by UFCS.
        Expression *e = semanticY(exp, sc, 1);
        if (!e)
            e = resolveUFCSProperties(sc, exp);
        result = e;
    }

    void visit(DelegateExp *e)
    {
        if (e->type)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        e->e1 = semantic(e->e1, sc);
        e->type = new TypeDelegate(e->func->type);
        e->type = e->type->semantic(e->loc, sc);
        FuncDeclaration *f = e->func->toAliasFunc();
        AggregateDeclaration *ad = f->toParent()->isAggregateDeclaration();
        if (f->needThis())
            e->e1 = getRightThis(e->loc, sc, ad, e->e1, f);
        if (f->type->ty == Tfunction)
        {
            TypeFunction *tf = (TypeFunction *)f->type;
            if (!MODmethodConv(e->e1->type->mod, f->type->mod))
            {
                OutBuffer thisBuf, funcBuf;
                MODMatchToBuffer(&thisBuf, e->e1->type->mod, tf->mod);
                MODMatchToBuffer(&funcBuf, tf->mod, e->e1->type->mod);
                e->error("%smethod %s is not callable using a %s%s",
                    funcBuf.peekString(), f->toPrettyChars(), thisBuf.peekString(), e->e1->toChars());
                return setError();
            }
        }
        if (ad && ad->isClassDeclaration() && ad->type != e->e1->type)
        {
            // A downcast is required for interfaces, see Bugzilla 3706
            e->e1 = new CastExp(e->loc, e->e1, ad->type);
            e->e1 = semantic(e->e1, sc);
        }
        result = e;
    }

    void visit(DotTypeExp *exp)
    {
        if (exp->type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (Expression *e = unaSemantic(exp, sc))
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        exp->type = exp->sym->getType()->addMod(exp->e1->type->mod);
        result = exp;
    }

    void visit(CallExp *exp)
    {
        if (exp->type)
        {
            result = exp;            // semantic() already run
            return;
        }

        Type *t1;
        Objects *tiargs = NULL;     // initial list of template arguments
        Expression *ethis = NULL;
        Type *tthis = NULL;
        Expression *e1org = exp->e1;

        if (exp->e1->op == TOKcomma)
        {
            /* Rewrite (a,b)(args) as (a,(b(args)))
            */
            CommaExp *ce = (CommaExp *)exp->e1;
            exp->e1 = ce->e2;
            ce->e2 = exp;
            result = semantic(ce, sc);
            return;
        }

        if (exp->e1->op == TOKdelegate)
        {
            DelegateExp *de = (DelegateExp *)exp->e1;
            exp->e1 = new DotVarExp(de->loc, de->e1, de->func, de->hasOverloads);
            result = semantic(exp, sc);
            return;
        }

        if (exp->e1->op == TOKfunction)
        {
            if (arrayExpressionSemantic(exp->arguments, sc) ||
                preFunctionParameters(sc, exp->arguments))
            {
                return setError();
            }

            // Run e1 semantic even if arguments have any errors
            FuncExp *fe = (FuncExp *)exp->e1;
            exp->e1 = callExpSemantic(fe, sc, exp->arguments);
            if (exp->e1->op == TOKerror)
            {
                result = exp->e1;
                return;
            }
        }

        if (Expression *ex = resolveUFCS(sc, exp))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }

        /* This recognizes:
         *  foo!(tiargs)(funcargs)
         */
        if (exp->e1->op == TOKscope)
        {
            ScopeExp *se = (ScopeExp *)exp->e1;
            TemplateInstance *ti = se->sds->isTemplateInstance();
            if (ti)
            {
                /* Attempt to instantiate ti. If that works, go with it.
                 * If not, go with partial explicit specialization.
                 */
                WithScopeSymbol *withsym;
                if (!ti->findTempDecl(sc, &withsym) ||
                    !ti->semanticTiargs(sc))
                {
                    return setError();
                }
                if (withsym && withsym->withstate->wthis)
                {
                    exp->e1 = new VarExp(exp->e1->loc, withsym->withstate->wthis);
                    exp->e1 = new DotTemplateInstanceExp(exp->e1->loc, exp->e1, ti);
                    goto Ldotti;
                }
                if (ti->needsTypeInference(sc, 1))
                {
                    /* Go with partial explicit specialization
                    */
                    tiargs = ti->tiargs;
                    assert(ti->tempdecl);
                    if (TemplateDeclaration *td = ti->tempdecl->isTemplateDeclaration())
                        exp->e1 = new TemplateExp(exp->loc, td);
                    else if (OverDeclaration *od = ti->tempdecl->isOverDeclaration())
                        exp->e1 = new VarExp(exp->loc, od);
                    else
                        exp->e1 = new OverExp(exp->loc, ti->tempdecl->isOverloadSet());
                }
                else
                {
                    Expression *e1x = semantic(exp->e1, sc);
                    if (e1x->op == TOKerror)
                    {
                        result = e1x;
                        return;
                    }
                    exp->e1 = e1x;
                }
            }
        }

        /* This recognizes:
         *  expr.foo!(tiargs)(funcargs)
         */
    Ldotti:
        if (exp->e1->op == TOKdotti && !exp->e1->type)
        {
            DotTemplateInstanceExp *se = (DotTemplateInstanceExp *)exp->e1;
            TemplateInstance *ti = se->ti;
            {
                /* Attempt to instantiate ti. If that works, go with it.
                 * If not, go with partial explicit specialization.
                 */
                if (!se->findTempDecl(sc) ||
                    !ti->semanticTiargs(sc))
                {
                    return setError();
                }
                if (ti->needsTypeInference(sc, 1))
                {
                    /* Go with partial explicit specialization
                    */
                    tiargs = ti->tiargs;
                    assert(ti->tempdecl);
                    if (TemplateDeclaration *td = ti->tempdecl->isTemplateDeclaration())
                        exp->e1 = new DotTemplateExp(exp->loc, se->e1, td);
                    else if (OverDeclaration *od = ti->tempdecl->isOverDeclaration())
                    {
                        exp->e1 = new DotVarExp(exp->loc, se->e1, od, true);
                    }
                    else
                        exp->e1 = new DotExp(exp->loc, se->e1, new OverExp(exp->loc, ti->tempdecl->isOverloadSet()));
                }
                else
                {
                    Expression *e1x = semantic(exp->e1, sc);
                    if (e1x->op == TOKerror)
                    {
                        result =e1x;
                        return;
                    }
                    exp->e1 = e1x;
                }
            }
        }

    Lagain:
        //printf("Lagain: %s\n", exp->toChars());
        exp->f = NULL;
        if (exp->e1->op == TOKthis || exp->e1->op == TOKsuper)
        {
            // semantic() run later for these
        }
        else
        {
            if (exp->e1->op == TOKdotid)
            {
                DotIdExp *die = (DotIdExp *)exp->e1;
                exp->e1 = semantic(die, sc);
                /* Look for e1 having been rewritten to expr.opDispatch!(string)
                 * We handle such earlier, so go back.
                 * Note that in the rewrite, we carefully did not run semantic() on e1
                 */
                if (exp->e1->op == TOKdotti && !exp->e1->type)
                {
                    goto Ldotti;
                }
            }
            else
            {
                static int nest;
                if (++nest > 500)
                {
                    exp->error("recursive evaluation of %s", exp->toChars());
                    --nest;
                    return setError();
                }
                Expression *ex = unaSemantic(exp, sc);
                --nest;
                if (ex)
                {
                    result = ex;
                    return;
                }
            }

            /* Look for e1 being a lazy parameter
            */
            if (exp->e1->op == TOKvar)
            {
                VarExp *ve = (VarExp *)exp->e1;
                if (ve->var->storage_class & STClazy)
                {
                    // lazy paramaters can be called without violating purity and safety
                    Type *tw = ve->var->type;
                    Type *tc = ve->var->type->substWildTo(MODconst);
                    TypeFunction *tf = new TypeFunction(NULL, tc, 0, LINKd, STCsafe | STCpure);
                    (tf = (TypeFunction *)tf->semantic(exp->loc, sc))->next = tw;    // hack for bug7757
                    TypeDelegate *t = new TypeDelegate(tf);
                    ve->type = t->semantic(exp->loc, sc);
                }
                VarDeclaration *v = ve->var->isVarDeclaration();
                if (v && ve->checkPurity(sc, v))
                    return setError();
            }

            if (exp->e1->op == TOKsymoff && ((SymOffExp *)exp->e1)->hasOverloads)
            {
                SymOffExp *se = (SymOffExp *)exp->e1;
                exp->e1 = new VarExp(se->loc, se->var, true);
                exp->e1 = semantic(exp->e1, sc);
            }
            else if (exp->e1->op == TOKdot)
            {
                DotExp *de = (DotExp *) exp->e1;

                if (de->e2->op == TOKoverloadset)
                {
                    ethis = de->e1;
                    tthis = de->e1->type;
                    exp->e1 = de->e2;
                }
            }
            else if (exp->e1->op == TOKstar && exp->e1->type->ty == Tfunction)
            {
                // Rewrite (*fp)(arguments) to fp(arguments)
                exp->e1 = ((PtrExp *)exp->e1)->e1;
            }
        }

        t1 = exp->e1->type ? exp->e1->type->toBasetype() : NULL;

        if (exp->e1->op == TOKerror)
        {
            result = exp->e1;
            return;
        }
        if (arrayExpressionSemantic(exp->arguments, sc) ||
            preFunctionParameters(sc, exp->arguments))
        {
            return setError();
        }

        // Check for call operator overload
        if (t1)
        {
            if (t1->ty == Tstruct)
            {
                StructDeclaration *sd = ((TypeStruct *)t1)->sym;
                sd->size(exp->loc);      // Resolve forward references to construct object
                if (sd->sizeok != SIZEOKdone)
                    return setError();
                if (!sd->ctor)
                    sd->ctor = sd->searchCtor();

                // First look for constructor
                if (exp->e1->op == TOKtype && sd->ctor)
                {
                    if (!sd->noDefaultCtor && !(exp->arguments && exp->arguments->dim))
                        goto Lx;

                    StructLiteralExp *sle = new StructLiteralExp(exp->loc, sd, NULL, exp->e1->type);
                    if (!sd->fill(exp->loc, sle->elements, true))
                        return setError();
                    if (checkFrameAccess(exp->loc, sc, sd, sle->elements->dim))
                        return setError();
                    // Bugzilla 14556: Set concrete type to avoid further redundant semantic().
                    sle->type = exp->e1->type;

                    /* Constructor takes a mutable object, so don't use
                     * the immutable initializer symbol.
                     */
                    sle->useStaticInit = false;

                    Expression *e = sle;
                    if (CtorDeclaration *cf = sd->ctor->isCtorDeclaration())
                    {
                        e = new DotVarExp(exp->loc, e, cf, true);
                    }
                    else if (TemplateDeclaration *td = sd->ctor->isTemplateDeclaration())
                    {
                        e = new DotTemplateExp(exp->loc, e, td);
                    }
                    else if (OverloadSet *os = sd->ctor->isOverloadSet())
                    {
                        e = new DotExp(exp->loc, e, new OverExp(exp->loc, os));
                    }
                    else
                        assert(0);
                    e = new CallExp(exp->loc, e, exp->arguments);
                    result = semantic(e, sc);
                    return;
                }
                // No constructor, look for overload of opCall
                if (search_function(sd, Id::call))
                    goto L1;        // overload of opCall, therefore it's a call

                if (exp->e1->op != TOKtype)
                {
                    if (sd->aliasthis && exp->e1->type != exp->att1)
                    {
                        if (!exp->att1 && exp->e1->type->checkAliasThisRec())
                            exp->att1 = exp->e1->type;
                        exp->e1 = resolveAliasThis(sc, exp->e1);
                        goto Lagain;
                    }
                    exp->error("%s %s does not overload ()", sd->kind(), sd->toChars());
                    return setError();
                }

                /* It's a struct literal
                */
            Lx:
                Expression *e = new StructLiteralExp(exp->loc, sd, exp->arguments, exp->e1->type);
                result = semantic(e, sc);
                return;
            }
            else if (t1->ty == Tclass)
            {
            L1:
                // Rewrite as e1.call(arguments)
                Expression *e = new DotIdExp(exp->loc, exp->e1, Id::call);
                e = new CallExp(exp->loc, e, exp->arguments);
                result = semantic(e, sc);
                return;
            }
            else if (exp->e1->op == TOKtype && t1->isscalar())
            {
                Expression *e;

                // Make sure to use the the enum type itself rather than its
                // base type (see bugzilla 16346)
                if (exp->e1->type->ty == Tenum)
                {
                    t1 = exp->e1->type;
                }

                if (!exp->arguments || exp->arguments->dim == 0)
                {
                    e = t1->defaultInitLiteral(exp->loc);
                }
                else if (exp->arguments->dim == 1)
                {
                    e = (*exp->arguments)[0];
                    e = e->implicitCastTo(sc, t1);
                    e = new CastExp(exp->loc, e, t1);
                }
                else
                {
                    exp->error("more than one argument for construction of %s", t1->toChars());
                    e = new ErrorExp();
                }
                result = semantic(e, sc);
                return;
            }
        }

        if ((exp->e1->op == TOKdotvar && t1->ty == Tfunction) ||
            exp->e1->op == TOKdottd)
        {
            UnaExp *ue = (UnaExp *)(exp->e1);

            Expression *ue1 = ue->e1;
            Expression *ue1old = ue1;   // need for 'right this' check
            VarDeclaration *v;
            if (ue1->op == TOKvar &&
                (v = ((VarExp *)ue1)->var->isVarDeclaration()) != NULL &&
                v->needThis())
            {
                ue->e1 = new TypeExp(ue1->loc, ue1->type);
                ue1 = NULL;
            }

            DotVarExp *dve;
            DotTemplateExp *dte;
            Dsymbol *s;
            if (exp->e1->op == TOKdotvar)
            {
                dve = (DotVarExp *)(exp->e1);
                dte = NULL;
                s = dve->var;
                tiargs = NULL;
            }
            else
            {
                dve = NULL;
                dte = (DotTemplateExp *)(exp->e1);
                s = dte->td;
            }

            // Do overload resolution
            exp->f = resolveFuncCall(exp->loc, sc, s, tiargs, ue1 ? ue1->type : NULL, exp->arguments);
            if (!exp->f || exp->f->errors || exp->f->type->ty == Terror)
                return setError();
            if (exp->f->interfaceVirtual)
            {
                /* Cast 'this' to the type of the interface, and replace f with the interface's equivalent
                */
                BaseClass *b = exp->f->interfaceVirtual;
                ClassDeclaration *ad2 = b->sym;
                ue->e1 = ue->e1->castTo(sc, ad2->type->addMod(ue->e1->type->mod));
                ue->e1 = semantic(ue->e1, sc);
                ue1 = ue->e1;
                int vi = exp->f->findVtblIndex((Dsymbols*)&ad2->vtbl, (int)ad2->vtbl.dim);
                assert(vi >= 0);
                exp->f = ad2->vtbl[vi]->isFuncDeclaration();
                assert(exp->f);
            }
            if (exp->f->needThis())
            {
                AggregateDeclaration *ad = exp->f->toParent2()->isAggregateDeclaration();
                ue->e1 = getRightThis(exp->loc, sc, ad, ue->e1, exp->f);
                if (ue->e1->op == TOKerror)
                {
                    result = ue->e1;
                    return;
                }
                ethis = ue->e1;
                tthis = ue->e1->type;
                if (!(exp->f->type->ty == Tfunction && ((TypeFunction *)exp->f->type)->isscope))
                {
                    if (global.params.vsafe && checkParamArgumentEscape(sc, exp->f, Id::This, ethis, false))
                        return setError();
                }
            }

            /* Cannot call public functions from inside invariant
             * (because then the invariant would have infinite recursion)
             */
            if (sc->func && sc->func->isInvariantDeclaration() &&
                ue->e1->op == TOKthis &&
                exp->f->addPostInvariant()
               )
            {
                exp->error("cannot call public/export function %s from invariant", exp->f->toChars());
                return setError();
            }

            exp->checkDeprecated(sc, exp->f);
            exp->checkPurity(sc, exp->f);
            exp->checkSafety(sc, exp->f);
            exp->checkNogc(sc, exp->f);
            checkAccess(exp->loc, sc, ue->e1, exp->f);
            if (!exp->f->needThis())
            {
                exp->e1 = Expression::combine(ue->e1, new VarExp(exp->loc, exp->f, false));
            }
            else
            {
                if (ue1old->checkRightThis(sc))
                    return setError();
                if (exp->e1->op == TOKdotvar)
                {
                    dve->var = exp->f;
                    exp->e1->type = exp->f->type;
                }
                else
                {
                    exp->e1 = new DotVarExp(exp->loc, dte->e1, exp->f, false);
                    exp->e1 = semantic(exp->e1, sc);
                    if (exp->e1->op == TOKerror)
                        return setError();
                    ue = (UnaExp *)exp->e1;
                }

                // See if we need to adjust the 'this' pointer
                AggregateDeclaration *ad = exp->f->isThis();
                ClassDeclaration *cd = ue->e1->type->isClassHandle();
                if (ad && cd && ad->isClassDeclaration())
                {
                    if (ue->e1->op == TOKdottype)
                    {
                        ue->e1 = ((DotTypeExp *)ue->e1)->e1;
                        exp->directcall = true;
                    }
                    else if (ue->e1->op == TOKsuper)
                        exp->directcall = true;
                    else if ((cd->storage_class & STCfinal) != 0)   // Bugzilla 14211
                        exp->directcall = true;

                    if (ad != cd)
                    {
                        ue->e1 = ue->e1->castTo(sc, ad->type->addMod(ue->e1->type->mod));
                        ue->e1 = semantic(ue->e1, sc);
                    }
                }
            }
            // If we've got a pointer to a function then deference it
            // https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=16483
            if (exp->e1->type->ty == Tpointer && exp->e1->type->nextOf()->ty == Tfunction)
            {
                Expression *e = new PtrExp(exp->loc, exp->e1);
                e->type = exp->e1->type->nextOf();
                exp->e1 = e;
            }
            t1 = exp->e1->type;
        }
        else if (exp->e1->op == TOKsuper)
        {
            // Base class constructor call
            AggregateDeclaration *ad = sc->func ? sc->func->isThis() : NULL;
            ClassDeclaration *cd = ad ? ad->isClassDeclaration() : NULL;
            if (!cd || !cd->baseClass || !sc->func->isCtorDeclaration())
            {
                exp->error("super class constructor call must be in a constructor");
                return setError();
            }
            if (!cd->baseClass->ctor)
            {
                exp->error("no super class constructor for %s", cd->baseClass->toChars());
                return setError();
            }

            if (!sc->intypeof && !(sc->callSuper & CSXhalt))
            {
                if (sc->noctor || sc->callSuper & CSXlabel)
                    exp->error("constructor calls not allowed in loops or after labels");
                if (sc->callSuper & (CSXsuper_ctor | CSXthis_ctor))
                    exp->error("multiple constructor calls");
                if ((sc->callSuper & CSXreturn) && !(sc->callSuper & CSXany_ctor))
                    exp->error("an earlier return statement skips constructor");
                sc->callSuper |= CSXany_ctor | CSXsuper_ctor;
            }

            tthis = cd->type->addMod(sc->func->type->mod);
            if (OverloadSet *os = cd->baseClass->ctor->isOverloadSet())
                exp->f = resolveOverloadSet(exp->loc, sc, os, NULL, tthis, exp->arguments);
            else
                exp->f = resolveFuncCall(exp->loc, sc, cd->baseClass->ctor, NULL, tthis, exp->arguments, 0);
            if (!exp->f || exp->f->errors)
                return setError();
            exp->checkDeprecated(sc, exp->f);
            exp->checkPurity(sc, exp->f);
            exp->checkSafety(sc, exp->f);
            exp->checkNogc(sc, exp->f);
            checkAccess(exp->loc, sc, NULL, exp->f);

            exp->e1 = new DotVarExp(exp->e1->loc, exp->e1, exp->f, false);
            exp->e1 = semantic(exp->e1, sc);
            t1 = exp->e1->type;
        }
        else if (exp->e1->op == TOKthis)
        {
            // same class constructor call
            AggregateDeclaration *ad = sc->func ? sc->func->isThis() : NULL;
            if (!ad || !sc->func->isCtorDeclaration())
            {
                exp->error("constructor call must be in a constructor");
                return setError();
            }

            if (!sc->intypeof && !(sc->callSuper & CSXhalt))
            {
                if (sc->noctor || sc->callSuper & CSXlabel)
                    exp->error("constructor calls not allowed in loops or after labels");
                if (sc->callSuper & (CSXsuper_ctor | CSXthis_ctor))
                    exp->error("multiple constructor calls");
                if ((sc->callSuper & CSXreturn) && !(sc->callSuper & CSXany_ctor))
                    exp->error("an earlier return statement skips constructor");
                sc->callSuper |= CSXany_ctor | CSXthis_ctor;
            }

            tthis = ad->type->addMod(sc->func->type->mod);
            if (OverloadSet *os = ad->ctor->isOverloadSet())
                exp->f = resolveOverloadSet(exp->loc, sc, os, NULL, tthis, exp->arguments);
            else
                exp->f = resolveFuncCall(exp->loc, sc, ad->ctor, NULL, tthis, exp->arguments, 0);
            if (!exp->f || exp->f->errors)
                return setError();
            exp->checkDeprecated(sc, exp->f);
            exp->checkPurity(sc, exp->f);
            exp->checkSafety(sc, exp->f);
            exp->checkNogc(sc, exp->f);
            //checkAccess(exp->loc, sc, NULL, exp->f);    // necessary?

            exp->e1 = new DotVarExp(exp->e1->loc, exp->e1, exp->f, false);
            exp->e1 = semantic(exp->e1, sc);
            t1 = exp->e1->type;

            // BUG: this should really be done by checking the static
            // call graph
            if (exp->f == sc->func)
            {
                exp->error("cyclic constructor call");
                return setError();
            }
        }
        else if (exp->e1->op == TOKoverloadset)
        {
            OverloadSet *os = ((OverExp *)exp->e1)->vars;
            exp->f = resolveOverloadSet(exp->loc, sc, os, tiargs, tthis, exp->arguments);
            if (!exp->f)
                return setError();
            if (ethis)
                exp->e1 = new DotVarExp(exp->loc, ethis, exp->f, false);
            else
                exp->e1 = new VarExp(exp->loc, exp->f, false);
            goto Lagain;
        }
        else if (!t1)
        {
            exp->error("function expected before (), not '%s'", exp->e1->toChars());
            return setError();
        }
        else if (t1->ty == Terror)
        {
            return setError();
        }
        else if (t1->ty != Tfunction)
        {
            TypeFunction *tf;
            const char *p;
            Dsymbol *s;
            exp->f = NULL;
            if (exp->e1->op == TOKfunction)
            {
                // function literal that direct called is always inferred.
                assert(((FuncExp *)exp->e1)->fd);
                exp->f = ((FuncExp *)exp->e1)->fd;
                tf = (TypeFunction *)exp->f->type;
                p = "function literal";
            }
            else if (t1->ty == Tdelegate)
            {
                TypeDelegate *td = (TypeDelegate *)t1;
                assert(td->next->ty == Tfunction);
                tf = (TypeFunction *)(td->next);
                p = "delegate";
            }
            else if (t1->ty == Tpointer && ((TypePointer *)t1)->next->ty == Tfunction)
            {
                tf = (TypeFunction *)(((TypePointer *)t1)->next);
                p = "function pointer";
            }
            else if (exp->e1->op == TOKdotvar &&
                     ((DotVarExp *)exp->e1)->var->isOverDeclaration())
            {
                DotVarExp *dve = (DotVarExp *)exp->e1;
                exp->f = resolveFuncCall(exp->loc, sc, dve->var, tiargs, dve->e1->type, exp->arguments, 2);
                if (!exp->f)
                    return setError();
                if (exp->f->needThis())
                {
                    dve->var = exp->f;
                    dve->type = exp->f->type;
                    dve->hasOverloads = false;
                    goto Lagain;
                }
                exp->e1 = new VarExp(dve->loc, exp->f, false);
                Expression *e = new CommaExp(exp->loc, dve->e1, exp);
                result = semantic(e, sc);
                return;
            }
            else if (exp->e1->op == TOKvar &&
                     ((VarExp *)exp->e1)->var->isOverDeclaration())
            {
                s = ((VarExp *)exp->e1)->var;
                goto L2;
            }
            else if (exp->e1->op == TOKtemplate)
            {
                s = ((TemplateExp *)exp->e1)->td;
            L2:
                exp->f = resolveFuncCall(exp->loc, sc, s, tiargs, NULL, exp->arguments);
                if (!exp->f || exp->f->errors)
                    return setError();
                if (exp->f->needThis())
                {
                    if (hasThis(sc))
                    {
                        // Supply an implicit 'this', as in
                        //    this.ident
                        Expression *ex = new ThisExp(exp->loc);
                        ex = semantic(ex, sc);
                        exp->e1 = new DotVarExp(exp->loc, ex, exp->f, false);
                        goto Lagain;
                    }
                    else if (isNeedThisScope(sc, exp->f))
                    {
                        exp->error("need 'this' for '%s' of type '%s'", exp->f->toChars(), exp->f->type->toChars());
                        return setError();
                    }
                }
                exp->e1 = new VarExp(exp->e1->loc, exp->f, false);
                goto Lagain;
            }
            else
            {
                exp->error("function expected before (), not %s of type %s", exp->e1->toChars(), exp->e1->type->toChars());
                return setError();
            }

            if (!tf->callMatch(NULL, exp->arguments))
            {
                OutBuffer buf;

                buf.writeByte('(');
                argExpTypesToCBuffer(&buf, exp->arguments);
                buf.writeByte(')');
                if (tthis)
                    tthis->modToBuffer(&buf);

                //printf("tf = %s, args = %s\n", tf->deco, (*exp->arguments)[0]->type->deco);
                ::error(exp->loc, "%s %s %s is not callable using argument types %s",
                        p, exp->e1->toChars(), parametersTypeToChars(tf->parameters, tf->varargs),
                        buf.peekString());

                return setError();
            }

            // Purity and safety check should run after testing arguments matching
            if (exp->f)
            {
                exp->checkPurity(sc, exp->f);
                exp->checkSafety(sc, exp->f);
                exp->checkNogc(sc, exp->f);
                if (exp->f->checkNestedReference(sc, exp->loc))
                    return setError();
            }
            else if (sc->func && sc->intypeof != 1 && !(sc->flags & SCOPEctfe))
            {
                bool err = false;
                if (!tf->purity && !(sc->flags & SCOPEdebug) && sc->func->setImpure())
                {
                    exp->error("pure %s '%s' cannot call impure %s '%s'",
                          sc->func->kind(), sc->func->toPrettyChars(), p, exp->e1->toChars());
                    err = true;
                }
                if (!tf->isnogc && sc->func->setGC())
                {
                    exp->error("@nogc %s '%s' cannot call non-@nogc %s '%s'",
                          sc->func->kind(), sc->func->toPrettyChars(), p, exp->e1->toChars());
                    err = true;
                }
                if (tf->trust <= TRUSTsystem && sc->func->setUnsafe())
                {
                    exp->error("@safe %s '%s' cannot call @system %s '%s'",
                          sc->func->kind(), sc->func->toPrettyChars(), p, exp->e1->toChars());
                    err = true;
                }
                if (err)
                    return setError();
            }

            if (t1->ty == Tpointer)
            {
                Expression *e = new PtrExp(exp->loc, exp->e1);
                e->type = tf;
                exp->e1 = e;
            }
            t1 = tf;
        }
        else if (exp->e1->op == TOKvar)
        {
            // Do overload resolution
            VarExp *ve = (VarExp *)exp->e1;

            exp->f = ve->var->isFuncDeclaration();
            assert(exp->f);
            tiargs = NULL;

            if (ve->hasOverloads)
                exp->f = resolveFuncCall(exp->loc, sc, exp->f, tiargs, NULL, exp->arguments, 2);
            else
            {
                exp->f = exp->f->toAliasFunc();
                TypeFunction *tf = (TypeFunction *)exp->f->type;
                if (!tf->callMatch(NULL, exp->arguments))
                {
                    OutBuffer buf;

                    buf.writeByte('(');
                    argExpTypesToCBuffer(&buf, exp->arguments);
                    buf.writeByte(')');

                    //printf("tf = %s, args = %s\n", tf->deco, (*exp->arguments)[0]->type->deco);
                    ::error(exp->loc, "%s %s is not callable using argument types %s",
                            exp->e1->toChars(), parametersTypeToChars(tf->parameters, tf->varargs),
                            buf.peekString());

                    exp->f = NULL;
                }
            }
            if (!exp->f || exp->f->errors)
                return setError();

            if (exp->f->needThis())
            {
                // Change the ancestor lambdas to delegate before hasThis(sc) call.
                if (exp->f->checkNestedReference(sc, exp->loc))
                    return setError();

                if (hasThis(sc))
                {
                    // Supply an implicit 'this', as in
                    //    this.ident

                    Expression *ex = new ThisExp(exp->loc);
                    ex = semantic(ex, sc);
                    exp->e1 = new DotVarExp(exp->loc, ex, ve->var);
                    // Note: we cannot use f directly, because further overload resolution
                    // through the supplied 'this' may cause different result.
                    goto Lagain;
                }
                else if (isNeedThisScope(sc, exp->f))
                {
                    exp->error("need 'this' for '%s' of type '%s'", exp->f->toChars(), exp->f->type->toChars());
                    return setError();
                }
            }

            exp->checkDeprecated(sc, exp->f);
            exp->checkPurity(sc, exp->f);
            exp->checkSafety(sc, exp->f);
            exp->checkNogc(sc, exp->f);
            checkAccess(exp->loc, sc, NULL, exp->f);
            if (exp->f->checkNestedReference(sc, exp->loc))
                return setError();

            ethis = NULL;
            tthis = NULL;

            if (ve->hasOverloads)
            {
                exp->e1 = new VarExp(ve->loc, exp->f, false);
                exp->e1->type = exp->f->type;
            }
            t1 = exp->f->type;
        }
        assert(t1->ty == Tfunction);

        Expression *argprefix;
        if (!exp->arguments)
            exp->arguments = new Expressions();
        if (functionParameters(exp->loc, sc, (TypeFunction *)(t1), tthis, exp->arguments, exp->f, &exp->type, &argprefix))
            return setError();

        if (!exp->type)
        {
            exp->e1 = e1org;     // Bugzilla 10922, avoid recursive expression printing
            exp->error("forward reference to inferred return type of function call '%s'", exp->toChars());
            return setError();
        }

        if (exp->f && exp->f->tintro)
        {
            Type *t = exp->type;
            int offset = 0;
            TypeFunction *tf = (TypeFunction *)exp->f->tintro;

            if (tf->next->isBaseOf(t, &offset) && offset)
            {
                exp->type = tf->next;
                result = Expression::combine(argprefix, exp->castTo(sc, t));
                return;
            }
        }

        // Handle the case of a direct lambda call
        if (exp->f && exp->f->isFuncLiteralDeclaration() &&
            sc->func && !sc->intypeof)
        {
            exp->f->tookAddressOf = 0;
        }

        result = Expression::combine(argprefix, exp);
    }

    void visit(AddrExp *exp)
    {
        if (exp->type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (Expression *ex = unaSemantic(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }
        int wasCond = exp->e1->op == TOKquestion;
        if (exp->e1->op == TOKdotti)
        {
            DotTemplateInstanceExp* dti = (DotTemplateInstanceExp *)exp->e1;
            TemplateInstance *ti = dti->ti;
            {
                //assert(ti->needsTypeInference(sc));
                ti->semantic(sc);
                if (!ti->inst || ti->errors)    // if template failed to expand
                    return setError();
                Dsymbol *s = ti->toAlias();
                FuncDeclaration *f = s->isFuncDeclaration();
                if (f)
                {
                    exp->e1 = new DotVarExp(exp->e1->loc, dti->e1, f);
                    exp->e1 = semantic(exp->e1, sc);
                }
            }
        }
        else if (exp->e1->op == TOKscope)
        {
            TemplateInstance *ti = ((ScopeExp *)exp->e1)->sds->isTemplateInstance();
            if (ti)
            {
                //assert(ti->needsTypeInference(sc));
                ti->semantic(sc);
                if (!ti->inst || ti->errors)    // if template failed to expand
                    return setError();
                Dsymbol *s = ti->toAlias();
                FuncDeclaration *f = s->isFuncDeclaration();
                if (f)
                {
                    exp->e1 = new VarExp(exp->e1->loc, f);
                    exp->e1 = semantic(exp->e1, sc);
                }
            }
        }
        exp->e1 = exp->e1->toLvalue(sc, NULL);
        if (exp->e1->op == TOKerror)
        {
            result = exp->e1;
            return;
        }
        if (checkNonAssignmentArrayOp(exp->e1))
            return setError();

        if (!exp->e1->type)
        {
            exp->error("cannot take address of %s", exp->e1->toChars());
            return setError();
        }

        bool hasOverloads = false;
        if (FuncDeclaration *f = isFuncAddress(exp, &hasOverloads))
        {
            if (!hasOverloads && f->checkForwardRef(exp->loc))
                return setError();
        }
        else if (!exp->e1->type->deco)
        {
            if (exp->e1->op == TOKvar)
            {
                VarExp *ve = (VarExp *)exp->e1;
                Declaration *d = ve->var;
                exp->error("forward reference to %s %s", d->kind(), d->toChars());
            }
            else
                exp->error("forward reference to %s", exp->e1->toChars());
            return setError();
        }

        exp->type = exp->e1->type->pointerTo();

        // See if this should really be a delegate
        if (exp->e1->op == TOKdotvar)
        {
            DotVarExp *dve = (DotVarExp *)exp->e1;
            FuncDeclaration *f = dve->var->isFuncDeclaration();
            if (f)
            {
                f = f->toAliasFunc();   // FIXME, should see overloads - Bugzilla 1983
                if (!dve->hasOverloads)
                    f->tookAddressOf++;

                Expression *e;
                if (f->needThis())
                    e = new DelegateExp(exp->loc, dve->e1, f, dve->hasOverloads);
                else // It is a function pointer. Convert &v.f() --> (v, &V.f())
                    e = new CommaExp(exp->loc, dve->e1, new AddrExp(exp->loc, new VarExp(exp->loc, f, dve->hasOverloads)));
                e = semantic(e, sc);
                result = e;
                return;
            }

            // Look for misaligned pointer in @safe mode
            if (checkUnsafeAccess(sc, dve, !exp->type->isMutable(), true))
                return setError();

            if (dve->e1->op == TOKvar && global.params.vsafe)
            {
                VarExp *ve = (VarExp *)dve->e1;
                VarDeclaration *v = ve->var->isVarDeclaration();
                if (v)
                {
                    if (!checkAddressVar(sc, exp, v))
                        return setError();
                }
            }
            else if ((dve->e1->op == TOKthis || dve->e1->op == TOKsuper) && global.params.vsafe)
            {
                ThisExp *ve = (ThisExp *)dve->e1;
                VarDeclaration *v = ve->var->isVarDeclaration();
                if (v && v->storage_class & STCref)
                {
                    if (!checkAddressVar(sc, exp, v))
                        return setError();
                }
            }
        }
        else if (exp->e1->op == TOKvar)
        {
            VarExp *ve = (VarExp *)exp->e1;

            VarDeclaration *v = ve->var->isVarDeclaration();
            if (v)
            {
                if (!checkAddressVar(sc, exp, v))
                    return setError();

                ve->checkPurity(sc, v);
            }

            FuncDeclaration *f = ve->var->isFuncDeclaration();
            if (f)
            {
                /* Because nested functions cannot be overloaded,
                 * mark here that we took its address because castTo()
                 * may not be called with an exact match.
                 */
                if (!ve->hasOverloads || f->isNested())
                    f->tookAddressOf++;
                if (f->isNested())
                {
                    if (f->isFuncLiteralDeclaration())
                    {
                        if (!f->FuncDeclaration::isNested())
                        {
                            /* Supply a 'null' for a this pointer if no this is available
                            */
                            Expression *e = new DelegateExp(exp->loc, new NullExp(exp->loc, Type::tnull), f, ve->hasOverloads);
                            e = semantic(e, sc);
                            result = e;
                            return;
                        }
                    }
                    Expression *e = new DelegateExp(exp->loc, exp->e1, f, ve->hasOverloads);
                    e = semantic(e, sc);
                    result = e;
                    return;
                }
                if (f->needThis())
                {
                    if (hasThis(sc))
                    {
                        /* Should probably supply 'this' after overload resolution,
                         * not before.
                         */
                        Expression *ethis = new ThisExp(exp->loc);
                        Expression *e = new DelegateExp(exp->loc, ethis, f, ve->hasOverloads);
                        e = semantic(e, sc);
                        result = e;
                        return;
                    }
                    if (sc->func && !sc->intypeof)
                    {
                        if (sc->func->setUnsafe())
                        {
                            exp->error("'this' reference necessary to take address of member %s in @safe function %s",
                                f->toChars(), sc->func->toChars());
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        else if ((exp->e1->op == TOKthis || exp->e1->op == TOKsuper) && global.params.vsafe)
        {
            ThisExp *ve = (ThisExp *)exp->e1;
            VarDeclaration *v = ve->var->isVarDeclaration();
            if (v)
            {
                if (!checkAddressVar(sc, exp, v))
                    return setError();
            }
        }
        else if (exp->e1->op == TOKcall)
        {
            CallExp *ce = (CallExp *)exp->e1;
            if (ce->e1->type->ty == Tfunction)
            {
                TypeFunction *tf = (TypeFunction *)ce->e1->type;
                if (tf->isref && sc->func && !sc->intypeof && sc->func->setUnsafe())
                {
                    exp->error("cannot take address of ref return of %s() in @safe function %s",
                        ce->e1->toChars(), sc->func->toChars());
                }
            }
        }
        else if (exp->e1->op == TOKindex)
        {
            /* For:
             *   int[3] a;
             *   &a[i]
             * check 'a' the same as for a regular variable
             */
            IndexExp *ei = (IndexExp *)exp->e1;
            Type *tyi = ei->e1->type->toBasetype();
            if (tyi->ty == Tsarray && ei->e1->op == TOKvar)
            {
                VarExp *ve = (VarExp *)ei->e1;
                VarDeclaration *v = ve->var->isVarDeclaration();
                if (v)
                {
                    if (!checkAddressVar(sc, exp, v))
                        return setError();

                    ve->checkPurity(sc, v);
                }
            }
        }
        else if (wasCond)
        {
            /* a ? b : c was transformed to *(a ? &b : &c), but we still
             * need to do safety checks
             */
            assert(exp->e1->op == TOKstar);
            PtrExp *pe = (PtrExp *)exp->e1;
            assert(pe->e1->op == TOKquestion);
            CondExp *ce = (CondExp *)pe->e1;
            assert(ce->e1->op == TOKaddress);
            assert(ce->e2->op == TOKaddress);

            // Re-run semantic on the address expressions only
            ce->e1->type = NULL;
            ce->e1 = semantic(ce->e1, sc);
            ce->e2->type = NULL;
            ce->e2 = semantic(ce->e2, sc);
        }

        result = exp->optimize(WANTvalue);
    }

    void visit(PtrExp *exp)
    {
        if (exp->type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        Expression *e = exp->op_overload(sc);
        if (e)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        Type *tb = exp->e1->type->toBasetype();
        switch (tb->ty)
        {
            case Tpointer:
                exp->type = ((TypePointer *)tb)->next;
                break;

            case Tsarray:
            case Tarray:
                exp->error("using * on an array is no longer supported; use *(%s).ptr instead", exp->e1->toChars());
                exp->type = ((TypeArray *)tb)->next;
                exp->e1 = exp->e1->castTo(sc, exp->type->pointerTo());
                break;

            default:
                exp->error("can only * a pointer, not a '%s'", exp->e1->type->toChars());
                /* fall through */

            case Terror:
                return setError();
        }
        if (exp->checkValue())
            return setError();

        result = exp;
    }

    void visit(NegExp *exp)
    {
        if (exp->type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        Expression *e = exp->op_overload(sc);
        if (e)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        exp->type = exp->e1->type;
        Type *tb = exp->type->toBasetype();
        if (tb->ty == Tarray || tb->ty == Tsarray)
        {
            if (!isArrayOpValid(exp->e1))
            {
                exp->error("invalid array operation %s (possible missing [])", exp->toChars());
                return setError();
            }
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (!Target::isVectorOpSupported(tb, exp->op))
        {
            result = exp->incompatibleTypes();
            return;
        }
        if (exp->e1->checkNoBool())
            return setError();
        if (exp->e1->checkArithmetic())
            return setError();

        result = exp;
    }

    void visit(UAddExp *exp)
    {
        assert(!exp->type);

        Expression *e = exp->op_overload(sc);
        if (e)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        if (!Target::isVectorOpSupported(exp->e1->type->toBasetype(), exp->op))
        {
            result = exp->incompatibleTypes();
            return;
        }
        if (exp->e1->checkNoBool())
            return setError();
        if (exp->e1->checkArithmetic())
            return setError();

        result = exp->e1;
    }

    void visit(ComExp *exp)
    {
        if (exp->type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        Expression *e = exp->op_overload(sc);
        if (e)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        exp->type = exp->e1->type;
        Type *tb = exp->type->toBasetype();
        if (tb->ty == Tarray || tb->ty == Tsarray)
        {
            if (!isArrayOpValid(exp->e1))
            {
                exp->error("invalid array operation %s (possible missing [])", exp->toChars());
                return setError();
            }
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (!Target::isVectorOpSupported(tb, exp->op))
        {
            result = exp->incompatibleTypes();
            return;
        }
        if (exp->e1->checkNoBool())
            return setError();
        if (exp->e1->checkIntegral())
            return setError();

        result = exp;
    }

    void visit(NotExp *e)
    {
        if (e->type)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        setNoderefOperand(e);

        // Note there is no operator overload
        if (Expression *ex = unaSemantic(e, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }

        // for static alias this: https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=17684
        if (e->e1->op == TOKtype)
            e->e1 = resolveAliasThis(sc, e->e1);

        e->e1 = resolveProperties(sc, e->e1);
        e->e1 = e->e1->toBoolean(sc);
        if (e->e1->type == Type::terror)
        {
            result = e->e1;
            return;
        }

        if (!Target::isVectorOpSupported(e->e1->type->toBasetype(), e->op))
        {
            result = e->incompatibleTypes();
            return;
        }
        // Bugzilla 13910: Today NotExp can take an array as its operand.
        if (checkNonAssignmentArrayOp(e->e1))
            return setError();

        e->type = Type::tbool;
        result = e;
    }

    void visit(DeleteExp *exp)
    {
        if (Expression *ex = unaSemantic(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }
        exp->e1 = resolveProperties(sc, exp->e1);
        exp->e1 = exp->e1->modifiableLvalue(sc, NULL);
        if (exp->e1->op == TOKerror)
        {
            result = exp->e1;
            return;
        }
        exp->type = Type::tvoid;

        AggregateDeclaration *ad = NULL;
        Type *tb = exp->e1->type->toBasetype();
        switch (tb->ty)
        {   case Tclass:
            {
                ClassDeclaration *cd = ((TypeClass *)tb)->sym;

                if (cd->isCOMinterface())
                {   /* Because COM classes are deleted by IUnknown.Release()
                */
                    exp->error("cannot delete instance of COM interface %s", cd->toChars());
                    return setError();
                }

                ad = cd;
                break;
            }
            case Tpointer:
            tb = ((TypePointer *)tb)->next->toBasetype();
            if (tb->ty == Tstruct)
            {
                ad = ((TypeStruct *)tb)->sym;
                FuncDeclaration *f = ad->aggDelete;
                FuncDeclaration *fd = ad->dtor;

                if (!f)
                {
                    semanticTypeInfo(sc, tb);
                    break;
                }

                /* Construct:
                 *      ea = copy e1 to a tmp to do side effects only once
                 *      eb = call destructor
                 *      ec = call deallocator
                 */
                Expression *ea = NULL;
                Expression *eb = NULL;
                Expression *ec = NULL;
                VarDeclaration *v = NULL;

                if (fd && f)
                {
                    v = copyToTemp(0, "__tmpea", exp->e1);
                    v->semantic(sc);
                    ea = new DeclarationExp(exp->loc, v);
                    ea->type = v->type;
                }

                if (fd)
                {
                    Expression *e = ea ? new VarExp(exp->loc, v) : exp->e1;
                    e = new DotVarExp(Loc(), e, fd, false);
                    eb = new CallExp(exp->loc, e);
                    eb = semantic(eb, sc);
                }

                if (f)
                {
                    Type *tpv = Type::tvoid->pointerTo();
                    Expression *e = ea ? new VarExp(exp->loc, v) : exp->e1->castTo(sc, tpv);
                    e = new CallExp(exp->loc, new VarExp(exp->loc, f, false), e);
                    ec = semantic(e, sc);
                }
                ea = Expression::combine(ea, eb);
                ea = Expression::combine(ea, ec);
                assert(ea);
                result = ea;
                return;
            }
            break;

            case Tarray:
            {
                Type *tv = tb->nextOf()->baseElemOf();
                if (tv->ty == Tstruct)
                {
                    ad = ((TypeStruct *)tv)->sym;
                    if (ad->dtor)
                        semanticTypeInfo(sc, ad->type);
                }
                break;
            }
            default:
            exp->error("cannot delete type %s", exp->e1->type->toChars());
            return setError();
        }

        bool err = false;
        if (ad)
        {
            if (ad->dtor)
            {
                err |= exp->checkPurity(sc, ad->dtor);
                err |= exp->checkSafety(sc, ad->dtor);
                err |= exp->checkNogc(sc, ad->dtor);
            }
            if (ad->aggDelete && tb->ty != Tarray)
            {
                err |= exp->checkPurity(sc, ad->aggDelete);
                err |= exp->checkSafety(sc, ad->aggDelete);
                err |= exp->checkNogc(sc, ad->aggDelete);
            }
            if (err)
                return setError();
        }

        if (!sc->intypeof && sc->func &&
            !exp->isRAII &&
            sc->func->setUnsafe())
        {
            exp->error("%s is not @safe but is used in @safe function %s", exp->toChars(), sc->func->toChars());
            err = true;
        }
        if (err)
            return setError();

        result = exp;
    }

    void visit(CastExp *exp)
    {
        //static int x; assert(++x < 10);
        if (exp->type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (exp->to)
        {
            exp->to = exp->to->semantic(exp->loc, sc);
            if (exp->to == Type::terror)
                return setError();

            if (!exp->to->hasPointers())
                setNoderefOperand(exp);

            // When e1 is a template lambda, this cast may instantiate it with
            // the type 'to'.
            exp->e1 = inferType(exp->e1, exp->to);
        }

        if (Expression *ex = unaSemantic(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }
        Expression *e1x = resolveProperties(sc, exp->e1);
        if (e1x->op == TOKerror)
        {
            result = e1x;
            return;
        }
        if (e1x->checkType())
            return setError();
        exp->e1 = e1x;

        if (!exp->e1->type)
        {
            exp->error("cannot cast %s", exp->e1->toChars());
            return setError();
        }

        if (!exp->to)    // Handle cast(const) and cast(immutable), etc.
        {
            exp->to = exp->e1->type->castMod(exp->mod);
            exp->to = exp->to->semantic(exp->loc, sc);
            if (exp->to == Type::terror)
                return setError();
        }

        if (exp->to->ty == Ttuple)
        {
            exp->error("cannot cast %s to tuple type %s", exp->e1->toChars(), exp->to->toChars());
            return setError();
        }
        if (exp->e1->type->ty != Tvoid ||
            (exp->e1->op == TOKfunction && exp->to->ty == Tvoid) ||
            exp->e1->op == TOKtype ||
            exp->e1->op == TOKtemplate)
        {
            if (exp->e1->checkValue())
                return setError();
        }

        // cast(void) is used to mark e1 as unused, so it is safe
        if (exp->to->ty == Tvoid)
        {
            exp->type = exp->to;
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (!exp->to->equals(exp->e1->type) && exp->mod == (unsigned char)~0)
        {
            if (Expression *e = exp->op_overload(sc))
            {
                result = e->implicitCastTo(sc, exp->to);
                return;
            }
        }

        Type *t1b = exp->e1->type->toBasetype();
        Type *tob = exp->to->toBasetype();

        if (tob->ty == Tstruct && !tob->equals(t1b))
        {
            /* Look to replace:
             *  cast(S)t
             * with:
             *  S(t)
             */

            // Rewrite as to.call(e1)
            Expression *e = new TypeExp(exp->loc, exp->to);
            e = new CallExp(exp->loc, e, exp->e1);
            e = trySemantic(e, sc);
            if (e)
            {
                result = e;
                return;
            }
        }

        if (!t1b->equals(tob) && (t1b->ty == Tarray || t1b->ty == Tsarray))
        {
            if (checkNonAssignmentArrayOp(exp->e1))
                return setError();
        }

        // Look for casting to a vector type
        if (tob->ty == Tvector && t1b->ty != Tvector)
        {
            result = new VectorExp(exp->loc, exp->e1, exp->to);
            return;
        }

        Expression *ex = exp->e1->castTo(sc, exp->to);
        if (ex->op == TOKerror)
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }

        // Check for unsafe casts
        if (sc->func && !sc->intypeof &&
            !isSafeCast(ex, t1b, tob) &&
            sc->func->setUnsafe())
        {
            exp->error("cast from %s to %s not allowed in safe code", exp->e1->type->toChars(), exp->to->toChars());
            return setError();
        }

        result = ex;
    }

    void visit(VectorExp *exp)
    {
        if (exp->type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        exp->e1 = semantic(exp->e1, sc);
        exp->type = exp->to->semantic(exp->loc, sc);
        if (exp->e1->op == TOKerror || exp->type->ty == Terror)
        {
            result = exp->e1;
            return;
        }

        Type *tb = exp->type->toBasetype();
        assert(tb->ty == Tvector);
        TypeVector *tv = (TypeVector *)tb;
        Type *te = tv->elementType();
        exp->dim = (int)(tv->size(exp->loc) / te->size(exp->loc));

        exp->e1 = exp->e1->optimize(WANTvalue);
        bool res = false;
        if (exp->e1->op == TOKarrayliteral)
        {
            for (size_t i = 0; i < exp->dim; i++)
            {
                // Do not stop on first error - check all AST nodes even if error found
                res |= checkVectorElem(exp, ((ArrayLiteralExp *)exp->e1)->getElement(i));
            }
        }
        else if (exp->e1->type->ty == Tvoid)
            res = checkVectorElem(exp, exp->e1);

        Expression *e = exp;
        if (res)
            e = new ErrorExp();
        result = e;
    }

    void visit(SliceExp *exp)
    {
        if (exp->type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        // operator overloading should be handled in ArrayExp already.

        if (Expression *ex = unaSemantic(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }
        exp->e1 = resolveProperties(sc, exp->e1);
        if (exp->e1->op == TOKtype && exp->e1->type->ty != Ttuple)
        {
            if (exp->lwr || exp->upr)
            {
                exp->error("cannot slice type '%s'", exp->e1->toChars());
                return setError();
            }
            Expression *e = new TypeExp(exp->loc, exp->e1->type->arrayOf());
            result = semantic(e, sc);
            return;
        }
        if (!exp->lwr && !exp->upr)
        {
            if (exp->e1->op == TOKarrayliteral)
            {
                // Convert [a,b,c][] to [a,b,c]
                Type *t1b = exp->e1->type->toBasetype();
                Expression *e = exp->e1;
                if (t1b->ty == Tsarray)
                {
                    e = e->copy();
                    e->type = t1b->nextOf()->arrayOf();
                }
                result = e;
                return;
            }
            if (exp->e1->op == TOKslice)
            {
                // Convert e[][] to e[]
                SliceExp *se = (SliceExp *)exp->e1;
                if (!se->lwr && !se->upr)
                {
                    result = se;
                    return;
                }
            }
            if (isArrayOpOperand(exp->e1))
            {
                // Convert (a[]+b[])[] to a[]+b[]
                result = exp->e1;
                return;
            }
        }
        if (exp->e1->op == TOKerror)
        {
            result = exp->e1;
            return;
        }
        if (exp->e1->type->ty == Terror)
            return setError();

        Type *t1b = exp->e1->type->toBasetype();
        if (t1b->ty == Tpointer)
        {
            if (((TypePointer *)t1b)->next->ty == Tfunction)
            {
                exp->error("cannot slice function pointer %s", exp->e1->toChars());
                return setError();
            }
            if (!exp->lwr || !exp->upr)
            {
                exp->error("need upper and lower bound to slice pointer");
                return setError();
            }
            if (sc->func && !sc->intypeof && sc->func->setUnsafe())
            {
                exp->error("pointer slicing not allowed in safe functions");
                return setError();
            }
        }
        else if (t1b->ty == Tarray)
        {
        }
        else if (t1b->ty == Tsarray)
        {
            if (!exp->arrayop && global.params.vsafe)
            {
                /* Slicing a static array is like taking the address of it.
                 * Perform checks as if e[] was &e
                 */
                VarDeclaration *v = NULL;
                if (exp->e1->op == TOKdotvar)
                {
                    DotVarExp *dve = (DotVarExp *)exp->e1;
                    if (dve->e1->op == TOKvar)
                    {
                        VarExp *ve = (VarExp *)dve->e1;
                        v = ve->var->isVarDeclaration();
                    }
                    else if (dve->e1->op == TOKthis || dve->e1->op == TOKsuper)
                    {
                        ThisExp *ve = (ThisExp *)dve->e1;
                        v = ve->var->isVarDeclaration();
                        if (v && !(v->storage_class & STCref))
                            v = NULL;
                    }
                }
                else if (exp->e1->op == TOKvar)
                {
                    VarExp *ve = (VarExp *)exp->e1;
                    v = ve->var->isVarDeclaration();
                }
                else if (exp->e1->op == TOKthis || exp->e1->op == TOKsuper)
                {
                    ThisExp *ve = (ThisExp *)exp->e1;
                    v = ve->var->isVarDeclaration();
                }

                if (v)
                {
                    if (!checkAddressVar(sc, exp, v))
                        return setError();
                }
            }
        }
        else if (t1b->ty == Ttuple)
        {
            if (!exp->lwr && !exp->upr)
            {
                result = exp->e1;
                return;
            }
            if (!exp->lwr || !exp->upr)
            {
                exp->error("need upper and lower bound to slice tuple");
                return setError();
            }
        }
        else if (t1b->ty == Tvector)
        {
            // Convert e1 to corresponding static array
            TypeVector *tv1 = (TypeVector *)t1b;
            t1b = tv1->basetype;
            t1b = t1b->castMod(tv1->mod);
            exp->e1->type = t1b;
        }
        else
        {
            exp->error("%s cannot be sliced with []",
                t1b->ty == Tvoid ? exp->e1->toChars() : t1b->toChars());
            return setError();
        }

        /* Run semantic on lwr and upr.
        */
        Scope *scx = sc;
        if (t1b->ty == Tsarray || t1b->ty == Tarray || t1b->ty == Ttuple)
        {
            // Create scope for 'length' variable
            ScopeDsymbol *sym = new ArrayScopeSymbol(sc, exp);
            sym->loc = exp->loc;
            sym->parent = sc->scopesym;
            sc = sc->push(sym);
        }
        if (exp->lwr)
        {
            if (t1b->ty == Ttuple) sc = sc->startCTFE();
            exp->lwr = semantic(exp->lwr, sc);
            exp->lwr = resolveProperties(sc, exp->lwr);
            if (t1b->ty == Ttuple) sc = sc->endCTFE();
            exp->lwr = exp->lwr->implicitCastTo(sc, Type::tsize_t);
        }
        if (exp->upr)
        {
            if (t1b->ty == Ttuple) sc = sc->startCTFE();
            exp->upr = semantic(exp->upr, sc);
            exp->upr = resolveProperties(sc, exp->upr);
            if (t1b->ty == Ttuple) sc = sc->endCTFE();
            exp->upr = exp->upr->implicitCastTo(sc, Type::tsize_t);
        }
        if (sc != scx)
            sc = sc->pop();
        if ((exp->lwr && exp->lwr->type == Type::terror) ||
            (exp->upr && exp->upr->type == Type::terror))
        {
            return setError();
        }

        if (t1b->ty == Ttuple)
        {
            exp->lwr = exp->lwr->ctfeInterpret();
            exp->upr = exp->upr->ctfeInterpret();
            uinteger_t i1 = exp->lwr->toUInteger();
            uinteger_t i2 = exp->upr->toUInteger();

            TupleExp *te;
            TypeTuple *tup;
            size_t length;
            if (exp->e1->op == TOKtuple)         // slicing an expression tuple
            {
                te = (TupleExp *)exp->e1;
                tup = NULL;
                length = te->exps->dim;
            }
            else if (exp->e1->op == TOKtype)     // slicing a type tuple
            {
                te = NULL;
                tup = (TypeTuple *)t1b;
                length = Parameter::dim(tup->arguments);
            }
            else
                assert(0);

            if (i2 < i1 || length < i2)
            {
                exp->error("string slice [%llu .. %llu] is out of bounds", i1, i2);
                return setError();
            }

            size_t j1 = (size_t) i1;
            size_t j2 = (size_t) i2;
            Expression *e;
            if (exp->e1->op == TOKtuple)
            {
                Expressions *exps = new Expressions;
                exps->setDim(j2 - j1);
                for (size_t i = 0; i < j2 - j1; i++)
                {
                    (*exps)[i] = (*te->exps)[j1 + i];
                }
                e = new TupleExp(exp->loc, te->e0, exps);
            }
            else
            {
                Parameters *args = new Parameters;
                args->reserve(j2 - j1);
                for (size_t i = j1; i < j2; i++)
                {
                    Parameter *arg = Parameter::getNth(tup->arguments, i);
                    args->push(arg);
                }
                e = new TypeExp(exp->e1->loc, new TypeTuple(args));
            }
            e = semantic(e, sc);
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        exp->type = t1b->nextOf()->arrayOf();
        // Allow typedef[] -> typedef[]
        if (exp->type->equals(t1b))
            exp->type = exp->e1->type;

        if (exp->lwr && exp->upr)
        {
            exp->lwr = exp->lwr->optimize(WANTvalue);
            exp->upr = exp->upr->optimize(WANTvalue);

            IntRange lwrRange = getIntRange(exp->lwr);
            IntRange uprRange = getIntRange(exp->upr);

            if (t1b->ty == Tsarray || t1b->ty == Tarray)
            {
                Expression *el = new ArrayLengthExp(exp->loc, exp->e1);
                el = semantic(el, sc);
                el = el->optimize(WANTvalue);
                if (el->op == TOKint64)
                {
                    dinteger_t length = el->toInteger();
                    IntRange bounds(SignExtendedNumber(0), SignExtendedNumber(length));
                    exp->upperIsInBounds = bounds.contains(uprRange);
                }
            }
            else if (t1b->ty == Tpointer)
            {
                exp->upperIsInBounds = true;
            }
            else
                assert(0);

            exp->lowerIsLessThanUpper = (lwrRange.imax <= uprRange.imin);

            //printf("upperIsInBounds = %d lowerIsLessThanUpper = %d\n", upperIsInBounds, lowerIsLessThanUpper);
        }

        result = exp;
    }

    void visit(ArrayLengthExp *e)
    {
        if (e->type)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        if (Expression *ex = unaSemantic(e, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }
        e->e1 = resolveProperties(sc, e->e1);

        e->type = Type::tsize_t;
        result = e;
    }

    void visit(IntervalExp *e)
    {
        if (e->type)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        Expression *le = e->lwr;
        le = semantic(le, sc);
        le = resolveProperties(sc, le);

        Expression *ue = e->upr;
        ue = semantic(ue, sc);
        ue = resolveProperties(sc, ue);

        if (le->op == TOKerror)
        {
            result = le;
            return;
        }
        if (ue->op == TOKerror)
        {
            result = ue;
            return;
        }

        e->lwr = le;
        e->upr = ue;

        e->type = Type::tvoid;
        result = e;
    }

    void visit(DelegatePtrExp *e)
    {
        if (!e->type)
        {
            unaSemantic(e, sc);
            e->e1 = resolveProperties(sc, e->e1);

            if (e->e1->op == TOKerror)
            {
                result = e->e1;
                return;
            }
            e->type = Type::tvoidptr;
        }
        result = e;
    }

    void visit(DelegateFuncptrExp *e)
    {
        if (!e->type)
        {
            unaSemantic(e, sc);
            e->e1 = resolveProperties(sc, e->e1);

            if (e->e1->op == TOKerror)
            {
                result = e->e1;
                return;
            }
            e->type = e->e1->type->nextOf()->pointerTo();
        }
        result = e;
    }

    void visit(ArrayExp *exp)
    {
        assert(!exp->type);

        Expression *e = exp->op_overload(sc);
        if (e)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        if (isAggregate(exp->e1->type))
            exp->error("no [] operator overload for type %s", exp->e1->type->toChars());
        else
            exp->error("only one index allowed to index %s", exp->e1->type->toChars());
        return setError();
    }

    void visit(DotExp *exp)
    {
        exp->e1 = semantic(exp->e1, sc);
        exp->e2 = semantic(exp->e2, sc);

        if (exp->e1->op == TOKtype)
        {
            result = exp->e2;
            return;
        }
        if (exp->e2->op == TOKtype)
        {
            result = exp->e2;
            return;
        }
        if (exp->e2->op == TOKtemplate)
        {
            TemplateDeclaration *td = ((TemplateExp *)exp->e2)->td;
            Expression *e = new DotTemplateExp(exp->loc, exp->e1, td);
            result = semantic(e, sc);
            return;
        }
        if (!exp->type)
            exp->type = exp->e2->type;
        result = exp;
    }

    void visit(CommaExp *e)
    {
        if (e->type)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        // Allow `((a,b),(x,y))`
        if (e->allowCommaExp)
        {
            if (e->e1 && e->e1->op == TOKcomma)
                ((CommaExp *)e->e1)->allowCommaExp = true;
            if (e->e2 && e->e2->op == TOKcomma)
                ((CommaExp *)e->e2)->allowCommaExp = true;
        }

        if (Expression *ex = binSemanticProp(e, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }
        e->e1 = e->e1->addDtorHook(sc);

        if (checkNonAssignmentArrayOp(e->e1))
            return setError();

        e->type = e->e2->type;
        if (e->type != Type::tvoid && !e->allowCommaExp && !e->isGenerated)
            e->deprecation("Using the result of a comma expression is deprecated");
        result = e;
    }

    void visit(IndexExp *exp)
    {
        if (exp->type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        // operator overloading should be handled in ArrayExp already.

        if (!exp->e1->type)
            exp->e1 = semantic(exp->e1, sc);
        assert(exp->e1->type);           // semantic() should already be run on it
        if (exp->e1->op == TOKtype && exp->e1->type->ty != Ttuple)
        {
            exp->e2 = semantic(exp->e2, sc);
            exp->e2 = resolveProperties(sc, exp->e2);
            Type *nt;
            if (exp->e2->op == TOKtype)
                nt = new TypeAArray(exp->e1->type, exp->e2->type);
            else
                nt = new TypeSArray(exp->e1->type, exp->e2);
            Expression *e = new TypeExp(exp->loc, nt);
            result = semantic(e, sc);
            return;
        }
        if (exp->e1->op == TOKerror)
        {
            result = exp->e1;
            return;
        }
        if (exp->e1->type->ty == Terror)
            return setError();

        // Note that unlike C we do not implement the int[ptr]

        Type *t1b = exp->e1->type->toBasetype();

        if (t1b->ty == Tvector)
        {
            // Convert e1 to corresponding static array
            TypeVector *tv1 = (TypeVector *)t1b;
            t1b = tv1->basetype;
            t1b = t1b->castMod(tv1->mod);
            exp->e1->type = t1b;
        }

        /* Run semantic on e2
        */
        Scope *scx = sc;
        if (t1b->ty == Tsarray || t1b->ty == Tarray || t1b->ty == Ttuple)
        {
            // Create scope for 'length' variable
            ScopeDsymbol *sym = new ArrayScopeSymbol(sc, exp);
            sym->loc = exp->loc;
            sym->parent = sc->scopesym;
            sc = sc->push(sym);
        }
        if (t1b->ty == Ttuple) sc = sc->startCTFE();
        exp->e2 = semantic(exp->e2, sc);
        exp->e2 = resolveProperties(sc, exp->e2);
        if (t1b->ty == Ttuple) sc = sc->endCTFE();
        if (exp->e2->op == TOKtuple)
        {
            TupleExp *te = (TupleExp *)exp->e2;
            if (te->exps && te->exps->dim == 1)
                exp->e2 = Expression::combine(te->e0, (*te->exps)[0]);  // bug 4444 fix
        }
        if (sc != scx)
            sc = sc->pop();
        if (exp->e2->type == Type::terror)
            return setError();

        if (checkNonAssignmentArrayOp(exp->e1))
            return setError();

        switch (t1b->ty)
        {
            case Tpointer:
                if (((TypePointer *)t1b)->next->ty == Tfunction)
                {
                    exp->error("cannot index function pointer %s", exp->e1->toChars());
                    return setError();
                }
                exp->e2 = exp->e2->implicitCastTo(sc, Type::tsize_t);
                if (exp->e2->type == Type::terror)
                    return setError();
                exp->e2 = exp->e2->optimize(WANTvalue);
                if (exp->e2->op == TOKint64 && exp->e2->toInteger() == 0)
                    ;
                else if (sc->func && sc->func->setUnsafe())
                {
                    exp->error("safe function '%s' cannot index pointer '%s'",
                        sc->func->toPrettyChars(), exp->e1->toChars());
                    return setError();
                }
                exp->type = ((TypeNext *)t1b)->next;
                break;

            case Tarray:
                exp->e2 = exp->e2->implicitCastTo(sc, Type::tsize_t);
                if (exp->e2->type == Type::terror)
                    return setError();
                exp->type = ((TypeNext *)t1b)->next;
                break;

            case Tsarray:
                {
                    exp->e2 = exp->e2->implicitCastTo(sc, Type::tsize_t);
                    if (exp->e2->type == Type::terror)
                        return setError();
                    exp->type = t1b->nextOf();
                    break;
                }

            case Taarray:
                {
                    TypeAArray *taa = (TypeAArray *)t1b;
                    /* We can skip the implicit conversion if they differ only by
                     * constness (Bugzilla 2684, see also bug 2954b)
                     */
                    if (!arrayTypeCompatibleWithoutCasting(exp->e2->type, taa->index))
                    {
                        exp->e2 = exp->e2->implicitCastTo(sc, taa->index);        // type checking
                        if (exp->e2->type == Type::terror)
                            return setError();
                    }

                    semanticTypeInfo(sc, taa);

                    exp->type = taa->next;
                    break;
                }

            case Ttuple:
                {
                    exp->e2 = exp->e2->implicitCastTo(sc, Type::tsize_t);
                    if (exp->e2->type == Type::terror)
                        return setError();
                    exp->e2 = exp->e2->ctfeInterpret();
                    uinteger_t index = exp->e2->toUInteger();

                    TupleExp *te;
                    TypeTuple *tup;
                    size_t length;
                    if (exp->e1->op == TOKtuple)
                    {
                        te = (TupleExp *)exp->e1;
                        tup = NULL;
                        length = te->exps->dim;
                    }
                    else if (exp->e1->op == TOKtype)
                    {
                        te = NULL;
                        tup = (TypeTuple *)t1b;
                        length = Parameter::dim(tup->arguments);
                    }
                    else
                        assert(0);

                    if (length <= index)
                    {
                        exp->error("array index [%llu] is outside array bounds [0 .. %llu]",
                            index, (ulonglong)length);
                        return setError();
                    }

                    Expression *e;
                    if (exp->e1->op == TOKtuple)
                    {
                        e = (*te->exps)[(size_t)index];
                        e = Expression::combine(te->e0, e);
                    }
                    else
                        e = new TypeExp(exp->e1->loc, Parameter::getNth(tup->arguments, (size_t)index)->type);
                    result = e;
                    return;
                }

            default:
                exp->error("%s must be an array or pointer type, not %s",
                    exp->e1->toChars(), exp->e1->type->toChars());
                return setError();
        }

        if (t1b->ty == Tsarray || t1b->ty == Tarray)
        {
            Expression *el = new ArrayLengthExp(exp->loc, exp->e1);
            el = semantic(el, sc);
            el = el->optimize(WANTvalue);
            if (el->op == TOKint64)
            {
                exp->e2 = exp->e2->optimize(WANTvalue);
                dinteger_t length = el->toInteger();
                if (length)
                {
                    IntRange bounds(SignExtendedNumber(0), SignExtendedNumber(length - 1));
                    exp->indexIsInBounds = bounds.contains(getIntRange(exp->e2));
                }
            }
        }

        result = exp;
    }

    void visit(PostExp *exp)
    {
        if (exp->type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (Expression *ex = binSemantic(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }
        Expression *e1x = resolveProperties(sc, exp->e1);
        if (e1x->op == TOKerror)
        {
            result = e1x;
            return;
        }
        exp->e1 = e1x;

        Expression *e = exp->op_overload(sc);
        if (e)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        if (exp->e1->checkReadModifyWrite(exp->op))
            return setError();
        if (exp->e1->op == TOKslice)
        {
            const char *s = exp->op == TOKplusplus ? "increment" : "decrement";
            exp->error("cannot post-%s array slice '%s', use pre-%s instead", s, exp->e1->toChars(), s);
            return setError();
        }

        exp->e1 = exp->e1->optimize(WANTvalue);

        Type *t1 = exp->e1->type->toBasetype();
        if (t1->ty == Tclass || t1->ty == Tstruct || exp->e1->op == TOKarraylength)
        {
            /* Check for operator overloading,
             * but rewrite in terms of ++e instead of e++
             */

            /* If e1 is not trivial, take a reference to it
            */
            Expression *de = NULL;
            if (exp->e1->op != TOKvar && exp->e1->op != TOKarraylength)
            {
                // ref v = e1;
                VarDeclaration *v = copyToTemp(STCref, "__postref", exp->e1);
                de = new DeclarationExp(exp->loc, v);
                exp->e1 = new VarExp(exp->e1->loc, v);
            }

            /* Rewrite as:
             * auto tmp = e1; ++e1; tmp
             */
            VarDeclaration *tmp = copyToTemp(0, "__pitmp", exp->e1);
            Expression *ea = new DeclarationExp(exp->loc, tmp);

            Expression *eb = exp->e1->syntaxCopy();
            eb = new PreExp(exp->op == TOKplusplus ? TOKpreplusplus : TOKpreminusminus, exp->loc, eb);

            Expression *ec = new VarExp(exp->loc, tmp);

            // Combine de,ea,eb,ec
            if (de)
                ea = new CommaExp(exp->loc, de, ea);
            e = new CommaExp(exp->loc, ea, eb);
            e = new CommaExp(exp->loc, e, ec);
            e = semantic(e, sc);
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        exp->e1 = exp->e1->modifiableLvalue(sc, exp->e1);

        e = exp;
        if (exp->e1->checkScalar())
            return setError();
        if (exp->e1->checkNoBool())
            return setError();

        if (exp->e1->type->ty == Tpointer)
            e = scaleFactor(exp, sc);
        else
            exp->e2 = exp->e2->castTo(sc, exp->e1->type);
        e->type = exp->e1->type;
        result = e;
    }

    void visit(PreExp *exp)
    {
        Expression *e = exp->op_overload(sc);
        // printf("PreExp::semantic('%s')\n", exp->toChars());

        if (e)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        // Rewrite as e1+=1 or e1-=1
        if (exp->op == TOKpreplusplus)
            e = new AddAssignExp(exp->loc, exp->e1, new IntegerExp(exp->loc, 1, Type::tint32));
        else
            e = new MinAssignExp(exp->loc, exp->e1, new IntegerExp(exp->loc, 1, Type::tint32));
        result = semantic(e, sc);
    }

    void visit(AssignExp *exp)
    {
        //printf("e1->op = %d, '%s'\n", exp->e1->op, Token::toChars(exp->e1->op));
        //printf("e2->op = %d, '%s'\n", exp->e2->op, Token::toChars(exp->e2->op));
        if (exp->type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        Expression *e1old = exp->e1;

        if (exp->e2->op == TOKcomma)
        {
            /* Rewrite to get rid of the comma from rvalue
            */
            if (!((CommaExp *)exp->e2)->isGenerated)
                exp->deprecation("Using the result of a comma expression is deprecated");
            Expression *e0;
            exp->e2 = Expression::extractLast(exp->e2, &e0);
            Expression *e = Expression::combine(e0, exp);
            result = semantic(e, sc);
            return;
        }

        /* Look for operator overloading of a[arguments] = e2.
         * Do it before e1->semantic() otherwise the ArrayExp will have been
         * converted to unary operator overloading already.
         */
        if (exp->e1->op == TOKarray)
        {
            Expression *res;

            ArrayExp *ae = (ArrayExp *)exp->e1;
            ae->e1 = semantic(ae->e1, sc);
            ae->e1 = resolveProperties(sc, ae->e1);
            Expression *ae1old = ae->e1;

            const bool maybeSlice =
                (ae->arguments->dim == 0 ||
                 (ae->arguments->dim == 1 && (*ae->arguments)[0]->op == TOKinterval));
            IntervalExp *ie = NULL;
            if (maybeSlice && ae->arguments->dim)
            {
                assert((*ae->arguments)[0]->op == TOKinterval);
                ie = (IntervalExp *)(*ae->arguments)[0];
            }

            while (true)
            {
                if (ae->e1->op == TOKerror)
                {
                    result = ae->e1;
                    return;
                }
                Expression *e0 = NULL;
                Expression *ae1save = ae->e1;
                ae->lengthVar = NULL;

                Type *t1b = ae->e1->type->toBasetype();
                AggregateDeclaration *ad = isAggregate(t1b);
                if (!ad)
                    break;
                if (search_function(ad, Id::indexass))
                {
                    // Deal with $
                    res = resolveOpDollar(sc, ae, &e0);
                    if (!res)    // a[i..j] = e2 might be: a.opSliceAssign(e2, i, j)
                        goto Lfallback;
                    if (res->op == TOKerror)
                    {
                        result = res;
                        return;
                    }

                    res = semantic(exp->e2, sc);
                    if (res->op == TOKerror)
                    {
                        result = res;
                        return;
                    }
                    exp->e2 = res;

                    /* Rewrite (a[arguments] = e2) as:
                     *      a.opIndexAssign(e2, arguments)
                     */
                    Expressions *a = (Expressions *)ae->arguments->copy();
                    a->insert(0, exp->e2);
                    res = new DotIdExp(exp->loc, ae->e1, Id::indexass);
                    res = new CallExp(exp->loc, res, a);
                    if (maybeSlice) // a[] = e2 might be: a.opSliceAssign(e2)
                        res = trySemantic(res, sc);
                    else
                        res = semantic(res, sc);
                    if (res)
                    {
                        res = Expression::combine(e0, res);
                        result = res;
                        return;
                    }
                }
            Lfallback:
                if (maybeSlice && search_function(ad, Id::sliceass))
                {
                    // Deal with $
                    res = resolveOpDollar(sc, ae, ie, &e0);
                    if (res->op == TOKerror)
                    {
                        result = res;
                        return;
                    }

                    res = semantic(exp->e2, sc);
                    if (res->op == TOKerror)
                    {
                        result = res;
                        return;
                    }
                    exp->e2 = res;

                    /* Rewrite (a[i..j] = e2) as:
                     *      a.opSliceAssign(e2, i, j)
                     */
                    Expressions *a = new Expressions();
                    a->push(exp->e2);
                    if (ie)
                    {
                        a->push(ie->lwr);
                        a->push(ie->upr);
                    }
                    res = new DotIdExp(exp->loc, ae->e1, Id::sliceass);
                    res = new CallExp(exp->loc, res, a);
                    res = semantic(res, sc);
                    res = Expression::combine(e0, res);
                    result = res;
                    return;
                }

                // No operator overloading member function found yet, but
                // there might be an alias this to try.
                if (ad->aliasthis && t1b != ae->att1)
                {
                    if (!ae->att1 && t1b->checkAliasThisRec())
                        ae->att1 = t1b;

                    /* Rewrite (a[arguments] op e2) as:
                     *      a.aliasthis[arguments] op e2
                     */
                    ae->e1 = resolveAliasThis(sc, ae1save, true);
                    if (ae->e1)
                        continue;
                }
                break;
            }
            ae->e1 = ae1old;    // recovery
            ae->lengthVar = NULL;
        }

        /* Run exp->e1 semantic.
         */
        {
            Expression *e1x = exp->e1;

            /* With UFCS, e.f = value
             * Could mean:
             *      .f(e, value)
             * or:
             *      .f(e) = value
             */
            if (e1x->op == TOKdotti)
            {
                DotTemplateInstanceExp *dti = (DotTemplateInstanceExp *)e1x;
                Expression *e = semanticY(dti, sc, 1);
                if (!e)
                {
                    result = resolveUFCSProperties(sc, e1x, exp->e2);
                    return;
                }
                e1x = e;
            }
            else if (e1x->op == TOKdotid)
            {
                DotIdExp *die = (DotIdExp *)e1x;
                Expression *e = semanticY(die, sc, 1);
                if (e && isDotOpDispatch(e))
                {
                    unsigned errors = global.startGagging();
                    e = resolvePropertiesX(sc, e, exp->e2);
                    if (global.endGagging(errors))
                        e = NULL;   /* fall down to UFCS */
                    else
                    {
                        result = e;
                        return;
                    }
                }
                if (!e)
                {
                    result = resolveUFCSProperties(sc, e1x, exp->e2);
                    return;
                }
                e1x = e;
            }
            else
            {
                if (e1x->op == TOKslice)
                    ((SliceExp *)e1x)->arrayop = true;

                e1x = semantic(e1x, sc);
            }

            /* We have f = value.
             * Could mean:
             *      f(value)
             * or:
             *      f() = value
             */
            if (Expression *e = resolvePropertiesX(sc, e1x, exp->e2))
            {
                result = e;
                return;
            }
            if (e1x->checkRightThis(sc))
                return setError();
            exp->e1 = e1x;
            assert(exp->e1->type);
        }
        Type *t1 = exp->e1->type->toBasetype();

        /* Run exp->e2 semantic.
         * Different from other binary expressions, the analysis of e2
         * depends on the result of e1 in assignments.
         */
        {
            Expression *e2x = inferType(exp->e2, t1->baseElemOf());

            e2x = semantic(e2x, sc);
            e2x = resolveProperties(sc, e2x);

            if (e2x->op == TOKtype)
                e2x = resolveAliasThis(sc, e2x); //https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=17684
            if (e2x->op == TOKerror)
            {
                result = e2x;
                return;
            }
            if (e2x->checkValue())
                return setError();
            exp->e2 = e2x;
        }

        /* Rewrite tuple assignment as a tuple of assignments.
        */
        {
            Expression *e2x = exp->e2;

        Ltupleassign:
            if (exp->e1->op == TOKtuple && e2x->op == TOKtuple)
            {
                TupleExp *tup1 = (TupleExp *)exp->e1;
                TupleExp *tup2 = (TupleExp *)e2x;
                size_t dim = tup1->exps->dim;
                Expression *e = NULL;
                if (dim != tup2->exps->dim)
                {
                    exp->error("mismatched tuple lengths, %d and %d", (int)dim, (int)tup2->exps->dim);
                    return setError();
                }
                if (dim == 0)
                {
                    e = new IntegerExp(exp->loc, 0, Type::tint32);
                    e = new CastExp(exp->loc, e, Type::tvoid);   // avoid "has no effect" error
                    e = Expression::combine(Expression::combine(tup1->e0, tup2->e0), e);
                }
                else
                {
                    Expressions *exps = new Expressions;
                    exps->setDim(dim);
                    for (size_t i = 0; i < dim; i++)
                    {
                        Expression *ex1 = (*tup1->exps)[i];
                        Expression *ex2 = (*tup2->exps)[i];
                        (*exps)[i] = new AssignExp(exp->loc, ex1, ex2);
                    }
                    e = new TupleExp(exp->loc, Expression::combine(tup1->e0, tup2->e0), exps);
                }
                result = semantic(e, sc);
                return;
            }

            /* Look for form: e1 = e2->aliasthis.
             */
            if (exp->e1->op == TOKtuple)
            {
                TupleDeclaration *td = isAliasThisTuple(e2x);
                if (!td)
                    goto Lnomatch;

                assert(exp->e1->type->ty == Ttuple);
                TypeTuple *tt = (TypeTuple *)exp->e1->type;

                Expression *e0 = NULL;
                Expression *ev = extractSideEffect(sc, "__tup", &e0, e2x);

                Expressions *iexps = new Expressions();
                iexps->push(ev);

                for (size_t u = 0; u < iexps->dim ; u++)
                {
            Lexpand:
                    Expression *e = (*iexps)[u];

                    Parameter *arg = Parameter::getNth(tt->arguments, u);
                    //printf("[%d] iexps->dim = %d, ", u, iexps->dim);
                    //printf("e = (%s %s, %s), ", Token::tochars[e->op], e->toChars(), e->type->toChars());
                    //printf("arg = (%s, %s)\n", arg->toChars(), arg->type->toChars());

                    if (!arg || !e->type->implicitConvTo(arg->type))
                    {
                        // expand initializer to tuple
                        if (expandAliasThisTuples(iexps, u) != -1)
                        {
                            if (iexps->dim <= u)
                                break;
                            goto Lexpand;
                        }
                        goto Lnomatch;
                    }
                }
                e2x = new TupleExp(e2x->loc, e0, iexps);
                e2x = semantic(e2x, sc);
                if (e2x->op == TOKerror)
                {
                    result = e2x;
                    return;
                }
                // Do not need to overwrite exp->e2
                goto Ltupleassign;
            }
        Lnomatch:
            ;
        }

        /* Inside constructor, if this is the first assignment of object field,
         * rewrite this to initializing the field.
         */
        if (exp->op == TOKassign && exp->e1->checkModifiable(sc) == 2)
        {
            //printf("[%s] change to init - %s\n", exp->loc.toChars(), toChars());
            exp->op = TOKconstruct;

            // Bugzilla 13515: set Index::modifiable flag for complex AA element initialization
            if (exp->e1->op == TOKindex)
            {
                Expression *e1x = ((IndexExp *)exp->e1)->markSettingAAElem();
                if (e1x->op == TOKerror)
                {
                    result = e1x;
                    return;
                }
            }
        }
        else if (exp->op == TOKconstruct && exp->e1->op == TOKvar &&
                 ((VarExp *)exp->e1)->var->storage_class & (STCout | STCref))
        {
            exp->memset |= referenceInit;
        }

        /* If it is an assignment from a 'foreign' type,
         * check for operator overloading.
         */
        if (exp->memset & referenceInit)
        {
            // If this is an initialization of a reference,
            // do nothing
        }
        else if (t1->ty == Tstruct)
        {
            Expression *e1x = exp->e1;
            Expression *e2x = exp->e2;
            StructDeclaration *sd = ((TypeStruct *)t1)->sym;

            if (exp->op == TOKconstruct)
            {
                Type *t2 = e2x->type->toBasetype();
                if (t2->ty == Tstruct && sd == ((TypeStruct *)t2)->sym)
                {
                    sd->size(exp->loc);
                    if (sd->sizeok != SIZEOKdone)
                        return setError();
                    if (!sd->ctor)
                        sd->ctor = sd->searchCtor();

                    // Bugzilla 15661: Look for the form from last of comma chain.
                    Expression *e2y = e2x;
                    while (e2y->op == TOKcomma)
                        e2y = ((CommaExp *)e2y)->e2;

                    CallExp *ce = (e2y->op == TOKcall) ? (CallExp *)e2y : NULL;
                    DotVarExp *dve = (ce && ce->e1->op == TOKdotvar)
                        ? (DotVarExp *)ce->e1 : NULL;
                    if (sd->ctor && ce && dve && dve->var->isCtorDeclaration() &&
                        e2y->type->implicitConvTo(t1))
                    {
                        /* Look for form of constructor call which is:
                         *    __ctmp.ctor(arguments...)
                         */

                        /* Before calling the constructor, initialize
                         * variable with a bit copy of the default
                         * initializer
                         */
                        AssignExp *ae = exp;
                        if (sd->zeroInit == 1 && !sd->isNested())
                        {
                            // Bugzilla 14606: Always use BlitExp for the special expression: (struct = 0)
                            ae = new BlitExp(ae->loc, ae->e1, new IntegerExp(exp->loc, 0, Type::tint32));
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            // Keep ae->op == TOKconstruct
                            ae->e2 = sd->isNested() ? t1->defaultInitLiteral(exp->loc) : t1->defaultInit(exp->loc);
                        }
                        ae->type = e1x->type;

                        /* Replace __ctmp being constructed with e1.
                         * We need to copy constructor call expression,
                         * because it may be used in other place.
                         */
                        DotVarExp *dvx = (DotVarExp *)dve->copy();
                        dvx->e1 = e1x;
                        CallExp *cx = (CallExp *)ce->copy();
                        cx->e1 = dvx;

                        Expression *e0;
                        Expression::extractLast(e2x, &e0);

                        Expression *e = Expression::combine(ae, cx);
                        e = Expression::combine(e0, e);
                        e = semantic(e, sc);
                        result = e;
                        return;
                    }
                    if (sd->postblit)
                    {
                        /* We have a copy constructor for this
                        */
                        if (e2x->op == TOKquestion)
                        {
                            /* Rewrite as:
                             *  a ? e1 = b : e1 = c;
                             */
                            CondExp *econd = (CondExp *)e2x;
                            Expression *ea1 = new ConstructExp(econd->e1->loc, e1x, econd->e1);
                            Expression *ea2 = new ConstructExp(econd->e1->loc, e1x, econd->e2);
                            Expression *e = new CondExp(exp->loc, econd->econd, ea1, ea2);
                            result = semantic(e, sc);
                            return;
                        }

                        if (e2x->isLvalue())
                        {
                            if (!e2x->type->implicitConvTo(e1x->type))
                            {
                                exp->error("conversion error from %s to %s", e2x->type->toChars(), e1x->type->toChars());
                                return setError();
                            }

                            /* Rewrite as:
                             *  (e1 = e2).postblit();
                             *
                             * Blit assignment e1 = e2 returns a reference to the original e1,
                             * then call the postblit on it.
                             */
                            Expression *e = e1x->copy();
                            e->type = e->type->mutableOf();
                            e = new BlitExp(exp->loc, e, e2x);
                            e = new DotVarExp(exp->loc, e, sd->postblit, false);
                            e = new CallExp(exp->loc, e);
                            result = semantic(e, sc);
                            return;
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            /* The struct value returned from the function is transferred
                             * so should not call the destructor on it.
                             */
                            e2x = valueNoDtor(e2x);
                        }
                    }
                }
                else if (!e2x->implicitConvTo(t1))
                {
                    sd->size(exp->loc);
                    if (sd->sizeok != SIZEOKdone)
                        return setError();
                    if (!sd->ctor)
                        sd->ctor = sd->searchCtor();

                    if (sd->ctor)
                    {
                        /* Look for implicit constructor call
                         * Rewrite as:
                         *  e1 = init, e1.ctor(e2)
                         */
                        Expression *einit;
                        einit = new BlitExp(exp->loc, e1x, e1x->type->defaultInit(exp->loc));
                        einit->type = e1x->type;

                        Expression *e;
                        e = new DotIdExp(exp->loc, e1x, Id::ctor);
                        e = new CallExp(exp->loc, e, e2x);
                        e = new CommaExp(exp->loc, einit, e);
                        e = semantic(e, sc);
                        result = e;
                        return;
                    }
                    if (search_function(sd, Id::call))
                    {
                        /* Look for static opCall
                         * (See bugzilla 2702 for more discussion)
                         * Rewrite as:
                         *  e1 = typeof(e1).opCall(arguments)
                         */
                        e2x = typeDotIdExp(e2x->loc, e1x->type, Id::call);
                        e2x = new CallExp(exp->loc, e2x, exp->e2);

                        e2x = semantic(e2x, sc);
                        e2x = resolveProperties(sc, e2x);
                        if (e2x->op == TOKerror)
                        {
                            result = e2x;
                            return;
                        }
                        if (e2x->checkValue())
                            return setError();
                    }
                }
                else    // Bugzilla 11355
                {
                    AggregateDeclaration *ad2 = isAggregate(e2x->type);
                    if (ad2 && ad2->aliasthis && !(exp->att2 && e2x->type == exp->att2))
                    {
                        if (!exp->att2 && exp->e2->type->checkAliasThisRec())
                            exp->att2 = exp->e2->type;

                        /* Rewrite (e1 op e2) as:
                         *      (e1 op e2.aliasthis)
                         */
                        exp->e2 = new DotIdExp(exp->e2->loc, exp->e2, ad2->aliasthis->ident);
                        result = semantic(exp, sc);
                        return;
                    }
                }
            }
            else if (exp->op == TOKassign)
            {
                if (e1x->op == TOKindex &&
                    ((IndexExp *)e1x)->e1->type->toBasetype()->ty == Taarray)
                {
                    /*
                     * Rewrite:
                     *      aa[key] = e2;
                     * as:
                     *      ref __aatmp = aa;
                     *      ref __aakey = key;
                     *      ref __aaval = e2;
                     *      (__aakey in __aatmp
                     *          ? __aatmp[__aakey].opAssign(__aaval)
                     *          : ConstructExp(__aatmp[__aakey], __aaval));
                     */
                    IndexExp *ie = (IndexExp *)e1x;
                    Type *t2 = e2x->type->toBasetype();

                    Expression *e0 = NULL;
                    Expression *ea = extractSideEffect(sc, "__aatmp", &e0, ie->e1);
                    Expression *ek = extractSideEffect(sc, "__aakey", &e0, ie->e2);
                    Expression *ev = extractSideEffect(sc, "__aaval", &e0, e2x);

                    AssignExp *ae = (AssignExp *)exp->copy();
                    ae->e1 = new IndexExp(exp->loc, ea, ek);
                    ae->e1 = semantic(ae->e1, sc);
                    ae->e1 = ae->e1->optimize(WANTvalue);
                    ae->e2 = ev;
                    Expression *e = ae->op_overload(sc);
                    if (e)
                    {
                        Expression *ey = NULL;
                        if (t2->ty == Tstruct && sd == t2->toDsymbol(sc))
                        {
                            ey = ev;
                        }
                        else if (!ev->implicitConvTo(ie->type) && sd->ctor)
                        {
                            // Look for implicit constructor call
                            // Rewrite as S().ctor(e2)
                            ey = new StructLiteralExp(exp->loc, sd, NULL);
                            ey = new DotIdExp(exp->loc, ey, Id::ctor);
                            ey = new CallExp(exp->loc, ey, ev);
                            ey = trySemantic(ey, sc);
                        }
                        if (ey)
                        {
                            Expression *ex;
                            ex = new IndexExp(exp->loc, ea, ek);
                            ex = semantic(ex, sc);
                            ex = ex->optimize(WANTvalue);
                            ex = ex->modifiableLvalue(sc, ex);  // allocate new slot
                            ey = new ConstructExp(exp->loc, ex, ey);
                            ey = semantic(ey, sc);
                            if (ey->op == TOKerror)
                            {
                                result = ey;
                                return;
                            }
                            ex = e;

                            // Bugzilla 14144: The whole expression should have the common type
                            // of opAssign() return and assigned AA entry.
                            // Even if there's no common type, expression should be typed as void.
                            Type *t = NULL;
                            if (!typeMerge(sc, TOKquestion, &t, &ex, &ey))
                            {
                                ex = new CastExp(ex->loc, ex, Type::tvoid);
                                ey = new CastExp(ey->loc, ey, Type::tvoid);
                            }
                            e = new CondExp(exp->loc, new InExp(exp->loc, ek, ea), ex, ey);
                        }
                        e = Expression::combine(e0, e);
                        e = semantic(e, sc);
                        result = e;
                        return;
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    Expression *e = exp->op_overload(sc);
                    if (e)
                    {
                        result = e;
                        return;
                    }
                }
            }
            else
                assert(exp->op == TOKblit);

            exp->e1 = e1x;
            exp->e2 = e2x;
        }
        else if (t1->ty == Tclass)
        {
            // Disallow assignment operator overloads for same type
            if (exp->op == TOKassign && !exp->e2->implicitConvTo(exp->e1->type))
            {
                Expression *e = exp->op_overload(sc);
                if (e)
                {
                    result = e;
                    return;
                }
            }
        }
        else if (t1->ty == Tsarray)
        {
            // SliceExp cannot have static array type without context inference.
            assert(exp->e1->op != TOKslice);

            Expression *e1x = exp->e1;
            Expression *e2x = exp->e2;

            if (e2x->implicitConvTo(e1x->type))
            {
                if (exp->op != TOKblit &&
                    ((e2x->op == TOKslice && ((UnaExp *)e2x)->e1->isLvalue()) ||
                     (e2x->op == TOKcast  && ((UnaExp *)e2x)->e1->isLvalue()) ||
                     (e2x->op != TOKslice && e2x->isLvalue())))
                {
                    if (e1x->checkPostblit(sc, t1))
                        return setError();
                }

                // e2 matches to t1 because of the implicit length match, so
                if (isUnaArrayOp(e2x->op) || isBinArrayOp(e2x->op))
                {
                    // convert e1 to e1[]
                    // e.g. e1[] = a[] + b[];
                    SliceExp *sle = new SliceExp(e1x->loc, e1x, NULL, NULL);
                    sle->arrayop = true;
                    e1x = semantic(sle, sc);
                }
                else
                {
                    // convert e2 to t1 later
                    // e.g. e1 = [1, 2, 3];
                }
            }
            else
            {
                if (e2x->implicitConvTo(t1->nextOf()->arrayOf()) > MATCHnomatch)
                {
                    uinteger_t dim1 = ((TypeSArray *)t1)->dim->toInteger();
                    uinteger_t dim2 = dim1;
                    if (e2x->op == TOKarrayliteral)
                    {
                        ArrayLiteralExp *ale = (ArrayLiteralExp *)e2x;
                        dim2 = ale->elements ? ale->elements->dim : 0;
                    }
                    else if (e2x->op == TOKslice)
                    {
                        Type *tx = toStaticArrayType((SliceExp *)e2x);
                        if (tx)
                            dim2 = ((TypeSArray *)tx)->dim->toInteger();
                    }
                    if (dim1 != dim2)
                    {
                        exp->error("mismatched array lengths, %d and %d", (int)dim1, (int)dim2);
                        return setError();
                    }
                }

                // May be block or element-wise assignment, so
                // convert e1 to e1[]
                if (exp->op != TOKassign)
                {
                    // If multidimensional static array, treat as one large array
                    dinteger_t dim = ((TypeSArray *)t1)->dim->toInteger();
                    Type *t = t1;
                    while (1)
                    {
                        t = t->nextOf()->toBasetype();
                        if (t->ty != Tsarray)
                            break;
                        dim *= ((TypeSArray *)t)->dim->toInteger();
                        e1x->type = t->nextOf()->sarrayOf(dim);
                    }
                }
                SliceExp *sle = new SliceExp(e1x->loc, e1x, NULL, NULL);
                sle->arrayop = true;
                e1x = semantic(sle, sc);
            }
            if (e1x->op == TOKerror)
            {
                result = e1x;
                return;
            }
            if (e2x->op == TOKerror)
            {
                result = e2x;
                return;
            }

            exp->e1 = e1x;
            exp->e2 = e2x;
            t1 = e1x->type->toBasetype();
        }

        /* Check the mutability of e1.
        */
        if (exp->e1->op == TOKarraylength)
        {
            // e1 is not an lvalue, but we let code generator handle it
            ArrayLengthExp *ale = (ArrayLengthExp *)exp->e1;

            Expression *ale1x = ale->e1;
            ale1x = ale1x->modifiableLvalue(sc, exp->e1);
            if (ale1x->op == TOKerror)
            {
                result = ale1x;
                return;
            }
            ale->e1 = ale1x;

            Type *tn = ale->e1->type->toBasetype()->nextOf();
            checkDefCtor(ale->loc, tn);
            semanticTypeInfo(sc, tn);
        }
        else if (exp->e1->op == TOKslice)
        {
            Type *tn = exp->e1->type->nextOf();
            if (exp->op == TOKassign && !tn->isMutable())
            {
                exp->error("slice %s is not mutable", exp->e1->toChars());
                return setError();
            }

            // For conditional operator, both branches need conversion.
            SliceExp *se = (SliceExp *)exp->e1;
            while (se->e1->op == TOKslice)
                se = (SliceExp *)se->e1;
            if (se->e1->op == TOKquestion &&
                se->e1->type->toBasetype()->ty == Tsarray)
            {
                se->e1 = se->e1->modifiableLvalue(sc, exp->e1);
                if (se->e1->op == TOKerror)
                {
                    result = se->e1;
                    return;
                }
            }
        }
        else
        {
            Expression *e1x = exp->e1;

            // Try to do a decent error message with the expression
            // before it got constant folded
            if (e1x->op != TOKvar)
                e1x = e1x->optimize(WANTvalue);

            if (exp->op == TOKassign)
                e1x = e1x->modifiableLvalue(sc, e1old);

            if (e1x->op == TOKerror)
            {
                result = e1x;
                return;
            }
            exp->e1 = e1x;
        }

        /* Tweak e2 based on the type of e1.
        */
        Expression *e2x = exp->e2;
        Type *t2 = e2x->type->toBasetype();

        // If it is a array, get the element type. Note that it may be
        // multi-dimensional.
        Type *telem = t1;
        while (telem->ty == Tarray)
            telem = telem->nextOf();

        if (exp->e1->op == TOKslice &&
            t1->nextOf() && (telem->ty != Tvoid || e2x->op == TOKnull) &&
            e2x->implicitConvTo(t1->nextOf())
           )
        {
            // Check for block assignment. If it is of type void[], void[][], etc,
            // '= null' is the only allowable block assignment (Bug 7493)
            // memset
            exp->memset |= blockAssign;  // make it easy for back end to tell what this is
            e2x = e2x->implicitCastTo(sc, t1->nextOf());
            if (exp->op != TOKblit && e2x->isLvalue() &&
                exp->e1->checkPostblit(sc, t1->nextOf()))
                return setError();
        }
        else if (exp->e1->op == TOKslice &&
                 (t2->ty == Tarray || t2->ty == Tsarray) &&
                 t2->nextOf()->implicitConvTo(t1->nextOf()))
        {
            // Check element-wise assignment.

            /* If assigned elements number is known at compile time,
             * check the mismatch.
             */
            SliceExp *se1 = (SliceExp *)exp->e1;
            TypeSArray *tsa1 = (TypeSArray *)toStaticArrayType(se1);
            TypeSArray *tsa2 = NULL;
            if (e2x->op == TOKarrayliteral)
                tsa2 = (TypeSArray *)t2->nextOf()->sarrayOf(((ArrayLiteralExp *)e2x)->elements->dim);
            else if (e2x->op == TOKslice)
                tsa2 = (TypeSArray *)toStaticArrayType((SliceExp *)e2x);
            else if (t2->ty == Tsarray)
                tsa2 = (TypeSArray *)t2;
            if (tsa1 && tsa2)
            {
                uinteger_t dim1 = tsa1->dim->toInteger();
                uinteger_t dim2 = tsa2->dim->toInteger();
                if (dim1 != dim2)
                {
                    exp->error("mismatched array lengths, %d and %d", (int)dim1, (int)dim2);
                    return setError();
                }
            }

            if (exp->op != TOKblit &&
                ((e2x->op == TOKslice && ((UnaExp *)e2x)->e1->isLvalue()) ||
                 (e2x->op == TOKcast  && ((UnaExp *)e2x)->e1->isLvalue()) ||
                 (e2x->op != TOKslice && e2x->isLvalue())))
            {
                if (exp->e1->checkPostblit(sc, t1->nextOf()))
                    return setError();
            }

            if (0 && global.params.warnings != DIAGNOSTICoff && !global.gag && exp->op == TOKassign &&
                e2x->op != TOKslice && e2x->op != TOKassign &&
                e2x->op != TOKarrayliteral && e2x->op != TOKstring &&
                !(e2x->op == TOKadd || e2x->op == TOKmin ||
                  e2x->op == TOKmul || e2x->op == TOKdiv ||
                  e2x->op == TOKmod || e2x->op == TOKxor ||
                  e2x->op == TOKand || e2x->op == TOKor  ||
                  e2x->op == TOKpow ||
                  e2x->op == TOKtilde || e2x->op == TOKneg))
            {
                const char* e1str = exp->e1->toChars();
                const char* e2str = e2x->toChars();
                exp->warning("explicit element-wise assignment %s = (%s)[] is better than %s = %s",
                    e1str, e2str, e1str, e2str);
            }

            Type *t2n = t2->nextOf();
            Type *t1n = t1->nextOf();
            int offset;
            if (t2n->equivalent(t1n) ||
                (t1n->isBaseOf(t2n, &offset) && offset == 0))
            {
                /* Allow copy of distinct qualifier elements.
                 * eg.
                 *  char[] dst;  const(char)[] src;
                 *  dst[] = src;
                 *
                 *  class C {}   class D : C {}
                 *  C[2] ca;  D[] da;
                 *  ca[] = da;
                 */
                if (isArrayOpValid(e2x))
                {
                    // Don't add CastExp to keep AST for array operations
                    e2x = e2x->copy();
                    e2x->type = exp->e1->type->constOf();
                }
                else
                    e2x = e2x->castTo(sc, exp->e1->type->constOf());
            }
            else
            {
                /* Bugzilla 15778: A string literal has an array type of immutable
                 * elements by default, and normally it cannot be convertible to
                 * array type of mutable elements. But for element-wise assignment,
                 * elements need to be const at best. So we should give a chance
                 * to change code unit size for polysemous string literal.
                 */
                if (e2x->op == TOKstring)
                    e2x = e2x->implicitCastTo(sc, exp->e1->type->constOf());
                else
                    e2x = e2x->implicitCastTo(sc, exp->e1->type);
            }
            if (t1n->toBasetype()->ty == Tvoid && t2n->toBasetype()->ty == Tvoid)
            {
                if (!sc->intypeof && sc->func && sc->func->setUnsafe())
                {
                    exp->error("cannot copy void[] to void[] in @safe code");
                    return setError();
                }
            }
        }
        else
        {
            if (0 && global.params.warnings != DIAGNOSTICoff && !global.gag && exp->op == TOKassign &&
                t1->ty == Tarray && t2->ty == Tsarray &&
                e2x->op != TOKslice &&
                t2->implicitConvTo(t1))
            {   // Disallow ar[] = sa (Converted to ar[] = sa[])
                // Disallow da   = sa (Converted to da   = sa[])
                const char* e1str = exp->e1->toChars();
                const char* e2str = e2x->toChars();
                const char* atypestr = exp->e1->op == TOKslice ? "element-wise" : "slice";
                exp->warning("explicit %s assignment %s = (%s)[] is better than %s = %s",
                    atypestr, e1str, e2str, e1str, e2str);
            }
            if (exp->op == TOKblit)
                e2x = e2x->castTo(sc, exp->e1->type);
            else
                e2x = e2x->implicitCastTo(sc, exp->e1->type);
        }
        if (e2x->op == TOKerror)
        {
            result = e2x;
            return;
        }
        exp->e2 = e2x;
        t2 = exp->e2->type->toBasetype();

        /* Look for array operations
        */
        if ((t2->ty == Tarray || t2->ty == Tsarray) && isArrayOpValid(exp->e2))
        {
            // Look for valid array operations
            if (!(exp->memset & blockAssign) && exp->e1->op == TOKslice &&
                (isUnaArrayOp(exp->e2->op) || isBinArrayOp(exp->e2->op)))
            {
                exp->type = exp->e1->type;
                if (exp->op == TOKconstruct) // Bugzilla 10282: tweak mutability of e1 element
                    exp->e1->type = exp->e1->type->nextOf()->mutableOf()->arrayOf();
                result = arrayOp(exp, sc);
                return;
            }

            // Drop invalid array operations in e2
            //  d = a[] + b[], d = (a[] + b[])[0..2], etc
            if (checkNonAssignmentArrayOp(exp->e2, !(exp->memset & blockAssign) && exp->op == TOKassign))
                return setError();

            // Remains valid array assignments
            //  d = d[], d = [1,2,3], etc
        }

        /* Don't allow assignment to classes that were allocated on the stack with:
         *      scope Class c = new Class();
         */

        if (exp->e1->op == TOKvar && exp->op == TOKassign)
        {
            VarExp *ve = (VarExp *)exp->e1;
            VarDeclaration *vd = ve->var->isVarDeclaration();
            if (vd && (vd->onstack || vd->mynew))
            {
                assert(t1->ty == Tclass);
                exp->error("cannot rebind scope variables");
            }
        }
        if (exp->e1->op == TOKvar && ((VarExp *)exp->e1)->var->ident == Id::ctfe)
        {
            exp->error("cannot modify compiler-generated variable __ctfe");
        }

        exp->type = exp->e1->type;
        assert(exp->type);
        Expression *res = exp->op == TOKassign ? exp->reorderSettingAAElem(sc) : exp;
        checkAssignEscape(sc, res, false);
        result = res;
    }

    void visit(CatAssignExp *exp)
    {
        if (exp->type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        //printf("CatAssignExp::semantic() %s\n", toChars());
        Expression *e = exp->op_overload(sc);
        if (e)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        if (exp->e1->op == TOKslice)
        {
            SliceExp *se = (SliceExp *)exp->e1;
            if (se->e1->type->toBasetype()->ty == Tsarray)
            {
                exp->error("cannot append to static array %s", se->e1->type->toChars());
                return setError();
            }
        }

        exp->e1 = exp->e1->modifiableLvalue(sc, exp->e1);
        if (exp->e1->op == TOKerror)
        {
            result = exp->e1;
            return;
        }
        if (exp->e2->op == TOKerror)
        {
            result = exp->e2;
            return;
        }

        if (checkNonAssignmentArrayOp(exp->e2))
            return setError();

        Type *tb1 = exp->e1->type->toBasetype();
        Type *tb1next = tb1->nextOf();
        Type *tb2 = exp->e2->type->toBasetype();

        if ((tb1->ty == Tarray) &&
            (tb2->ty == Tarray || tb2->ty == Tsarray) &&
            (exp->e2->implicitConvTo(exp->e1->type)
             || (tb2->nextOf()->implicitConvTo(tb1next) &&
                 (tb2->nextOf()->size(Loc()) == tb1next->size(Loc())))
            )
           )
        {
            // Append array
            if (exp->e1->checkPostblit(sc, tb1next))
                return setError();
            exp->e2 = exp->e2->castTo(sc, exp->e1->type);
        }
        else if ((tb1->ty == Tarray) &&
                 exp->e2->implicitConvTo(tb1next)
                )
        {
            // Append element
            if (exp->e2->checkPostblit(sc, tb2))
                return setError();
            exp->e2 = exp->e2->castTo(sc, tb1next);
            exp->e2 = doCopyOrMove(sc, exp->e2);
        }
        else if (tb1->ty == Tarray &&
                 (tb1next->ty == Tchar || tb1next->ty == Twchar) &&
                 exp->e2->type->ty != tb1next->ty &&
                 exp->e2->implicitConvTo(Type::tdchar)
                )
        {   // Append dchar to char[] or wchar[]
            exp->e2 = exp->e2->castTo(sc, Type::tdchar);

            /* Do not allow appending wchar to char[] because if wchar happens
             * to be a surrogate pair, nothing good can result.
             */
        }
        else
        {
            exp->error("cannot append type %s to type %s", tb2->toChars(), tb1->toChars());
            return setError();
        }
        if (exp->e2->checkValue())
            return setError();

        exp->type = exp->e1->type;
        result = exp->reorderSettingAAElem(sc);
    }

    void visit(PowAssignExp *exp)
    {
        if (exp->type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        Expression *e = exp->op_overload(sc);
        if (e)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        if (exp->e1->checkReadModifyWrite(exp->op, exp->e2))
            return setError();

        assert(exp->e1->type && exp->e2->type);
        if (exp->e1->op == TOKslice || exp->e1->type->ty == Tarray || exp->e1->type->ty == Tsarray)
        {
            // T[] ^^= ...
            if (exp->e2->implicitConvTo(exp->e1->type->nextOf()))
            {
                // T[] ^^= T
                exp->e2 = exp->e2->castTo(sc, exp->e1->type->nextOf());
            }
            else if (Expression *ex = typeCombine(exp, sc))
            {
                result = ex;
                return;
            }

            // Check element types are arithmetic
            Type *tb1 = exp->e1->type->nextOf()->toBasetype();
            Type *tb2 = exp->e2->type->toBasetype();
            if (tb2->ty == Tarray || tb2->ty == Tsarray)
                tb2 = tb2->nextOf()->toBasetype();

            if ( (tb1->isintegral() || tb1->isfloating()) &&
                 (tb2->isintegral() || tb2->isfloating()))
            {
                exp->type = exp->e1->type;
                result = arrayOp(exp, sc);
                return;
            }
        }
        else
        {
            exp->e1 = exp->e1->modifiableLvalue(sc, exp->e1);
        }

        if ((exp->e1->type->isintegral() || exp->e1->type->isfloating()) &&
            (exp->e2->type->isintegral() || exp->e2->type->isfloating()))
        {
            Expression *e0 = NULL;
            e = exp->reorderSettingAAElem(sc);
            e = Expression::extractLast(e, &e0);
            assert(e == exp);

            if (exp->e1->op == TOKvar)
            {
                // Rewrite: e1 = e1 ^^ e2
                e = new PowExp(exp->loc, exp->e1->syntaxCopy(), exp->e2);
                e = new AssignExp(exp->loc, exp->e1, e);
            }
            else
            {
                // Rewrite: ref tmp = e1; tmp = tmp ^^ e2
                VarDeclaration *v = copyToTemp(STCref, "__powtmp", exp->e1);
                Expression *de = new DeclarationExp(exp->e1->loc, v);
                VarExp *ve = new VarExp(exp->e1->loc, v);
                e = new PowExp(exp->loc, ve, exp->e2);
                e = new AssignExp(exp->loc, new VarExp(exp->e1->loc, v), e);
                e = new CommaExp(exp->loc, de, e);
            }
            e = Expression::combine(e0, e);
            e = semantic(e, sc);
            result = e;
            return;
        }
        result = exp->incompatibleTypes();
    }

    void visit(AddExp *exp)
    {
        if (exp->type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (Expression *ex = binSemanticProp(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }
        Expression *e = exp->op_overload(sc);
        if (e)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        Type *tb1 = exp->e1->type->toBasetype();
        Type *tb2 = exp->e2->type->toBasetype();

        bool err = false;
        if (tb1->ty == Tdelegate ||
            (tb1->ty == Tpointer && tb1->nextOf()->ty == Tfunction))
        {
            err |= exp->e1->checkArithmetic();
        }
        if (tb2->ty == Tdelegate ||
            (tb2->ty == Tpointer && tb2->nextOf()->ty == Tfunction))
        {
            err |= exp->e2->checkArithmetic();
        }
        if (err)
            return setError();

        if ((tb1->ty == Tpointer && exp->e2->type->isintegral()) ||
            (tb2->ty == Tpointer && exp->e1->type->isintegral()))
        {
            result = scaleFactor(exp, sc);
            return;
        }

        if (tb1->ty == Tpointer && tb2->ty == Tpointer)
        {
            result = exp->incompatibleTypes();
            return;
        }

        if (Expression *ex = typeCombine(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }

        Type *tb = exp->type->toBasetype();
        if (tb->ty == Tarray || tb->ty == Tsarray)
        {
            if (!isArrayOpValid(exp))
            {
                exp->error("invalid array operation %s (possible missing [])", exp->toChars());
                return setError();
            }
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        tb1 = exp->e1->type->toBasetype();
        if (!Target::isVectorOpSupported(tb1, exp->op, tb2))
        {
            result = exp->incompatibleTypes();
            return;
        }
        if ((tb1->isreal() && exp->e2->type->isimaginary()) ||
            (tb1->isimaginary() && exp->e2->type->isreal()))
        {
            switch (exp->type->toBasetype()->ty)
            {
                case Tfloat32:
                case Timaginary32:
                    exp->type = Type::tcomplex32;
                    break;

                case Tfloat64:
                case Timaginary64:
                    exp->type = Type::tcomplex64;
                    break;

                case Tfloat80:
                case Timaginary80:
                    exp->type = Type::tcomplex80;
                    break;

                default:
                    assert(0);
            }
        }
        result = exp;
    }

    void visit(MinExp *exp)
    {
        if (exp->type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (Expression *ex = binSemanticProp(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }
        Expression *e = exp->op_overload(sc);
        if (e)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        Type *t1 = exp->e1->type->toBasetype();
        Type *t2 = exp->e2->type->toBasetype();

        bool err = false;
        if (t1->ty == Tdelegate ||
            (t1->ty == Tpointer && t1->nextOf()->ty == Tfunction))
        {
            err |= exp->e1->checkArithmetic();
        }
        if (t2->ty == Tdelegate ||
            (t2->ty == Tpointer && t2->nextOf()->ty == Tfunction))
        {
            err |= exp->e2->checkArithmetic();
        }
        if (err)
            return setError();

        if (t1->ty == Tpointer)
        {
            if (t2->ty == Tpointer)
            {
                // Need to divide the result by the stride
                // Replace (ptr - ptr) with (ptr - ptr) / stride
                d_int64 stride;

                // make sure pointer types are compatible
                if (Expression *ex = typeCombine(exp, sc))
                {
                    result = ex;
                    return;
                }

                exp->type = Type::tptrdiff_t;
                stride = t2->nextOf()->size();
                if (stride == 0)
                {
                    e = new IntegerExp(exp->loc, 0, Type::tptrdiff_t);
                }
                else
                {
                    e = new DivExp(exp->loc, exp, new IntegerExp(Loc(), stride, Type::tptrdiff_t));
                    e->type = Type::tptrdiff_t;
                }
            }
            else if (t2->isintegral())
                e = scaleFactor(exp, sc);
            else
            {
                exp->error("can't subtract %s from pointer", t2->toChars());
                e = new ErrorExp();
            }
            result = e;
            return;
        }
        if (t2->ty == Tpointer)
        {
            exp->type = exp->e2->type;
            exp->error("can't subtract pointer from %s", exp->e1->type->toChars());
            return setError();
        }

        if (Expression *ex = typeCombine(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }

        Type *tb = exp->type->toBasetype();
        if (tb->ty == Tarray || tb->ty == Tsarray)
        {
            if (!isArrayOpValid(exp))
            {
                exp->error("invalid array operation %s (possible missing [])", exp->toChars());
                return setError();
            }
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        t1 = exp->e1->type->toBasetype();
        t2 = exp->e2->type->toBasetype();
        if (!Target::isVectorOpSupported(t1, exp->op, t2))
        {
            result = exp->incompatibleTypes();
            return;
        }
        if ((t1->isreal() && t2->isimaginary()) ||
            (t1->isimaginary() && t2->isreal()))
        {
            switch (exp->type->ty)
            {
                case Tfloat32:
                case Timaginary32:
                    exp->type = Type::tcomplex32;
                    break;

                case Tfloat64:
                case Timaginary64:
                    exp->type = Type::tcomplex64;
                    break;

                case Tfloat80:
                case Timaginary80:
                    exp->type = Type::tcomplex80;
                    break;

                default:
                    assert(0);
            }
        }
        result = exp;
    }

    void visit(CatExp *exp)
    {
        //printf("CatExp::semantic() %s\n", exp->toChars());
        if (exp->type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (Expression *ex = binSemanticProp(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }
        Expression *e = exp->op_overload(sc);
        if (e)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        Type *tb1 = exp->e1->type->toBasetype();
        Type *tb2 = exp->e2->type->toBasetype();

        bool f1 = checkNonAssignmentArrayOp(exp->e1);
        bool f2 = checkNonAssignmentArrayOp(exp->e2);
        if (f1 || f2)
            return setError();

        /* BUG: Should handle things like:
         *      char c;
         *      c ~ ' '
         *      ' ' ~ c;
         */
        Type *tb1next = tb1->nextOf();
        Type *tb2next = tb2->nextOf();

        // Check for: array ~ array
        if (tb1next && tb2next &&
            (tb1next->implicitConvTo(tb2next) >= MATCHconst ||
             tb2next->implicitConvTo(tb1next) >= MATCHconst ||
             (exp->e1->op == TOKarrayliteral && exp->e1->implicitConvTo(tb2)) ||
             (exp->e2->op == TOKarrayliteral && exp->e2->implicitConvTo(tb1))
            )
           )
        {
            /* Bugzilla 9248: Here to avoid the case of:
             *    void*[] a = [cast(void*)1];
             *    void*[] b = [cast(void*)2];
             *    a ~ b;
             * becoming:
             *    a ~ [cast(void*)b];
             */

            /* Bugzilla 14682: Also to avoid the case of:
             *    int[][] a;
             *    a ~ [];
             * becoming:
             *    a ~ cast(int[])[];
             */
            goto Lpeer;
        }

        // Check for: array ~ element
        if ((tb1->ty == Tsarray || tb1->ty == Tarray) && tb2->ty != Tvoid)
        {
            if (exp->e1->op == TOKarrayliteral)
            {
                exp->e2 = exp->e2->isLvalue() ? callCpCtor(sc, exp->e2) : valueNoDtor(exp->e2);
                // Bugzilla 14686: Postblit call appears in AST, and this is
                // finally translated  to an ArrayLiteralExp in below otpimize().
            }
            else if (exp->e1->op == TOKstring)
            {
                // No postblit call exists on character (integer) value.
            }
            else
            {
                if (exp->e2->checkPostblit(sc, tb2))
                    return setError();
                // Postblit call will be done in runtime helper function
            }

            if (exp->e1->op == TOKarrayliteral && exp->e1->implicitConvTo(tb2->arrayOf()))
            {
                exp->e1 = exp->e1->implicitCastTo(sc, tb2->arrayOf());
                exp->type = tb2->arrayOf();
                goto L2elem;
            }
            if (exp->e2->implicitConvTo(tb1next) >= MATCHconvert)
            {
                exp->e2 = exp->e2->implicitCastTo(sc, tb1next);
                exp->type = tb1next->arrayOf();
            L2elem:
                if (tb2->ty == Tarray || tb2->ty == Tsarray)
                {
                    // Make e2 into [e2]
                    exp->e2 = new ArrayLiteralExp(exp->e2->loc, exp->e2);
                    exp->e2->type = exp->type;
                }
                result = exp->optimize(WANTvalue);
                return;
            }
        }
        // Check for: element ~ array
        if ((tb2->ty == Tsarray || tb2->ty == Tarray) && tb1->ty != Tvoid)
        {
            if (exp->e2->op == TOKarrayliteral)
            {
                exp->e1 = exp->e1->isLvalue() ? callCpCtor(sc, exp->e1) : valueNoDtor(exp->e1);
            }
            else if (exp->e2->op == TOKstring)
            {
            }
            else
            {
                if (exp->e1->checkPostblit(sc, tb1))
                    return setError();
            }

            if (exp->e2->op == TOKarrayliteral && exp->e2->implicitConvTo(tb1->arrayOf()))
            {
                exp->e2 = exp->e2->implicitCastTo(sc, tb1->arrayOf());
                exp->type = tb1->arrayOf();
                goto L1elem;
            }
            if (exp->e1->implicitConvTo(tb2next) >= MATCHconvert)
            {
                exp->e1 = exp->e1->implicitCastTo(sc, tb2next);
                exp->type = tb2next->arrayOf();
            L1elem:
                if (tb1->ty == Tarray || tb1->ty == Tsarray)
                {
                    // Make e1 into [e1]
                    exp->e1 = new ArrayLiteralExp(exp->e1->loc, exp->e1);
                    exp->e1->type = exp->type;
                }
                result = exp->optimize(WANTvalue);
                return;
            }
        }

    Lpeer:
        if ((tb1->ty == Tsarray || tb1->ty == Tarray) &&
            (tb2->ty == Tsarray || tb2->ty == Tarray) &&
            (tb1next->mod || tb2next->mod) &&
            (tb1next->mod != tb2next->mod)
           )
        {
            Type *t1 = tb1next->mutableOf()->constOf()->arrayOf();
            Type *t2 = tb2next->mutableOf()->constOf()->arrayOf();
            if (exp->e1->op == TOKstring && !((StringExp *)exp->e1)->committed)
                exp->e1->type = t1;
            else
                exp->e1 = exp->e1->castTo(sc, t1);
            if (exp->e2->op == TOKstring && !((StringExp *)exp->e2)->committed)
                exp->e2->type = t2;
            else
                exp->e2 = exp->e2->castTo(sc, t2);
        }

        if (Expression *ex = typeCombine(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }
        exp->type = exp->type->toHeadMutable();

        Type *tb = exp->type->toBasetype();
        if (tb->ty == Tsarray)
            exp->type = tb->nextOf()->arrayOf();
        if (exp->type->ty == Tarray && tb1next && tb2next &&
            tb1next->mod != tb2next->mod)
        {
            exp->type = exp->type->nextOf()->toHeadMutable()->arrayOf();
        }
        if (Type *tbn = tb->nextOf())
        {
            if (exp->checkPostblit(sc, tbn))
                return setError();
        }
        Type *t1 = exp->e1->type->toBasetype();
        Type *t2 = exp->e2->type->toBasetype();
        if ((t1->ty == Tarray || t1->ty == Tsarray) &&
            (t2->ty == Tarray || t2->ty == Tsarray))
        {
            // Normalize to ArrayLiteralExp or StringExp as far as possible
            e = exp->optimize(WANTvalue);
        }
        else
        {
            //printf("(%s) ~ (%s)\n", exp->e1->toChars(), exp->e2->toChars());
            result = exp->incompatibleTypes();
            return;
        }
        result = e;
    }

    void visit(MulExp *exp)
    {
        if (exp->type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (Expression *ex = binSemanticProp(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }
        Expression *e = exp->op_overload(sc);
        if (e)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        if (Expression *ex = typeCombine(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }

        Type *tb = exp->type->toBasetype();
        if (tb->ty == Tarray || tb->ty == Tsarray)
        {
            if (!isArrayOpValid(exp))
            {
                exp->error("invalid array operation %s (possible missing [])", exp->toChars());
                return setError();
            }
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (exp->checkArithmeticBin())
            return setError();

        if (exp->type->isfloating())
        {
            Type *t1 = exp->e1->type;
            Type *t2 = exp->e2->type;

            if (t1->isreal())
            {
                exp->type = t2;
            }
            else if (t2->isreal())
            {
                exp->type = t1;
            }
            else if (t1->isimaginary())
            {
                if (t2->isimaginary())
                {

                    switch (t1->toBasetype()->ty)
                    {
                        case Timaginary32:
                            exp->type = Type::tfloat32;
                            break;

                        case Timaginary64:
                            exp->type = Type::tfloat64;
                            break;

                        case Timaginary80:
                            exp->type = Type::tfloat80;
                            break;

                        default:
                            assert(0);
                    }

                    // iy * iv = -yv
                    exp->e1->type = exp->type;
                    exp->e2->type = exp->type;
                    e = new NegExp(exp->loc, exp);
                    e = semantic(e, sc);
                    result = e;
                    return;
                }
                else
                    exp->type = t2;      // t2 is complex
            }
            else if (t2->isimaginary())
            {
                exp->type = t1;  // t1 is complex
            }
        }
        else if (!Target::isVectorOpSupported(tb, exp->op, exp->e2->type->toBasetype()))
        {
            result = exp->incompatibleTypes();
            return;
        }
        result = exp;
    }

    void visit(DivExp *exp)
    {
        if (exp->type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (Expression *ex = binSemanticProp(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
        }
        Expression *e = exp->op_overload(sc);
        if (e)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        if (Expression *ex = typeCombine(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }

        Type *tb = exp->type->toBasetype();
        if (tb->ty == Tarray || tb->ty == Tsarray)
        {
            if (!isArrayOpValid(exp))
            {
                exp->error("invalid array operation %s (possible missing [])", exp->toChars());
                return setError();
            }
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (exp->checkArithmeticBin())
            return setError();

        if (exp->type->isfloating())
        {
            Type *t1 = exp->e1->type;
            Type *t2 = exp->e2->type;

            if (t1->isreal())
            {
                exp->type = t2;
                if (t2->isimaginary())
                {
                    // x/iv = i(-x/v)
                    exp->e2->type = t1;
                    e = new NegExp(exp->loc, exp);
                    e = semantic(e, sc);
                    result = e;
                    return;
                }
            }
            else if (t2->isreal())
            {
                exp->type = t1;
            }
            else if (t1->isimaginary())
            {
                if (t2->isimaginary())
                {
                    switch (t1->toBasetype()->ty)
                    {
                        case Timaginary32:
                            exp->type = Type::tfloat32;
                            break;

                        case Timaginary64:
                            exp->type = Type::tfloat64;
                            break;

                        case Timaginary80:
                            exp->type = Type::tfloat80;
                            break;

                        default:
                            assert(0);
                    }
                }
                else
                    exp->type = t2;      // t2 is complex
            }
            else if (t2->isimaginary())
            {
                exp->type = t1;  // t1 is complex
            }
        }
        else if (!Target::isVectorOpSupported(tb, exp->op, exp->e2->type->toBasetype()))
        {
            result = exp->incompatibleTypes();
            return;
        }
        result = exp;
    }

    void visit(ModExp *exp)
    {
        if (exp->type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (Expression *ex = binSemanticProp(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }
        Expression *e = exp->op_overload(sc);
        if (e)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        if (Expression *ex = typeCombine(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }

        Type *tb = exp->type->toBasetype();
        if (tb->ty == Tarray || tb->ty == Tsarray)
        {
            if (!isArrayOpValid(exp))
            {
                exp->error("invalid array operation %s (possible missing [])", exp->toChars());
                return setError();
            }
            result = exp;
            return;
        }
        if (!Target::isVectorOpSupported(tb, exp->op, exp->e2->type->toBasetype()))
        {
            result = exp->incompatibleTypes();
            return;
        }

        if (exp->checkArithmeticBin())
            return setError();

        if (exp->type->isfloating())
        {
            exp->type = exp->e1->type;
            if (exp->e2->type->iscomplex())
            {
                exp->error("cannot perform modulo complex arithmetic");
                return setError();
            }
        }
        result = exp;
    }

    Module *loadStdMath()
    {
        static Import *impStdMath = NULL;
        if (!impStdMath)
        {
            Identifiers *a = new Identifiers();
            a->push(Id::std);
            Import *s = new Import(Loc(), a, Id::math, NULL, false);
            s->load(NULL);
            if (s->mod)
            {
                s->mod->importAll(NULL);
                s->mod->semantic(NULL);
            }
            impStdMath = s;
        }
        return impStdMath->mod;
    }

    void visit(PowExp *exp)
    {
        if (exp->type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        //printf("PowExp::semantic() %s\n", exp->toChars());
        if (Expression *ex = binSemanticProp(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }
        Expression *e = exp->op_overload(sc);
        if (e)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        if (Expression *ex = typeCombine(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }

        Type *tb = exp->type->toBasetype();
        if (tb->ty == Tarray || tb->ty == Tsarray)
        {
            if (!isArrayOpValid(exp))
            {
                exp->error("invalid array operation %s (possible missing [])", exp->toChars());
                return setError();
            }
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (exp->checkArithmeticBin())
            return setError();

        if (!Target::isVectorOpSupported(exp->e1->type->toBasetype(), exp->op, exp->e2->type->toBasetype()))
        {
            result = exp->incompatibleTypes();
            return;
        }

        // For built-in numeric types, there are several cases.
        // TODO: backend support, especially for  e1 ^^ 2.

        // First, attempt to fold the expression.
        e = exp->optimize(WANTvalue);
        if (e->op != TOKpow)
        {
            e = semantic(e, sc);
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        // Determine if we're raising to an integer power.
        sinteger_t intpow = 0;
        if (exp->e2->op == TOKint64 && ((sinteger_t)exp->e2->toInteger() == 2 || (sinteger_t)exp->e2->toInteger() == 3))
            intpow = exp->e2->toInteger();
        else if (exp->e2->op == TOKfloat64 && (exp->e2->toReal() == ldouble((sinteger_t)exp->e2->toReal())))
            intpow = (sinteger_t)(exp->e2->toReal());

        // Deal with x^^2, x^^3 immediately, since they are of practical importance.
        if (intpow == 2 || intpow == 3)
        {
            // Replace x^^2 with (tmp = x, tmp*tmp)
            // Replace x^^3 with (tmp = x, tmp*tmp*tmp)
            VarDeclaration *tmp = copyToTemp(0, "__powtmp", exp->e1);
            Expression *de = new DeclarationExp(exp->loc, tmp);
            Expression *ve = new VarExp(exp->loc, tmp);

            /* Note that we're reusing ve. This should be ok.
            */
            Expression *me = new MulExp(exp->loc, ve, ve);
            if (intpow == 3)
                me = new MulExp(exp->loc, me, ve);
            e = new CommaExp(exp->loc, de, me);
            e = semantic(e, sc);
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        Module *mmath = loadStdMath();
        if (!mmath)
        {
            //exp->error("requires std.math for ^^ operators");
            //fatal();

            // Leave handling of PowExp to the backend, or throw
            // an error gracefully if no backend support exists.
            if (Expression *ex = typeCombine(exp, sc))
            {
                result = ex;
                return;
            }
            result = exp;
            return;
        }
        e = new ScopeExp(exp->loc, mmath);

        if (exp->e2->op == TOKfloat64 && exp->e2->toReal() == CTFloat::half)
        {
            // Replace e1 ^^ 0.5 with .std.math.sqrt(x)
            e = new CallExp(exp->loc, new DotIdExp(exp->loc, e, Id::_sqrt), exp->e1);
        }
        else
        {
            // Replace e1 ^^ e2 with .std.math.pow(e1, e2)
            e = new CallExp(exp->loc, new DotIdExp(exp->loc, e, Id::_pow), exp->e1, exp->e2);
        }
        e = semantic(e, sc);
        result = e;
    }

    void visit(ShlExp *exp)
    {
        //printf("ShlExp::semantic(), type = %p\n", exp->type);
        if (exp->type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (Expression *ex = binSemanticProp(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }
        Expression *e = exp->op_overload(sc);
        if (e)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        if (exp->checkIntegralBin())
            return setError();
        if (!Target::isVectorOpSupported(exp->e1->type->toBasetype(), exp->op, exp->e2->type->toBasetype()))
        {
            result = exp->incompatibleTypes();
            return;
        }
        exp->e1 = integralPromotions(exp->e1, sc);
        if (exp->e2->type->toBasetype()->ty != Tvector)
            exp->e2 = exp->e2->castTo(sc, Type::tshiftcnt);

        exp->type = exp->e1->type;
        result = exp;
    }

    void visit(ShrExp *exp)
    {
        if (exp->type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (Expression *ex = binSemanticProp(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }
        Expression *e = exp->op_overload(sc);
        if (e)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        if (exp->checkIntegralBin())
            return setError();
        if (!Target::isVectorOpSupported(exp->e1->type->toBasetype(), exp->op, exp->e2->type->toBasetype()))
        {
            result = exp->incompatibleTypes();
            return;
        }
        exp->e1 = integralPromotions(exp->e1, sc);
        if (exp->e2->type->toBasetype()->ty != Tvector)
            exp->e2 = exp->e2->castTo(sc, Type::tshiftcnt);

        exp->type = exp->e1->type;
        result = exp;
    }

    void visit(UshrExp *exp)
    {
        if (exp->type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (Expression *ex = binSemanticProp(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }
        Expression *e = exp->op_overload(sc);
        if (e)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        if (exp->checkIntegralBin())
            return setError();
        if (!Target::isVectorOpSupported(exp->e1->type->toBasetype(), exp->op, exp->e2->type->toBasetype()))
        {
            result = exp->incompatibleTypes();
            return;
        }
        exp->e1 = integralPromotions(exp->e1, sc);
        if (exp->e2->type->toBasetype()->ty != Tvector)
            exp->e2 = exp->e2->castTo(sc, Type::tshiftcnt);

        exp->type = exp->e1->type;
        result = exp;
    }

    void visit(AndExp *exp)
    {
        if (exp->type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (Expression *ex = binSemanticProp(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }
        Expression *e = exp->op_overload(sc);
        if (e)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        if (exp->e1->type->toBasetype()->ty == Tbool &&
            exp->e2->type->toBasetype()->ty == Tbool)
        {
            exp->type = exp->e1->type;
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (Expression *ex = typeCombine(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }

        Type *tb = exp->type->toBasetype();
        if (tb->ty == Tarray || tb->ty == Tsarray)
        {
            if (!isArrayOpValid(exp))
            {
                exp->error("invalid array operation %s (possible missing [])", exp->toChars());
                return setError();
            }
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (!Target::isVectorOpSupported(tb, exp->op, exp->e2->type->toBasetype()))
        {
            result = exp->incompatibleTypes();
            return;
        }
        if (exp->checkIntegralBin())
            return setError();

        result = exp;
    }

    void visit(OrExp *exp)
    {
        if (exp->type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (Expression *ex = binSemanticProp(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }
        Expression *e = exp->op_overload(sc);
        if (e)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        if (exp->e1->type->toBasetype()->ty == Tbool &&
            exp->e2->type->toBasetype()->ty == Tbool)
        {
            exp->type = exp->e1->type;
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (Expression *ex = typeCombine(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }

        Type *tb = exp->type->toBasetype();
        if (tb->ty == Tarray || tb->ty == Tsarray)
        {
            if (!isArrayOpValid(exp))
            {
                exp->error("invalid array operation %s (possible missing [])", exp->toChars());
                return setError();
            }
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (!Target::isVectorOpSupported(tb, exp->op, exp->e2->type->toBasetype()))
        {
            result = exp->incompatibleTypes();
            return;
        }
        if (exp->checkIntegralBin())
            return setError();

        result = exp;
    }

    void visit(XorExp *exp)
    {
        if (exp->type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (Expression *ex = binSemanticProp(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }
        Expression *e = exp->op_overload(sc);
        if (e)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        if (exp->e1->type->toBasetype()->ty == Tbool &&
            exp->e2->type->toBasetype()->ty == Tbool)
        {
            exp->type = exp->e1->type;
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (Expression *ex = typeCombine(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }

        Type *tb = exp->type->toBasetype();
        if (tb->ty == Tarray || tb->ty == Tsarray)
        {
            if (!isArrayOpValid(exp))
            {
                exp->error("invalid array operation %s (possible missing [])", exp->toChars());
                return setError();
            }
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (!Target::isVectorOpSupported(tb, exp->op, exp->e2->type->toBasetype()))
        {
            result = exp->incompatibleTypes();
            return;
        }
        if (exp->checkIntegralBin())
            return setError();

        result = exp;
    }

    void visit(OrOrExp *exp)
    {
        if (exp->type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        setNoderefOperands(exp);

        // same as for AndAnd
        Expression *e1x = semantic(exp->e1, sc);

        // for static alias this: https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=17684
        if (e1x->op == TOKtype)
            e1x = resolveAliasThis(sc, e1x);

        e1x = resolveProperties(sc, e1x);
        e1x = e1x->toBoolean(sc);
        unsigned cs1 = sc->callSuper;

        if (sc->flags & SCOPEcondition)
        {
            /* If in static if, don't evaluate e2 if we don't have to.
            */
            e1x = e1x->optimize(WANTvalue);
            if (e1x->isBool(true))
            {
                result = new IntegerExp(exp->loc, 1, Type::tbool);
                return;
            }
        }

        Expression *e2x = semantic(exp->e2, sc);
        sc->mergeCallSuper(exp->loc, cs1);

        // for static alias this: https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=17684
        if (e2x->op == TOKtype)
            e2x = resolveAliasThis(sc, e2x);

        e2x = resolveProperties(sc, e2x);

        bool f1 = checkNonAssignmentArrayOp(e1x);
        bool f2 = checkNonAssignmentArrayOp(e2x);
        if (f1 || f2)
            return setError();

        // Unless the right operand is 'void', the expression is converted to 'bool'.
        if (e2x->type->ty != Tvoid)
            e2x = e2x->toBoolean(sc);

        if (e2x->op == TOKtype || e2x->op == TOKscope)
        {
            exp->error("%s is not an expression", exp->e2->toChars());
            return setError();
        }
        if (e1x->op == TOKerror)
        {
            result = e1x;
            return;
        }
        if (e2x->op == TOKerror)
        {
            result = e2x;
            return;
        }

        // The result type is 'bool', unless the right operand has type 'void'.
        if (e2x->type->ty == Tvoid)
            exp->type = Type::tvoid;
        else
            exp->type = Type::tbool;

        exp->e1 = e1x;
        exp->e2 = e2x;
        result = exp;
    }

    void visit(AndAndExp *exp)
    {
        if (exp->type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        setNoderefOperands(exp);

        // same as for OrOr
        Expression *e1x = semantic(exp->e1, sc);

        // for static alias this: https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=17684
        if (e1x->op == TOKtype)
            e1x = resolveAliasThis(sc, e1x);

        e1x = resolveProperties(sc, e1x);
        e1x = e1x->toBoolean(sc);
        unsigned cs1 = sc->callSuper;

        if (sc->flags & SCOPEcondition)
        {
            /* If in static if, don't evaluate e2 if we don't have to.
            */
            e1x = e1x->optimize(WANTvalue);
            if (e1x->isBool(false))
            {
                result = new IntegerExp(exp->loc, 0, Type::tbool);
                return;
            }
        }

        Expression *e2x = semantic(exp->e2, sc);
        sc->mergeCallSuper(exp->loc, cs1);

        // for static alias this: https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=17684
        if (e2x->op == TOKtype)
            e2x = resolveAliasThis(sc, e2x);

        e2x = resolveProperties(sc, e2x);

        bool f1 = checkNonAssignmentArrayOp(e1x);
        bool f2 = checkNonAssignmentArrayOp(e2x);
        if (f1 || f2)
            return setError();

        // Unless the right operand is 'void', the expression is converted to 'bool'.
        if (e2x->type->ty != Tvoid)
            e2x = e2x->toBoolean(sc);

        if (e2x->op == TOKtype || e2x->op == TOKscope)
        {
            exp->error("%s is not an expression", exp->e2->toChars());
            return setError();
        }
        if (e1x->op == TOKerror)
        {
            result = e1x;
            return;
        }
        if (e2x->op == TOKerror)
        {
            result = e2x;
            return;
        }

        // The result type is 'bool', unless the right operand has type 'void'.
        if (e2x->type->ty == Tvoid)
            exp->type = Type::tvoid;
        else
            exp->type = Type::tbool;

        exp->e1 = e1x;
        exp->e2 = e2x;
        result = exp;
    }

    void visit(InExp *exp)
    {
        if (exp->type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (Expression *ex = binSemanticProp(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }
        Expression *e = exp->op_overload(sc);
        if (e)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        Type *t2b = exp->e2->type->toBasetype();
        switch (t2b->ty)
        {
            case Taarray:
                {
                    TypeAArray *ta = (TypeAArray *)t2b;

                    // Special handling for array keys
                    if (!arrayTypeCompatible(exp->e1->loc, exp->e1->type, ta->index))
                    {
                        // Convert key to type of key
                        exp->e1 = exp->e1->implicitCastTo(sc, ta->index);
                    }

                    semanticTypeInfo(sc, ta->index);

                    // Return type is pointer to value
                    exp->type = ta->nextOf()->pointerTo();
                    break;
                }

            default:
                result = exp->incompatibleTypes();
                return;

            case Terror:
                return setError();
        }
        result = exp;
    }

    void visit(RemoveExp *e)
    {
        if (Expression *ex = binSemantic(e, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }
        result = e;
    }

    void visit(CmpExp *exp)
    {
        if (exp->type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        setNoderefOperands(exp);

        if (Expression *ex = binSemanticProp(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }
        Type *t1 = exp->e1->type->toBasetype();
        Type *t2 = exp->e2->type->toBasetype();
        if ((t1->ty == Tclass && exp->e2->op == TOKnull) ||
            (t2->ty == Tclass && exp->e1->op == TOKnull))
        {
            exp->error("do not use null when comparing class types");
            return setError();
        }

        Expression *e = exp->op_overload(sc);
        if (e)
        {
            if (!e->type->isscalar() && e->type->equals(exp->e1->type))
            {
                exp->error("recursive opCmp expansion");
                return setError();
            }
            if (e->op == TOKcall)
            {
                e = new CmpExp(exp->op, exp->loc, e, new IntegerExp(exp->loc, 0, Type::tint32));
                e = semantic(e, sc);
            }
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        if (Expression *ex = typeCombine(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }

        bool f1 = checkNonAssignmentArrayOp(exp->e1);
        bool f2 = checkNonAssignmentArrayOp(exp->e2);
        if (f1 || f2)
            return setError();

        exp->type = Type::tbool;

        // Special handling for array comparisons
        t1 = exp->e1->type->toBasetype();
        t2 = exp->e2->type->toBasetype();
        if ((t1->ty == Tarray || t1->ty == Tsarray || t1->ty == Tpointer) &&
            (t2->ty == Tarray || t2->ty == Tsarray || t2->ty == Tpointer))
        {
            Type *t1next = t1->nextOf();
            Type *t2next = t2->nextOf();
            if (t1next->implicitConvTo(t2next) < MATCHconst &&
                t2next->implicitConvTo(t1next) < MATCHconst &&
                (t1next->ty != Tvoid && t2next->ty != Tvoid))
            {
                exp->error("array comparison type mismatch, %s vs %s", t1next->toChars(), t2next->toChars());
                return setError();
            }
            if ((t1->ty == Tarray || t1->ty == Tsarray) &&
                (t2->ty == Tarray || t2->ty == Tsarray))
            {
                semanticTypeInfo(sc, t1->nextOf());
            }
        }
        else if (t1->ty == Tstruct || t2->ty == Tstruct ||
                 (t1->ty == Tclass && t2->ty == Tclass))
        {
            if (t2->ty == Tstruct)
                exp->error("need member function opCmp() for %s %s to compare", t2->toDsymbol(sc)->kind(), t2->toChars());
            else
                exp->error("need member function opCmp() for %s %s to compare", t1->toDsymbol(sc)->kind(), t1->toChars());
            return setError();
        }
        else if (t1->iscomplex() || t2->iscomplex())
        {
            exp->error("compare not defined for complex operands");
            return setError();
        }
        else if (t1->ty == Taarray || t2->ty == Taarray)
        {
            exp->error("%s is not defined for associative arrays", Token::toChars(exp->op));
            return setError();
        }
        else if (!Target::isVectorOpSupported(t1, exp->op, t2))
        {
            result = exp->incompatibleTypes();
            return;
        }
        else
        {
            bool r1 = exp->e1->checkValue();
            bool r2 = exp->e2->checkValue();
            if (r1 || r2)
                return setError();
        }

        TOK altop;
        switch (exp->op)
        {
            // Refer rel_integral[] table
            case TOKunord:  altop = TOKerror;       break;
            case TOKlg:     altop = TOKnotequal;    break;
            case TOKleg:    altop = TOKerror;       break;
            case TOKule:    altop = TOKle;          break;
            case TOKul:     altop = TOKlt;          break;
            case TOKuge:    altop = TOKge;          break;
            case TOKug:     altop = TOKgt;          break;
            case TOKue:     altop = TOKequal;       break;
            default:        altop = TOKreserved;    break;
        }
        if (altop == TOKerror &&
            (t1->ty == Tarray || t1->ty == Tsarray ||
             t2->ty == Tarray || t2->ty == Tsarray))
        {
            exp->error("'%s' is not defined for array comparisons", Token::toChars(exp->op));
            return setError();
        }
        if (altop != TOKreserved)
        {
            if (!t1->isfloating())
            {
                if (altop == TOKerror)
                {
                    const char *s = exp->op == TOKunord ? "false" : "true";
                    exp->error("floating point operator '%s' always returns %s for non-floating comparisons",
                        Token::toChars(exp->op), s);
                }
                else
                {
                    exp->error("use '%s' for non-floating comparisons rather than floating point operator '%s'",
                        Token::toChars(altop), Token::toChars(exp->op));
                }
            }
            else
            {
                exp->error("use std.math.isNaN to deal with NaN operands rather than floating point operator '%s'",
                    Token::toChars(exp->op));
            }
            return setError();
        }

        //printf("CmpExp: %s, type = %s\n", e->toChars(), e->type->toChars());
        result = exp;
    }

    void visit(EqualExp *exp)
    {
        //printf("EqualExp::semantic('%s')\n", toChars());
        if (exp->type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        setNoderefOperands(exp);

        if (Expression *e = binSemanticProp(exp, sc))
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }
        if (exp->e1->op == TOKtype || exp->e2->op == TOKtype)
        {
            result = exp->incompatibleTypes();
            return;
        }

        {
            Type *t1 = exp->e1->type;
            Type *t2 = exp->e2->type;
            if (t1->ty == Tenum && t2->ty == Tenum && !t1->equivalent(t2))
                exp->deprecation("Comparison between different enumeration types `%s` and `%s`; If this behavior is intended consider using `std.conv.asOriginalType`",
                    t1->toChars(), t2->toChars());
        }

        /* Before checking for operator overloading, check to see if we're
         * comparing the addresses of two statics. If so, we can just see
         * if they are the same symbol.
         */
        if (exp->e1->op == TOKaddress && exp->e2->op == TOKaddress)
        {
            AddrExp *ae1 = (AddrExp *)exp->e1;
            AddrExp *ae2 = (AddrExp *)exp->e2;
            if (ae1->e1->op == TOKvar && ae2->e1->op == TOKvar)
            {
                VarExp *ve1 = (VarExp *)ae1->e1;
                VarExp *ve2 = (VarExp *)ae2->e1;

                if (ve1->var == ve2->var)
                {
                    // They are the same, result is 'true' for ==, 'false' for !=
                    result = new IntegerExp(exp->loc, (exp->op == TOKequal), Type::tbool);
                    return;
                }
            }
        }

        if (Expression *e = exp->op_overload(sc))
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        if (Expression *e = typeCombine(exp, sc))
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        bool f1 = checkNonAssignmentArrayOp(exp->e1);
        bool f2 = checkNonAssignmentArrayOp(exp->e2);
        if (f1 || f2)
            return setError();

        exp->type = Type::tbool;

        // Special handling for array comparisons
        if (!arrayTypeCompatible(exp->loc, exp->e1->type, exp->e2->type))
        {
            if (exp->e1->type != exp->e2->type && exp->e1->type->isfloating() && exp->e2->type->isfloating())
            {
                // Cast both to complex
                exp->e1 = exp->e1->castTo(sc, Type::tcomplex80);
                exp->e2 = exp->e2->castTo(sc, Type::tcomplex80);
            }
        }
        if (exp->e1->type->toBasetype()->ty == Taarray)
            semanticTypeInfo(sc, exp->e1->type->toBasetype());

        Type *t1 = exp->e1->type->toBasetype();
        Type *t2 = exp->e2->type->toBasetype();

        if (!Target::isVectorOpSupported(t1, exp->op, t2))
        {
            result = exp->incompatibleTypes();
            return;
        }

        result = exp;
    }

    void visit(IdentityExp *exp)
    {
        if (exp->type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        setNoderefOperands(exp);

        if (Expression *ex = binSemanticProp(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }

        if (Expression *ex = typeCombine(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }

        bool f1 = checkNonAssignmentArrayOp(exp->e1);
        bool f2 = checkNonAssignmentArrayOp(exp->e2);
        if (f1 || f2)
            return setError();

        exp->type = Type::tbool;

        if (exp->e1->type != exp->e2->type && exp->e1->type->isfloating() && exp->e2->type->isfloating())
        {
            // Cast both to complex
            exp->e1 = exp->e1->castTo(sc, Type::tcomplex80);
            exp->e2 = exp->e2->castTo(sc, Type::tcomplex80);
        }

        Type *tb1 = exp->e1->type->toBasetype();
        Type *tb2 = exp->e2->type->toBasetype();
        if (!Target::isVectorOpSupported(tb1, exp->op, tb2))
        {
            result = exp->incompatibleTypes();
            return;
        }

        result = exp;
    }

    void visit(CondExp *exp)
    {
        if (exp->type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (exp->econd->op == TOKdotid)
            ((DotIdExp *)exp->econd)->noderef = true;

        Expression *ec = semantic(exp->econd, sc);
        ec = resolveProperties(sc, ec);
        ec = ec->toBoolean(sc);

        unsigned cs0 = sc->callSuper;
        unsigned *fi0 = sc->saveFieldInit();
        Expression *e1x = semantic(exp->e1, sc);
        e1x = resolveProperties(sc, e1x);

        unsigned cs1 = sc->callSuper;
        unsigned *fi1 = sc->fieldinit;
        sc->callSuper = cs0;
        sc->fieldinit = fi0;
        Expression *e2x = semantic(exp->e2, sc);
        e2x = resolveProperties(sc, e2x);

        sc->mergeCallSuper(exp->loc, cs1);
        sc->mergeFieldInit(exp->loc, fi1);

        if (ec->op == TOKerror)
        {
            result = ec;
            return;
        }
        if (ec->type == Type::terror)
            return setError();
        exp->econd = ec;

        if (e1x->op == TOKerror)
        {
            result = e1x;
            return;
        }
        if (e1x->type == Type::terror)
            return setError();
        exp->e1 = e1x;

        if (e2x->op == TOKerror)
        {
            result = e2x;
            return;
        }
        if (e2x->type == Type::terror)
            return setError();
        exp->e2 = e2x;

        bool f0 = checkNonAssignmentArrayOp(exp->econd);
        bool f1 = checkNonAssignmentArrayOp(exp->e1);
        bool f2 = checkNonAssignmentArrayOp(exp->e2);
        if (f0 || f1 || f2)
            return setError();

        Type *t1 = exp->e1->type;
        Type *t2 = exp->e2->type;
        // If either operand is void the result is void, we have to cast both
        // the expression to void so that we explicitly discard the expression
        // value if any (bugzilla 16598)
        if (t1->ty == Tvoid || t2->ty == Tvoid)
        {
            exp->type = Type::tvoid;
            exp->e1 = exp->e1->castTo(sc, exp->type);
            exp->e2 = exp->e2->castTo(sc, exp->type);
        }
        else if (t1 == t2)
            exp->type = t1;
        else
        {
            if (Expression *ex = typeCombine(exp, sc))
            {
                result = ex;
                return;
            }
            switch (exp->e1->type->toBasetype()->ty)
            {
                case Tcomplex32:
                case Tcomplex64:
                case Tcomplex80:
                    exp->e2 = exp->e2->castTo(sc, exp->e1->type);
                    break;
            }
            switch (exp->e2->type->toBasetype()->ty)
            {
                case Tcomplex32:
                case Tcomplex64:
                case Tcomplex80:
                    exp->e1 = exp->e1->castTo(sc, exp->e2->type);
                    break;
            }
            if (exp->type->toBasetype()->ty == Tarray)
            {
                exp->e1 = exp->e1->castTo(sc, exp->type);
                exp->e2 = exp->e2->castTo(sc, exp->type);
            }
        }
        exp->type = exp->type->merge2();

        /* Bugzilla 14696: If either e1 or e2 contain temporaries which need dtor,
         * make them conditional.
         * Rewrite:
         *      cond ? (__tmp1 = ..., __tmp1) : (__tmp2 = ..., __tmp2)
         * to:
         *      (auto __cond = cond) ? (... __tmp1) : (... __tmp2)
         * and replace edtors of __tmp1 and __tmp2 with:
         *      __tmp1->edtor --> __cond && __tmp1.dtor()
         *      __tmp2->edtor --> __cond || __tmp2.dtor()
         */
        exp->hookDtors(sc);

        result = exp;
    }

    void visit(FileInitExp *e)
    {
        //printf("FileInitExp::semantic()\n");
        e->type = Type::tstring;
        result = e;
    }

    void visit(LineInitExp *e)
    {
        e->type = Type::tint32;
        result = e;
    }

    void visit(ModuleInitExp *e)
    {
        //printf("ModuleInitExp::semantic()\n");
        e->type = Type::tstring;
        result = e;
    }

    void visit(FuncInitExp *e)
    {
        //printf("FuncInitExp::semantic()\n");
        e->type = Type::tstring;
        if (sc->func)
        {
            result = e->resolveLoc(Loc(), sc);
            return;
        }
        result = e;
    }

    void visit(PrettyFuncInitExp *e)
    {
        //printf("PrettyFuncInitExp::semantic()\n");
        e->type = Type::tstring;
        if (sc->func)
        {
            result = e->resolveLoc(Loc(), sc);
            return;
        }
        result = e;
    }
};

/**********************************
 * Try to run semantic routines.
 * If they fail, return NULL.
 */
Expression *trySemantic(Expression *exp, Scope* sc)
{
    //printf("+trySemantic(%s)\n", toChars());
    unsigned errors = global.startGagging();
    Expression *e = semantic(exp, sc);
    if (global.endGagging(errors))
    {
        e = NULL;
    }
    //printf("-trySemantic(%s)\n", toChars());
    return e;
}

/**************************
 * Helper function for easy error propagation.
 * If error occurs, returns ErrorExp. Otherwise returns NULL.
 */
Expression *unaSemantic(UnaExp *e, Scope *sc)
{
    Expression *e1x = semantic(e->e1, sc);
    if (e1x->op == TOKerror)
        return e1x;
    e->e1 = e1x;
    return NULL;
}

/**************************
 * Helper function for easy error propagation.
 * If error occurs, returns ErrorExp. Otherwise returns NULL.
 */
Expression *binSemantic(BinExp *e, Scope *sc)
{
    Expression *e1x = semantic(e->e1, sc);
    Expression *e2x = semantic(e->e2, sc);

    // for static alias this: https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=17684
    if (e1x->op == TOKtype)
        e1x = resolveAliasThis(sc, e1x);
    if (e2x->op == TOKtype)
        e2x = resolveAliasThis(sc, e2x);

    if (e1x->op == TOKerror)
        return e1x;
    if (e2x->op == TOKerror)
        return e2x;
    e->e1 = e1x;
    e->e2 = e2x;
    return NULL;
}

Expression *binSemanticProp(BinExp *e, Scope *sc)
{
    if (Expression *ex = binSemantic(e, sc))
        return ex;
    Expression *e1x = resolveProperties(sc, e->e1);
    Expression *e2x = resolveProperties(sc, e->e2);
    if (e1x->op == TOKerror)
        return e1x;
    if (e2x->op == TOKerror)
        return e2x;
    e->e1 = e1x;
    e->e2 = e2x;
    return NULL;
}

// entrypoint for semantic ExpressionSemanticVisitor
Expression *semantic(Expression *e, Scope *sc)
{
    ExpressionSemanticVisitor v = ExpressionSemanticVisitor(sc);
    e->accept(&v);
    return v.result;
}

Expression *semanticX(DotIdExp *exp, Scope *sc)
{
    //printf("DotIdExp::semanticX(this = %p, '%s')\n", this, toChars());
    if (Expression *ex = unaSemantic(exp, sc))
        return ex;

    if (exp->ident == Id::_mangleof)
    {
        // symbol.mangleof
        Dsymbol *ds;
        switch (exp->e1->op)
        {
            case TOKscope:
                ds = ((ScopeExp *)exp->e1)->sds;
                goto L1;
            case TOKvar:
                ds = ((VarExp *)exp->e1)->var;
                goto L1;
            case TOKdotvar:
                ds = ((DotVarExp *)exp->e1)->var;
                goto L1;
            case TOKoverloadset:
                ds = ((OverExp *)exp->e1)->vars;
                goto L1;
            case TOKtemplate:
                {
                    TemplateExp *te = (TemplateExp *)exp->e1;
                    ds = te->fd ? (Dsymbol *)te->fd : te->td;
                }
            L1:
                {
                    assert(ds);
                    if (FuncDeclaration *f = ds->isFuncDeclaration())
                    {
                        if (f->checkForwardRef(exp->loc))
                            return new ErrorExp();
                    }
                    OutBuffer buf;
                    mangleToBuffer(ds, &buf);
                    const char *s = buf.extractString();
                    Expression *e = new StringExp(exp->loc, const_cast<char*>(s), strlen(s));
                    e = semantic(e, sc);
                    return e;
                }
            default:
                break;
        }
    }

    if (exp->e1->op == TOKvar && exp->e1->type->toBasetype()->ty == Tsarray && exp->ident == Id::length)
    {
        // bypass checkPurity
        return exp->e1->type->dotExp(sc, exp->e1, exp->ident, exp->noderef ? 2 : 0);
    }

    if (exp->e1->op == TOKdot)
    {
    }
    else
    {
        exp->e1 = resolvePropertiesX(sc, exp->e1);
    }
    if (exp->e1->op == TOKtuple && exp->ident == Id::offsetof)
    {
        /* 'distribute' the .offsetof to each of the tuple elements.
        */
        TupleExp *te = (TupleExp *)exp->e1;
        Expressions *exps = new Expressions();
        exps->setDim(te->exps->dim);
        for (size_t i = 0; i < exps->dim; i++)
        {
            Expression *e = (*te->exps)[i];
            e = semantic(e, sc);
            e = new DotIdExp(e->loc, e, Id::offsetof);
            (*exps)[i] = e;
        }
        // Don't evaluate te->e0 in runtime
        Expression *e = new TupleExp(exp->loc, NULL, exps);
        e = semantic(e, sc);
        return e;
    }
    if (exp->e1->op == TOKtuple && exp->ident == Id::length)
    {
        TupleExp *te = (TupleExp *)exp->e1;
        // Don't evaluate te->e0 in runtime
        Expression *e = new IntegerExp(exp->loc, te->exps->dim, Type::tsize_t);
        return e;
    }

    // Bugzilla 14416: Template has no built-in properties except for 'stringof'.
    if ((exp->e1->op == TOKdottd || exp->e1->op == TOKtemplate) && exp->ident != Id::stringof)
    {
        exp->error("template %s does not have property '%s'", exp->e1->toChars(), exp->ident->toChars());
        return new ErrorExp();
    }

    if (!exp->e1->type)
    {
        exp->error("expression %s does not have property '%s'", exp->e1->toChars(), exp->ident->toChars());
        return new ErrorExp();
    }

    return exp;
}

// Resolve e1.ident without seeing UFCS.
// If flag == 1, stop "not a property" error and return NULL.
Expression *semanticY(DotIdExp *exp, Scope *sc, int flag)
{
    //printf("DotIdExp::semanticY(this = %p, '%s')\n", this, toChars());

    //{ static int z; fflush(stdout); if (++z == 10) *(char*)0=0; }

    /* Special case: rewrite this.id and super.id
     * to be classtype.id and baseclasstype.id
     * if we have no this pointer.
     */
    if ((exp->e1->op == TOKthis || exp->e1->op == TOKsuper) && !hasThis(sc))
    {
        if (AggregateDeclaration *ad = sc->getStructClassScope())
        {
            if (exp->e1->op == TOKthis)
            {
                exp->e1 = new TypeExp(exp->e1->loc, ad->type);
            }
            else
            {
                ClassDeclaration *cd = ad->isClassDeclaration();
                if (cd && cd->baseClass)
                    exp->e1 = new TypeExp(exp->e1->loc, cd->baseClass->type);
            }
        }
    }

    Expression *e = semanticX(exp, sc);
    if (e != exp)
        return e;

    Expression *eleft;
    Expression *eright;
    if (exp->e1->op == TOKdot)
    {
        DotExp *de = (DotExp *)exp->e1;
        eleft = de->e1;
        eright = de->e2;
    }
    else
    {
        eleft = NULL;
        eright = exp->e1;
    }

    Type *t1b = exp->e1->type->toBasetype();

    if (eright->op == TOKscope)        // also used for template alias's
    {
        ScopeExp *ie = (ScopeExp *)eright;
        int flags = SearchLocalsOnly;

        /* Disable access to another module's private imports.
         * The check for 'is sds our current module' is because
         * the current module should have access to its own imports.
         */
        if (ie->sds->isModule() && ie->sds != sc->_module)
            flags |= IgnorePrivateImports;
        if (sc->flags & SCOPEignoresymbolvisibility)
            flags |= IgnoreSymbolVisibility;
        Dsymbol *s = ie->sds->search(exp->loc, exp->ident, flags);
        /* Check for visibility before resolving aliases because public
         * aliases to private symbols are public.
         */
        if (s && !(sc->flags & SCOPEignoresymbolvisibility) && !symbolIsVisible(sc->_module, s))
        {
            if (s->isDeclaration())
                ::error(exp->loc, "%s is not visible from module %s", s->toPrettyChars(), sc->_module->toChars());
            else
                ::deprecation(exp->loc, "%s is not visible from module %s", s->toPrettyChars(), sc->_module->toChars());
            // s = NULL
        }
        if (s)
        {
            if (Package *p = s->isPackage())
                checkAccess(exp->loc, sc, p);

            // if 's' is a tuple variable, the tuple is returned.
            s = s->toAlias();

            exp->checkDeprecated(sc, s);

            EnumMember *em = s->isEnumMember();
            if (em)
            {
                return em->getVarExp(exp->loc, sc);
            }

            VarDeclaration *v = s->isVarDeclaration();
            if (v)
            {
                //printf("DotIdExp:: Identifier '%s' is a variable, type '%s'\n", toChars(), v->type->toChars());
                if (!v->type ||
                    (!v->type->deco && v->inuse))
                {
                    if (v->inuse)
                        exp->error("circular reference to %s '%s'", v->kind(), v->toPrettyChars());
                    else
                        exp->error("forward reference to %s '%s'", v->kind(), v->toPrettyChars());
                    return new ErrorExp();
                }
                if (v->type->ty == Terror)
                    return new ErrorExp();

                if ((v->storage_class & STCmanifest) && v->_init && !exp->wantsym)
                {
                    /* Normally, the replacement of a symbol with its initializer is supposed to be in semantic2().
                     * Introduced by https://github.com/dlang/dmd/pull/5588 which should probably
                     * be reverted. `wantsym` is the hack to work around the problem.
                     */
                    if (v->inuse)
                    {
                        ::error(exp->loc, "circular initialization of %s '%s'", v->kind(), v->toPrettyChars());
                        return new ErrorExp();
                    }
                    e = v->expandInitializer(exp->loc);
                    v->inuse++;
                    e = semantic(e, sc);
                    v->inuse--;
                    return e;
                }

                if (v->needThis())
                {
                    if (!eleft)
                        eleft = new ThisExp(exp->loc);
                    e = new DotVarExp(exp->loc, eleft, v);
                    e = semantic(e, sc);
                }
                else
                {
                    e = new VarExp(exp->loc, v);
                    if (eleft)
                    {   e = new CommaExp(exp->loc, eleft, e);
                        e->type = v->type;
                    }
                }
                e = e->deref();
                return semantic(e, sc);
            }

            FuncDeclaration *f = s->isFuncDeclaration();
            if (f)
            {
                //printf("it's a function\n");
                if (!f->functionSemantic())
                    return new ErrorExp();
                if (f->needThis())
                {
                    if (!eleft)
                        eleft = new ThisExp(exp->loc);
                    e = new DotVarExp(exp->loc, eleft, f, true);
                    e = semantic(e, sc);
                }
                else
                {
                    e = new VarExp(exp->loc, f, true);
                    if (eleft)
                    {   e = new CommaExp(exp->loc, eleft, e);
                        e->type = f->type;
                    }
                }
                return e;
            }
            if (TemplateDeclaration *td = s->isTemplateDeclaration())
            {
                if (eleft)
                    e = new DotTemplateExp(exp->loc, eleft, td);
                else
                    e = new TemplateExp(exp->loc, td);
                e = semantic(e, sc);
                return e;
            }
            if (OverDeclaration *od = s->isOverDeclaration())
            {
                e = new VarExp(exp->loc, od, true);
                if (eleft)
                {
                    e = new CommaExp(exp->loc, eleft, e);
                    e->type = Type::tvoid;  // ambiguous type?
                }
                return e;
            }
            OverloadSet *o = s->isOverloadSet();
            if (o)
            {   //printf("'%s' is an overload set\n", o->toChars());
                return new OverExp(exp->loc, o);
            }

            if (Type *t = s->getType())
            {
                return semantic(new TypeExp(exp->loc, t), sc);
            }

            TupleDeclaration *tup = s->isTupleDeclaration();
            if (tup)
            {
                if (eleft)
                {
                    e = new DotVarExp(exp->loc, eleft, tup);
                    e = semantic(e, sc);
                    return e;
                }
                e = new TupleExp(exp->loc, tup);
                e = semantic(e, sc);
                return e;
            }

            ScopeDsymbol *sds = s->isScopeDsymbol();
            if (sds)
            {
                //printf("it's a ScopeDsymbol %s\n", exp->ident->toChars());
                e = new ScopeExp(exp->loc, sds);
                e = semantic(e, sc);
                if (eleft)
                    e = new DotExp(exp->loc, eleft, e);
                return e;
            }

            Import *imp = s->isImport();
            if (imp)
            {
                ie = new ScopeExp(exp->loc, imp->pkg);
                return semantic(ie, sc);
            }

            // BUG: handle other cases like in IdentifierExp::semantic()
            assert(0);
        }
        else if (exp->ident == Id::stringof)
        {
            const char *p = ie->toChars();
            e = new StringExp(exp->loc, const_cast<char *>(p), strlen(p));
            e = semantic(e, sc);
            return e;
        }
        if (ie->sds->isPackage() ||
            ie->sds->isImport() ||
            ie->sds->isModule())
        {
            flag = 0;
        }
        if (flag)
            return NULL;
        s = ie->sds->search_correct(exp->ident);
        if (s)
            exp->error("undefined identifier '%s' in %s '%s', did you mean %s '%s'?",
                       exp->ident->toChars(), ie->sds->kind(), ie->sds->toPrettyChars(), s->kind(), s->toChars());
        else
            exp->error("undefined identifier '%s' in %s '%s'",
                       exp->ident->toChars(), ie->sds->kind(), ie->sds->toPrettyChars());
        return new ErrorExp();
    }
    else if (t1b->ty == Tpointer && exp->e1->type->ty != Tenum &&
             exp->ident != Id::_init && exp->ident != Id::__sizeof &&
             exp->ident != Id::__xalignof && exp->ident != Id::offsetof &&
             exp->ident != Id::_mangleof && exp->ident != Id::stringof)
    {
        Type *t1bn = t1b->nextOf();
        if (flag)
        {
            AggregateDeclaration *ad = isAggregate(t1bn);
            if (ad && !ad->members)   // Bugzilla 11312
                return NULL;
        }

        /* Rewrite:
         *   p.ident
         * as:
         *   (*p).ident
         */
        if (flag && t1bn->ty == Tvoid)
            return NULL;
        e = new PtrExp(exp->loc, exp->e1);
        e = semantic(e, sc);
        return e->type->dotExp(sc, e, exp->ident, flag | (exp->noderef ? 2 : 0));
    }
    else
    {
        if (exp->e1->op == TOKtype || exp->e1->op == TOKtemplate)
            flag = 0;
        e = exp->e1->type->dotExp(sc, exp->e1, exp->ident, flag | (exp->noderef ? 2 : 0));
        if (e)
            e = semantic(e, sc);
        return e;
    }
}

// Resolve e1.ident!tiargs without seeing UFCS.
// If flag == 1, stop "not a property" error and return NULL.
Expression *semanticY(DotTemplateInstanceExp *exp, Scope *sc, int flag)
{
    DotIdExp *die = new DotIdExp(exp->loc, exp->e1, exp->ti->name);

    Expression *e = semanticX(die, sc);
    if (e == die)
    {
        exp->e1 = die->e1;   // take back

        Type *t1b = exp->e1->type->toBasetype();
        if (t1b->ty == Tarray || t1b->ty == Tsarray || t1b->ty == Taarray ||
            t1b->ty == Tnull  || (t1b->isTypeBasic() && t1b->ty != Tvoid))
        {
            /* No built-in type has templatized properties, so do shortcut.
             * It is necessary in: 1024.max!"a < b"
             */
            if (flag)
                return NULL;
        }
        e = semanticY(die, sc, flag);
        if (flag && e && isDotOpDispatch(e))
        {
            /* opDispatch!tiargs would be a function template that needs IFTI,
             * so it's not a template
             */
            e = NULL;   /* fall down to UFCS */
        }
        if (flag && !e)
            return NULL;
    }
    assert(e);

    if (e->op == TOKerror)
        return e;
    if (e->op == TOKdotvar)
    {
        DotVarExp *dve = (DotVarExp *)e;
        if (FuncDeclaration *fd = dve->var->isFuncDeclaration())
        {
            TemplateDeclaration *td = fd->findTemplateDeclRoot();
            if (td)
            {
                e = new DotTemplateExp(dve->loc, dve->e1, td);
                e = semantic(e, sc);
            }
        }
        else if (dve->var->isOverDeclaration())
        {
            exp->e1 = dve->e1;   // pull semantic() result
            if (!exp->findTempDecl(sc))
                goto Lerr;
            if (exp->ti->needsTypeInference(sc))
                return exp;
            exp->ti->semantic(sc);
            if (!exp->ti->inst || exp->ti->errors)    // if template failed to expand
                return new ErrorExp();
            Dsymbol *s = exp->ti->toAlias();
            Declaration *v = s->isDeclaration();
            if (v)
            {
                if (v->type && !v->type->deco)
                    v->type = v->type->semantic(v->loc, sc);
                e = new DotVarExp(exp->loc, exp->e1, v);
                e = semantic(e, sc);
                return e;
            }
            e = new ScopeExp(exp->loc, exp->ti);
            e = new DotExp(exp->loc, exp->e1, e);
            e = semantic(e, sc);
            return e;
        }
    }
    else if (e->op == TOKvar)
    {
        VarExp *ve = (VarExp *)e;
        if (FuncDeclaration *fd = ve->var->isFuncDeclaration())
        {
            TemplateDeclaration *td = fd->findTemplateDeclRoot();
            if (td)
            {
                e = new TemplateExp(ve->loc, td);
                e = semantic(e, sc);
            }
        }
        else if (OverDeclaration *od = ve->var->isOverDeclaration())
        {
            exp->ti->tempdecl = od;
            e = new ScopeExp(exp->loc, exp->ti);
            e = semantic(e, sc);
            return e;
        }
    }
    if (e->op == TOKdottd)
    {
        DotTemplateExp *dte = (DotTemplateExp *)e;
        exp->e1 = dte->e1;   // pull semantic() result

        exp->ti->tempdecl = dte->td;
        if (!exp->ti->semanticTiargs(sc))
            return new ErrorExp();
        if (exp->ti->needsTypeInference(sc))
            return exp;
        exp->ti->semantic(sc);
        if (!exp->ti->inst || exp->ti->errors)    // if template failed to expand
            return new ErrorExp();
        Dsymbol *s = exp->ti->toAlias();
        Declaration *v = s->isDeclaration();
        if (v && (v->isFuncDeclaration() || v->isVarDeclaration()))
        {
            e = new DotVarExp(exp->loc, exp->e1, v);
            e = semantic(e, sc);
            return e;
        }
        e = new ScopeExp(exp->loc, exp->ti);
        e = new DotExp(exp->loc, exp->e1, e);
        e = semantic(e, sc);
        return e;
    }
    else if (e->op == TOKtemplate)
    {
        exp->ti->tempdecl = ((TemplateExp *)e)->td;
        e = new ScopeExp(exp->loc, exp->ti);
        e = semantic(e, sc);
        return e;
    }
    else if (e->op == TOKdot)
    {
        DotExp *de = (DotExp *)e;

        if (de->e2->op == TOKoverloadset)
        {
            if (!exp->findTempDecl(sc) ||
                !exp->ti->semanticTiargs(sc))
            {
                return new ErrorExp();
            }
            if (exp->ti->needsTypeInference(sc))
                return exp;
            exp->ti->semantic(sc);
            if (!exp->ti->inst || exp->ti->errors)    // if template failed to expand
                return new ErrorExp();
            Dsymbol *s = exp->ti->toAlias();
            Declaration *v = s->isDeclaration();
            if (v)
            {
                if (v->type && !v->type->deco)
                    v->type = v->type->semantic(v->loc, sc);
                e = new DotVarExp(exp->loc, exp->e1, v);
                e = semantic(e, sc);
                return e;
            }
            e = new ScopeExp(exp->loc, exp->ti);
            e = new DotExp(exp->loc, exp->e1, e);
            e = semantic(e, sc);
            return e;
        }
    }
    else if (e->op == TOKoverloadset)
    {
        OverExp *oe = (OverExp *)e;
        exp->ti->tempdecl = oe->vars;
        e = new ScopeExp(exp->loc, exp->ti);
        e = semantic(e, sc);
        return e;
    }
Lerr:
    e->error("%s isn't a template", e->toChars());
    return new ErrorExp();
}