libgo: update to go1.9

[official-gcc.git] / libgo / go / math / big / int.go

// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

// This file implements signed multi-precision integers.

package big

import (
        "fmt"
        "io"
        "math/rand"
        "strings"
)

// An Int represents a signed multi-precision integer.
// The zero value for an Int represents the value 0.
type Int struct {
        neg bool // sign
        abs nat  // absolute value of the integer
}

var intOne = &Int{false, natOne}

// Sign returns:
//
//      -1 if x <  0
//       0 if x == 0
//      +1 if x >  0
//
func (x *Int) Sign() int {
        if len(x.abs) == 0 {
                return 0
        }
        if x.neg {
                return -1
        }
        return 1
}

// SetInt64 sets z to x and returns z.
func (z *Int) SetInt64(x int64) *Int {
        neg := false
        if x < 0 {
                neg = true
                x = -x
        }
        z.abs = z.abs.setUint64(uint64(x))
        z.neg = neg
        return z
}

// SetUint64 sets z to x and returns z.
func (z *Int) SetUint64(x uint64) *Int {
        z.abs = z.abs.setUint64(x)
        z.neg = false
        return z
}

// NewInt allocates and returns a new Int set to x.
func NewInt(x int64) *Int {
        return new(Int).SetInt64(x)
}

// Set sets z to x and returns z.
func (z *Int) Set(x *Int) *Int {
        if z != x {
                z.abs = z.abs.set(x.abs)
                z.neg = x.neg
        }
        return z
}

// Bits provides raw (unchecked but fast) access to x by returning its
// absolute value as a little-endian Word slice. The result and x share
// the same underlying array.
// Bits is intended to support implementation of missing low-level Int
// functionality outside this package; it should be avoided otherwise.
func (x *Int) Bits() []Word {
        return x.abs
}

// SetBits provides raw (unchecked but fast) access to z by setting its
// value to abs, interpreted as a little-endian Word slice, and returning
// z. The result and abs share the same underlying array.
// SetBits is intended to support implementation of missing low-level Int
// functionality outside this package; it should be avoided otherwise.
func (z *Int) SetBits(abs []Word) *Int {
        z.abs = nat(abs).norm()
        z.neg = false
        return z
}

// Abs sets z to |x| (the absolute value of x) and returns z.
func (z *Int) Abs(x *Int) *Int {
        z.Set(x)
        z.neg = false
        return z
}

// Neg sets z to -x and returns z.
func (z *Int) Neg(x *Int) *Int {
        z.Set(x)
        z.neg = len(z.abs) > 0 && !z.neg // 0 has no sign
        return z
}

// Add sets z to the sum x+y and returns z.
func (z *Int) Add(x, y *Int) *Int {
        neg := x.neg
        if x.neg == y.neg {
                // x + y == x + y
                // (-x) + (-y) == -(x + y)
                z.abs = z.abs.add(x.abs, y.abs)
        } else {
                // x + (-y) == x - y == -(y - x)
                // (-x) + y == y - x == -(x - y)
                if x.abs.cmp(y.abs) >= 0 {
                        z.abs = z.abs.sub(x.abs, y.abs)
                } else {
                        neg = !neg
                        z.abs = z.abs.sub(y.abs, x.abs)
                }
        }
        z.neg = len(z.abs) > 0 && neg // 0 has no sign
        return z
}

// Sub sets z to the difference x-y and returns z.
func (z *Int) Sub(x, y *Int) *Int {
        neg := x.neg
        if x.neg != y.neg {
                // x - (-y) == x + y
                // (-x) - y == -(x + y)
                z.abs = z.abs.add(x.abs, y.abs)
        } else {
                // x - y == x - y == -(y - x)
                // (-x) - (-y) == y - x == -(x - y)
                if x.abs.cmp(y.abs) >= 0 {
                        z.abs = z.abs.sub(x.abs, y.abs)
                } else {
                        neg = !neg
                        z.abs = z.abs.sub(y.abs, x.abs)
                }
        }
        z.neg = len(z.abs) > 0 && neg // 0 has no sign
        return z
}

// Mul sets z to the product x*y and returns z.
func (z *Int) Mul(x, y *Int) *Int {
        // x * y == x * y
        // x * (-y) == -(x * y)
        // (-x) * y == -(x * y)
        // (-x) * (-y) == x * y
        z.abs = z.abs.mul(x.abs, y.abs)
        z.neg = len(z.abs) > 0 && x.neg != y.neg // 0 has no sign
        return z
}

// MulRange sets z to the product of all integers
// in the range [a, b] inclusively and returns z.
// If a > b (empty range), the result is 1.
func (z *Int) MulRange(a, b int64) *Int {
        switch {
        case a > b:
                return z.SetInt64(1) // empty range
        case a <= 0 && b >= 0:
                return z.SetInt64(0) // range includes 0
        }
        // a <= b && (b < 0 || a > 0)

        neg := false
        if a < 0 {
                neg = (b-a)&1 == 0
                a, b = -b, -a
        }

        z.abs = z.abs.mulRange(uint64(a), uint64(b))
        z.neg = neg
        return z
}

// Binomial sets z to the binomial coefficient of (n, k) and returns z.
func (z *Int) Binomial(n, k int64) *Int {
        // reduce the number of multiplications by reducing k
        if n/2 < k && k <= n {
                k = n - k // Binomial(n, k) == Binomial(n, n-k)
        }
        var a, b Int
        a.MulRange(n-k+1, n)
        b.MulRange(1, k)
        return z.Quo(&a, &b)
}

// Quo sets z to the quotient x/y for y != 0 and returns z.
// If y == 0, a division-by-zero run-time panic occurs.
// Quo implements truncated division (like Go); see QuoRem for more details.
func (z *Int) Quo(x, y *Int) *Int {
        z.abs, _ = z.abs.div(nil, x.abs, y.abs)
        z.neg = len(z.abs) > 0 && x.neg != y.neg // 0 has no sign
        return z
}

// Rem sets z to the remainder x%y for y != 0 and returns z.
// If y == 0, a division-by-zero run-time panic occurs.
// Rem implements truncated modulus (like Go); see QuoRem for more details.
func (z *Int) Rem(x, y *Int) *Int {
        _, z.abs = nat(nil).div(z.abs, x.abs, y.abs)
        z.neg = len(z.abs) > 0 && x.neg // 0 has no sign
        return z
}

// QuoRem sets z to the quotient x/y and r to the remainder x%y
// and returns the pair (z, r) for y != 0.
// If y == 0, a division-by-zero run-time panic occurs.
//
// QuoRem implements T-division and modulus (like Go):
//
//      q = x/y      with the result truncated to zero
//      r = x - y*q
//
// (See Daan Leijen, ``Division and Modulus for Computer Scientists''.)
// See DivMod for Euclidean division and modulus (unlike Go).
//
func (z *Int) QuoRem(x, y, r *Int) (*Int, *Int) {
        z.abs, r.abs = z.abs.div(r.abs, x.abs, y.abs)
        z.neg, r.neg = len(z.abs) > 0 && x.neg != y.neg, len(r.abs) > 0 && x.neg // 0 has no sign
        return z, r
}

// Div sets z to the quotient x/y for y != 0 and returns z.
// If y == 0, a division-by-zero run-time panic occurs.
// Div implements Euclidean division (unlike Go); see DivMod for more details.
func (z *Int) Div(x, y *Int) *Int {
        y_neg := y.neg // z may be an alias for y
        var r Int
        z.QuoRem(x, y, &r)
        if r.neg {
                if y_neg {
                        z.Add(z, intOne)
                } else {
                        z.Sub(z, intOne)
                }
        }
        return z
}

// Mod sets z to the modulus x%y for y != 0 and returns z.
// If y == 0, a division-by-zero run-time panic occurs.
// Mod implements Euclidean modulus (unlike Go); see DivMod for more details.
func (z *Int) Mod(x, y *Int) *Int {
        y0 := y // save y
        if z == y || alias(z.abs, y.abs) {
                y0 = new(Int).Set(y)
        }
        var q Int
        q.QuoRem(x, y, z)
        if z.neg {
                if y0.neg {
                        z.Sub(z, y0)
                } else {
                        z.Add(z, y0)
                }
        }
        return z
}

// DivMod sets z to the quotient x div y and m to the modulus x mod y
// and returns the pair (z, m) for y != 0.
// If y == 0, a division-by-zero run-time panic occurs.
//
// DivMod implements Euclidean division and modulus (unlike Go):
//
//      q = x div y  such that
//      m = x - y*q  with 0 <= m < |y|
//
// (See Raymond T. Boute, ``The Euclidean definition of the functions
// div and mod''. ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and
// Systems (TOPLAS), 14(2):127-144, New York, NY, USA, 4/1992.
// ACM press.)
// See QuoRem for T-division and modulus (like Go).
//
func (z *Int) DivMod(x, y, m *Int) (*Int, *Int) {
        y0 := y // save y
        if z == y || alias(z.abs, y.abs) {
                y0 = new(Int).Set(y)
        }
        z.QuoRem(x, y, m)
        if m.neg {
                if y0.neg {
                        z.Add(z, intOne)
                        m.Sub(m, y0)
                } else {
                        z.Sub(z, intOne)
                        m.Add(m, y0)
                }
        }
        return z, m
}

// Cmp compares x and y and returns:
//
//   -1 if x <  y
//    0 if x == y
//   +1 if x >  y
//
func (x *Int) Cmp(y *Int) (r int) {
        // x cmp y == x cmp y
        // x cmp (-y) == x
        // (-x) cmp y == y
        // (-x) cmp (-y) == -(x cmp y)
        switch {
        case x.neg == y.neg:
                r = x.abs.cmp(y.abs)
                if x.neg {
                        r = -r
                }
        case x.neg:
                r = -1
        default:
                r = 1
        }
        return
}

// low32 returns the least significant 32 bits of x.
func low32(x nat) uint32 {
        if len(x) == 0 {
                return 0
        }
        return uint32(x[0])
}

// low64 returns the least significant 64 bits of x.
func low64(x nat) uint64 {
        if len(x) == 0 {
                return 0
        }
        v := uint64(x[0])
        if _W == 32 && len(x) > 1 {
                return uint64(x[1])<<32 | v
        }
        return v
}

// Int64 returns the int64 representation of x.
// If x cannot be represented in an int64, the result is undefined.
func (x *Int) Int64() int64 {
        v := int64(low64(x.abs))
        if x.neg {
                v = -v
        }
        return v
}

// Uint64 returns the uint64 representation of x.
// If x cannot be represented in a uint64, the result is undefined.
func (x *Int) Uint64() uint64 {
        return low64(x.abs)
}

// IsInt64 reports whether x can be represented as an int64.
func (x *Int) IsInt64() bool {
        if len(x.abs) <= 64/_W {
                w := int64(low64(x.abs))
                return w >= 0 || x.neg && w == -w
        }
        return false
}

// IsUint64 reports whether x can be represented as a uint64.
func (x *Int) IsUint64() bool {
        return !x.neg && len(x.abs) <= 64/_W
}

// SetString sets z to the value of s, interpreted in the given base,
// and returns z and a boolean indicating success. The entire string
// (not just a prefix) must be valid for success. If SetString fails,
// the value of z is undefined but the returned value is nil.
//
// The base argument must be 0 or a value between 2 and MaxBase. If the base
// is 0, the string prefix determines the actual conversion base. A prefix of
// ``0x'' or ``0X'' selects base 16; the ``0'' prefix selects base 8, and a
// ``0b'' or ``0B'' prefix selects base 2. Otherwise the selected base is 10.
//
func (z *Int) SetString(s string, base int) (*Int, bool) {
        r := strings.NewReader(s)
        if _, _, err := z.scan(r, base); err != nil {
                return nil, false
        }
        // entire string must have been consumed
        if _, err := r.ReadByte(); err != io.EOF {
                return nil, false
        }
        return z, true // err == io.EOF => scan consumed all of s
}

// SetBytes interprets buf as the bytes of a big-endian unsigned
// integer, sets z to that value, and returns z.
func (z *Int) SetBytes(buf []byte) *Int {
        z.abs = z.abs.setBytes(buf)
        z.neg = false
        return z
}

// Bytes returns the absolute value of x as a big-endian byte slice.
func (x *Int) Bytes() []byte {
        buf := make([]byte, len(x.abs)*_S)
        return buf[x.abs.bytes(buf):]
}

// BitLen returns the length of the absolute value of x in bits.
// The bit length of 0 is 0.
func (x *Int) BitLen() int {
        return x.abs.bitLen()
}

// Exp sets z = x**y mod |m| (i.e. the sign of m is ignored), and returns z.
// If y <= 0, the result is 1 mod |m|; if m == nil or m == 0, z = x**y.
//
// Modular exponentation of inputs of a particular size is not a
// cryptographically constant-time operation.
func (z *Int) Exp(x, y, m *Int) *Int {
        // See Knuth, volume 2, section 4.6.3.
        var yWords nat
        if !y.neg {
                yWords = y.abs
        }
        // y >= 0

        var mWords nat
        if m != nil {
                mWords = m.abs // m.abs may be nil for m == 0
        }

        z.abs = z.abs.expNN(x.abs, yWords, mWords)
        z.neg = len(z.abs) > 0 && x.neg && len(yWords) > 0 && yWords[0]&1 == 1 // 0 has no sign
        if z.neg && len(mWords) > 0 {
                // make modulus result positive
                z.abs = z.abs.sub(mWords, z.abs) // z == x**y mod |m| && 0 <= z < |m|
                z.neg = false
        }

        return z
}

// GCD sets z to the greatest common divisor of a and b, which both must
// be > 0, and returns z.
// If x and y are not nil, GCD sets x and y such that z = a*x + b*y.
// If either a or b is <= 0, GCD sets z = x = y = 0.
func (z *Int) GCD(x, y, a, b *Int) *Int {
        if a.Sign() <= 0 || b.Sign() <= 0 {
                z.SetInt64(0)
                if x != nil {
                        x.SetInt64(0)
                }
                if y != nil {
                        y.SetInt64(0)
                }
                return z
        }
        if x == nil && y == nil {
                return z.binaryGCD(a, b)
        }

        A := new(Int).Set(a)
        B := new(Int).Set(b)

        X := new(Int)
        Y := new(Int).SetInt64(1)

        lastX := new(Int).SetInt64(1)
        lastY := new(Int)

        q := new(Int)
        temp := new(Int)

        r := new(Int)
        for len(B.abs) > 0 {
                q, r = q.QuoRem(A, B, r)

                A, B, r = B, r, A

                temp.Set(X)
                X.Mul(X, q)
                X.neg = !X.neg
                X.Add(X, lastX)
                lastX.Set(temp)

                temp.Set(Y)
                Y.Mul(Y, q)
                Y.neg = !Y.neg
                Y.Add(Y, lastY)
                lastY.Set(temp)
        }

        if x != nil {
                *x = *lastX
        }

        if y != nil {
                *y = *lastY
        }

        *z = *A
        return z
}

// binaryGCD sets z to the greatest common divisor of a and b, which both must
// be > 0, and returns z.
// See Knuth, The Art of Computer Programming, Vol. 2, Section 4.5.2, Algorithm B.
func (z *Int) binaryGCD(a, b *Int) *Int {
        u := z
        v := new(Int)

        // use one Euclidean iteration to ensure that u and v are approx. the same size
        switch {
        case len(a.abs) > len(b.abs):
                // must set v before u since u may be alias for a or b (was issue #11284)
                v.Rem(a, b)
                u.Set(b)
        case len(a.abs) < len(b.abs):
                v.Rem(b, a)
                u.Set(a)
        default:
                v.Set(b)
                u.Set(a)
        }
        // a, b must not be used anymore (may be aliases with u)

        // v might be 0 now
        if len(v.abs) == 0 {
                return u
        }
        // u > 0 && v > 0

        // determine largest k such that u = u' << k, v = v' << k
        k := u.abs.trailingZeroBits()
        if vk := v.abs.trailingZeroBits(); vk < k {
                k = vk
        }
        u.Rsh(u, k)
        v.Rsh(v, k)

        // determine t (we know that u > 0)
        t := new(Int)
        if u.abs[0]&1 != 0 {
                // u is odd
                t.Neg(v)
        } else {
                t.Set(u)
        }

        for len(t.abs) > 0 {
                // reduce t
                t.Rsh(t, t.abs.trailingZeroBits())
                if t.neg {
                        v, t = t, v
                        v.neg = len(v.abs) > 0 && !v.neg // 0 has no sign
                } else {
                        u, t = t, u
                }
                t.Sub(u, v)
        }

        return z.Lsh(u, k)
}

// Rand sets z to a pseudo-random number in [0, n) and returns z.
func (z *Int) Rand(rnd *rand.Rand, n *Int) *Int {
        z.neg = false
        if n.neg || len(n.abs) == 0 {
                z.abs = nil
                return z
        }
        z.abs = z.abs.random(rnd, n.abs, n.abs.bitLen())
        return z
}

// ModInverse sets z to the multiplicative inverse of g in the ring ℤ/nℤ
// and returns z. If g and n are not relatively prime, the result is undefined.
func (z *Int) ModInverse(g, n *Int) *Int {
        if g.neg {
                // GCD expects parameters a and b to be > 0.
                var g2 Int
                g = g2.Mod(g, n)
        }
        var d Int
        d.GCD(z, nil, g, n)
        // x and y are such that g*x + n*y = d. Since g and n are
        // relatively prime, d = 1. Taking that modulo n results in
        // g*x = 1, therefore x is the inverse element.
        if z.neg {
                z.Add(z, n)
        }
        return z
}

// Jacobi returns the Jacobi symbol (x/y), either +1, -1, or 0.
// The y argument must be an odd integer.
func Jacobi(x, y *Int) int {
        if len(y.abs) == 0 || y.abs[0]&1 == 0 {
                panic(fmt.Sprintf("big: invalid 2nd argument to Int.Jacobi: need odd integer but got %s", y))
        }

        // We use the formulation described in chapter 2, section 2.4,
        // "The Yacas Book of Algorithms":
        // http://yacas.sourceforge.net/Algo.book.pdf

        var a, b, c Int
        a.Set(x)
        b.Set(y)
        j := 1

        if b.neg {
                if a.neg {
                        j = -1
                }
                b.neg = false
        }

        for {
                if b.Cmp(intOne) == 0 {
                        return j
                }
                if len(a.abs) == 0 {
                        return 0
                }
                a.Mod(&a, &b)
                if len(a.abs) == 0 {
                        return 0
                }
                // a > 0

                // handle factors of 2 in 'a'
                s := a.abs.trailingZeroBits()
                if s&1 != 0 {
                        bmod8 := b.abs[0] & 7
                        if bmod8 == 3 || bmod8 == 5 {
                                j = -j
                        }
                }
                c.Rsh(&a, s) // a = 2^s*c

                // swap numerator and denominator
                if b.abs[0]&3 == 3 && c.abs[0]&3 == 3 {
                        j = -j
                }
                a.Set(&b)
                b.Set(&c)
        }
}

// modSqrt3Mod4 uses the identity
//      (a^((p+1)/4))^2  mod p
//   == u^(p+1)          mod p
//   == u^2              mod p
// to calculate the square root of any quadratic residue mod p quickly for 3
// mod 4 primes.
func (z *Int) modSqrt3Mod4Prime(x, p *Int) *Int {
        z.Set(p)         // z = p
        z.Add(z, intOne) // z = p + 1
        z.Rsh(z, 2)      // z = (p + 1) / 4
        z.Exp(x, z, p)   // z = x^z mod p
        return z
}

// modSqrtTonelliShanks uses the Tonelli-Shanks algorithm to find the square
// root of a quadratic residue modulo any prime.
func (z *Int) modSqrtTonelliShanks(x, p *Int) *Int {
        // Break p-1 into s*2^e such that s is odd.
        var s Int
        s.Sub(p, intOne)
        e := s.abs.trailingZeroBits()
        s.Rsh(&s, e)

        // find some non-square n
        var n Int
        n.SetInt64(2)
        for Jacobi(&n, p) != -1 {
                n.Add(&n, intOne)
        }

        // Core of the Tonelli-Shanks algorithm. Follows the description in
        // section 6 of "Square roots from 1; 24, 51, 10 to Dan Shanks" by Ezra
        // Brown:
        // https://www.maa.org/sites/default/files/pdf/upload_library/22/Polya/07468342.di020786.02p0470a.pdf
        var y, b, g, t Int
        y.Add(&s, intOne)
        y.Rsh(&y, 1)
        y.Exp(x, &y, p)  // y = x^((s+1)/2)
        b.Exp(x, &s, p)  // b = x^s
        g.Exp(&n, &s, p) // g = n^s
        r := e
        for {
                // find the least m such that ord_p(b) = 2^m
                var m uint
                t.Set(&b)
                for t.Cmp(intOne) != 0 {
                        t.Mul(&t, &t).Mod(&t, p)
                        m++
                }

                if m == 0 {
                        return z.Set(&y)
                }

                t.SetInt64(0).SetBit(&t, int(r-m-1), 1).Exp(&g, &t, p)
                // t = g^(2^(r-m-1)) mod p
                g.Mul(&t, &t).Mod(&g, p) // g = g^(2^(r-m)) mod p
                y.Mul(&y, &t).Mod(&y, p)
                b.Mul(&b, &g).Mod(&b, p)
                r = m
        }
}

// ModSqrt sets z to a square root of x mod p if such a square root exists, and
// returns z. The modulus p must be an odd prime. If x is not a square mod p,
// ModSqrt leaves z unchanged and returns nil. This function panics if p is
// not an odd integer.
func (z *Int) ModSqrt(x, p *Int) *Int {
        switch Jacobi(x, p) {
        case -1:
                return nil // x is not a square mod p
        case 0:
                return z.SetInt64(0) // sqrt(0) mod p = 0
        case 1:
                break
        }
        if x.neg || x.Cmp(p) >= 0 { // ensure 0 <= x < p
                x = new(Int).Mod(x, p)
        }

        // Check whether p is 3 mod 4, and if so, use the faster algorithm.
        if len(p.abs) > 0 && p.abs[0]%4 == 3 {
                return z.modSqrt3Mod4Prime(x, p)
        }
        // Otherwise, use Tonelli-Shanks.
        return z.modSqrtTonelliShanks(x, p)
}

// Lsh sets z = x << n and returns z.
func (z *Int) Lsh(x *Int, n uint) *Int {
        z.abs = z.abs.shl(x.abs, n)
        z.neg = x.neg
        return z
}

// Rsh sets z = x >> n and returns z.
func (z *Int) Rsh(x *Int, n uint) *Int {
        if x.neg {
                // (-x) >> s == ^(x-1) >> s == ^((x-1) >> s) == -(((x-1) >> s) + 1)
                t := z.abs.sub(x.abs, natOne) // no underflow because |x| > 0
                t = t.shr(t, n)
                z.abs = t.add(t, natOne)
                z.neg = true // z cannot be zero if x is negative
                return z
        }

        z.abs = z.abs.shr(x.abs, n)
        z.neg = false
        return z
}

// Bit returns the value of the i'th bit of x. That is, it
// returns (x>>i)&1. The bit index i must be >= 0.
func (x *Int) Bit(i int) uint {
        if i == 0 {
                // optimization for common case: odd/even test of x
                if len(x.abs) > 0 {
                        return uint(x.abs[0] & 1) // bit 0 is same for -x
                }
                return 0
        }
        if i < 0 {
                panic("negative bit index")
        }
        if x.neg {
                t := nat(nil).sub(x.abs, natOne)
                return t.bit(uint(i)) ^ 1
        }

        return x.abs.bit(uint(i))
}

// SetBit sets z to x, with x's i'th bit set to b (0 or 1).
// That is, if b is 1 SetBit sets z = x | (1 << i);
// if b is 0 SetBit sets z = x &^ (1 << i). If b is not 0 or 1,
// SetBit will panic.
func (z *Int) SetBit(x *Int, i int, b uint) *Int {
        if i < 0 {
                panic("negative bit index")
        }
        if x.neg {
                t := z.abs.sub(x.abs, natOne)
                t = t.setBit(t, uint(i), b^1)
                z.abs = t.add(t, natOne)
                z.neg = len(z.abs) > 0
                return z
        }
        z.abs = z.abs.setBit(x.abs, uint(i), b)
        z.neg = false
        return z
}

// And sets z = x & y and returns z.
func (z *Int) And(x, y *Int) *Int {
        if x.neg == y.neg {
                if x.neg {
                        // (-x) & (-y) == ^(x-1) & ^(y-1) == ^((x-1) | (y-1)) == -(((x-1) | (y-1)) + 1)
                        x1 := nat(nil).sub(x.abs, natOne)
                        y1 := nat(nil).sub(y.abs, natOne)
                        z.abs = z.abs.add(z.abs.or(x1, y1), natOne)
                        z.neg = true // z cannot be zero if x and y are negative
                        return z
                }

                // x & y == x & y
                z.abs = z.abs.and(x.abs, y.abs)
                z.neg = false
                return z
        }

        // x.neg != y.neg
        if x.neg {
                x, y = y, x // & is symmetric
        }

        // x & (-y) == x & ^(y-1) == x &^ (y-1)
        y1 := nat(nil).sub(y.abs, natOne)
        z.abs = z.abs.andNot(x.abs, y1)
        z.neg = false
        return z
}

// AndNot sets z = x &^ y and returns z.
func (z *Int) AndNot(x, y *Int) *Int {
        if x.neg == y.neg {
                if x.neg {
                        // (-x) &^ (-y) == ^(x-1) &^ ^(y-1) == ^(x-1) & (y-1) == (y-1) &^ (x-1)
                        x1 := nat(nil).sub(x.abs, natOne)
                        y1 := nat(nil).sub(y.abs, natOne)
                        z.abs = z.abs.andNot(y1, x1)
                        z.neg = false
                        return z
                }

                // x &^ y == x &^ y
                z.abs = z.abs.andNot(x.abs, y.abs)
                z.neg = false
                return z
        }

        if x.neg {
                // (-x) &^ y == ^(x-1) &^ y == ^(x-1) & ^y == ^((x-1) | y) == -(((x-1) | y) + 1)
                x1 := nat(nil).sub(x.abs, natOne)
                z.abs = z.abs.add(z.abs.or(x1, y.abs), natOne)
                z.neg = true // z cannot be zero if x is negative and y is positive
                return z
        }

        // x &^ (-y) == x &^ ^(y-1) == x & (y-1)
        y1 := nat(nil).sub(y.abs, natOne)
        z.abs = z.abs.and(x.abs, y1)
        z.neg = false
        return z
}

// Or sets z = x | y and returns z.
func (z *Int) Or(x, y *Int) *Int {
        if x.neg == y.neg {
                if x.neg {
                        // (-x) | (-y) == ^(x-1) | ^(y-1) == ^((x-1) & (y-1)) == -(((x-1) & (y-1)) + 1)
                        x1 := nat(nil).sub(x.abs, natOne)
                        y1 := nat(nil).sub(y.abs, natOne)
                        z.abs = z.abs.add(z.abs.and(x1, y1), natOne)
                        z.neg = true // z cannot be zero if x and y are negative
                        return z
                }

                // x | y == x | y
                z.abs = z.abs.or(x.abs, y.abs)
                z.neg = false
                return z
        }

        // x.neg != y.neg
        if x.neg {
                x, y = y, x // | is symmetric
        }

        // x | (-y) == x | ^(y-1) == ^((y-1) &^ x) == -(^((y-1) &^ x) + 1)
        y1 := nat(nil).sub(y.abs, natOne)
        z.abs = z.abs.add(z.abs.andNot(y1, x.abs), natOne)
        z.neg = true // z cannot be zero if one of x or y is negative
        return z
}

// Xor sets z = x ^ y and returns z.
func (z *Int) Xor(x, y *Int) *Int {
        if x.neg == y.neg {
                if x.neg {
                        // (-x) ^ (-y) == ^(x-1) ^ ^(y-1) == (x-1) ^ (y-1)
                        x1 := nat(nil).sub(x.abs, natOne)
                        y1 := nat(nil).sub(y.abs, natOne)
                        z.abs = z.abs.xor(x1, y1)
                        z.neg = false
                        return z
                }

                // x ^ y == x ^ y
                z.abs = z.abs.xor(x.abs, y.abs)
                z.neg = false
                return z
        }

        // x.neg != y.neg
        if x.neg {
                x, y = y, x // ^ is symmetric
        }

        // x ^ (-y) == x ^ ^(y-1) == ^(x ^ (y-1)) == -((x ^ (y-1)) + 1)
        y1 := nat(nil).sub(y.abs, natOne)
        z.abs = z.abs.add(z.abs.xor(x.abs, y1), natOne)
        z.neg = true // z cannot be zero if only one of x or y is negative
        return z
}

// Not sets z = ^x and returns z.
func (z *Int) Not(x *Int) *Int {
        if x.neg {
                // ^(-x) == ^(^(x-1)) == x-1
                z.abs = z.abs.sub(x.abs, natOne)
                z.neg = false
                return z
        }

        // ^x == -x-1 == -(x+1)
        z.abs = z.abs.add(x.abs, natOne)
        z.neg = true // z cannot be zero if x is positive
        return z
}

// Sqrt sets z to ⌊√x⌋, the largest integer such that z² ≤ x, and returns z.
// It panics if x is negative.
func (z *Int) Sqrt(x *Int) *Int {
        if x.neg {
                panic("square root of negative number")
        }
        z.neg = false
        z.abs = z.abs.sqrt(x.abs)
        return z
}