1 @c Copyright (C) 1988-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
2 @c This is part of the GCC manual.
3 @c For copying conditions, see the file gcc.texi.
6 @chapter Interfacing to GCC Output
7 @cindex interfacing to GCC output
8 @cindex run-time conventions
9 @cindex function call conventions
10 @cindex conventions, run-time
12 GCC is normally configured to use the same function calling convention
13 normally in use on the target system. This is done with the
14 machine-description macros described (@pxref{Target Macros}).
16 @cindex unions, returning
17 @cindex structures, returning
18 @cindex returning structures and unions
19 However, returning of structure and union values is done differently on
20 some target machines. As a result, functions compiled with PCC
21 returning such types cannot be called from code compiled with GCC,
22 and vice versa. This does not cause trouble often because few Unix
23 library routines return structures or unions.
25 GCC code returns structures and unions that are 1, 2, 4 or 8 bytes
26 long in the same registers used for @code{int} or @code{double} return
27 values. (GCC typically allocates variables of such types in
28 registers also.) Structures and unions of other sizes are returned by
29 storing them into an address passed by the caller (usually in a
30 register). The target hook @code{TARGET_STRUCT_VALUE_RTX}
31 tells GCC where to pass this address.
33 By contrast, PCC on most target machines returns structures and unions
34 of any size by copying the data into an area of static storage, and then
35 returning the address of that storage as if it were a pointer value.
36 The caller must copy the data from that memory area to the place where
37 the value is wanted. This is slower than the method used by GCC, and
38 fails to be reentrant.
40 On some target machines, such as RISC machines and the 80386, the
41 standard system convention is to pass to the subroutine the address of
42 where to return the value. On these machines, GCC has been
43 configured to be compatible with the standard compiler, when this method
44 is used. It may not be compatible for structures of 1, 2, 4 or 8 bytes.
46 @cindex argument passing
47 @cindex passing arguments
48 GCC uses the system's standard convention for passing arguments. On
49 some machines, the first few arguments are passed in registers; in
50 others, all are passed on the stack. It would be possible to use
51 registers for argument passing on any machine, and this would probably
52 result in a significant speedup. But the result would be complete
53 incompatibility with code that follows the standard convention. So this
54 change is practical only if you are switching to GCC as the sole C
55 compiler for the system. We may implement register argument passing on
56 certain machines once we have a complete GNU system so that we can
57 compile the libraries with GCC@.
59 On some machines (particularly the SPARC), certain types of arguments
60 are passed ``by invisible reference''. This means that the value is
61 stored in memory, and the address of the memory location is passed to
64 @cindex @code{longjmp} and automatic variables
65 If you use @code{longjmp}, beware of automatic variables. ISO C says that
66 automatic variables that are not declared @code{volatile} have undefined
67 values after a @code{longjmp}. And this is all GCC promises to do,
68 because it is very difficult to restore register variables correctly, and
69 one of GCC's features is that it can put variables in registers without