1 // <numeric> -*- C++ -*-
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18 // 3.1, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
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22 // see the files COPYING3 and COPYING.RUNTIME respectively. If not, see
23 // <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
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30 * Permission to use, copy, modify, distribute and sell this software
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39 * Copyright (c) 1996,1997
40 * Silicon Graphics Computer Systems, Inc.
42 * Permission to use, copy, modify, distribute and sell this software
43 * and its documentation for any purpose is hereby granted without fee,
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51 /** @file include/numeric
52 * This is a Standard C++ Library header.
55 #ifndef _GLIBCXX_NUMERIC
56 #define _GLIBCXX_NUMERIC 1
58 #pragma GCC system_header
60 #include <bits/c++config.h>
61 #include <bits/stl_iterator_base_types.h>
62 #include <bits/stl_numeric.h>
64 #ifdef _GLIBCXX_PARALLEL
65 # include <parallel/numeric>
68 #if __cplusplus >= 201402L
69 # include <type_traits>
71 # include <ext/numeric_traits.h>
74 #if __cplusplus >= 201703L
75 # include <bits/stl_function.h>
78 #if __cplusplus > 201703L
82 #define __glibcxx_want_constexpr_numeric
83 #define __glibcxx_want_gcd
84 #define __glibcxx_want_gcd_lcm
85 #define __glibcxx_want_interpolate
86 #define __glibcxx_want_lcm
87 #define __glibcxx_want_parallel_algorithm
88 #define __glibcxx_want_ranges_iota
89 #define __glibcxx_want_saturation_arithmetic
90 #include <bits/version.h>
92 #ifdef __glibcxx_saturation_arithmetic // C++ >= 26
93 # include <bits/sat_arith.h>
97 * @defgroup numerics Numerics
99 * Components for performing numeric operations. Includes support for
100 * complex number types, random number generation, numeric (n-at-a-time)
101 * arrays, generalized numeric algorithms, and mathematical special functions.
104 namespace std _GLIBCXX_VISIBILITY(default)
106 _GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_VERSION
108 #if __cplusplus >= 201402L
111 // Like std::abs, but supports unsigned types and returns the specified type,
112 // so |std::numeric_limits<_Tp>::min()| is OK if representable in _Res.
113 template<typename _Res, typename _Tp>
117 static_assert(sizeof(_Res) >= sizeof(_Tp),
118 "result type must be at least as wide as the input type");
122 #ifdef _GLIBCXX_ASSERTIONS
123 if (!__is_constant_evaluated()) // overflow already detected in constexpr
124 __glibcxx_assert(__val != __gnu_cxx::__int_traits<_Res>::__min);
126 return -static_cast<_Res>(__val);
129 template<typename> void __abs_r(bool) = delete;
131 // GCD implementation, using Stein's algorithm
132 template<typename _Tp>
134 __gcd(_Tp __m, _Tp __n)
136 static_assert(is_unsigned<_Tp>::value, "type must be unsigned");
143 const int __i = std::__countr_zero(__m);
145 const int __j = std::__countr_zero(__n);
147 const int __k = __i < __j ? __i : __j; // min(i, j)
163 __n >>= std::__countr_zero(__n);
166 } // namespace __detail
169 #ifdef __cpp_lib_gcd_lcm // C++ >= 17
170 /// Greatest common divisor
171 template<typename _Mn, typename _Nn>
172 constexpr common_type_t<_Mn, _Nn>
173 gcd(_Mn __m, _Nn __n) noexcept
175 static_assert(is_integral_v<_Mn> && is_integral_v<_Nn>,
176 "std::gcd arguments must be integers");
177 static_assert(_Mn(2) == 2 && _Nn(2) == 2,
178 "std::gcd arguments must not be bool");
179 using _Ct = common_type_t<_Mn, _Nn>;
180 const _Ct __m2 = __detail::__abs_r<_Ct>(__m);
181 const _Ct __n2 = __detail::__abs_r<_Ct>(__n);
182 return __detail::__gcd<make_unsigned_t<_Ct>>(__m2, __n2);
185 /// Least common multiple
186 template<typename _Mn, typename _Nn>
187 constexpr common_type_t<_Mn, _Nn>
188 lcm(_Mn __m, _Nn __n) noexcept
190 static_assert(is_integral_v<_Mn> && is_integral_v<_Nn>,
191 "std::lcm arguments must be integers");
192 static_assert(_Mn(2) == 2 && _Nn(2) == 2,
193 "std::lcm arguments must not be bool");
194 using _Ct = common_type_t<_Mn, _Nn>;
195 const _Ct __m2 = __detail::__abs_r<_Ct>(__m);
196 const _Ct __n2 = __detail::__abs_r<_Ct>(__n);
197 if (__m2 == 0 || __n2 == 0)
199 _Ct __r = __m2 / __detail::__gcd<make_unsigned_t<_Ct>>(__m2, __n2);
201 if constexpr (is_signed_v<_Ct>)
202 if (__is_constant_evaluated())
203 return __r * __n2; // constant evaluation can detect overflow here.
205 bool __overflow = __builtin_mul_overflow(__r, __n2, &__r);
206 __glibcxx_assert(!__overflow);
210 #endif // __cpp_lib_gcd_lcm
213 #ifdef __cpp_lib_interpolate // C++ >= 20
214 template<typename _Tp>
216 enable_if_t<__and_v<is_arithmetic<_Tp>, is_same<remove_cv_t<_Tp>, _Tp>,
217 __not_<is_same<_Tp, bool>>>,
219 midpoint(_Tp __a, _Tp __b) noexcept
221 if constexpr (is_integral_v<_Tp>)
223 using _Up = make_unsigned_t<_Tp>;
234 return __a + __k * _Tp(_Up(__M - __m) / 2);
238 constexpr _Tp __lo = numeric_limits<_Tp>::min() * 2;
239 constexpr _Tp __hi = numeric_limits<_Tp>::max() / 2;
240 const _Tp __abs_a = __a < 0 ? -__a : __a;
241 const _Tp __abs_b = __b < 0 ? -__b : __b;
242 if (__abs_a <= __hi && __abs_b <= __hi) [[likely]]
243 return (__a + __b) / 2; // always correctly rounded
244 if (__abs_a < __lo) // not safe to halve __a
246 if (__abs_b < __lo) // not safe to halve __b
248 return __a/2 + __b/2; // otherwise correctly rounded
252 template<typename _Tp>
253 constexpr enable_if_t<is_object_v<_Tp>, _Tp*>
254 midpoint(_Tp* __a, _Tp* __b) noexcept
256 static_assert( sizeof(_Tp) != 0, "type must be complete" );
257 return __a + (__b - __a) / 2;
259 #endif // __cpp_lib_interpolate
261 #if __cplusplus >= 201703L
262 /// @addtogroup numeric_ops
266 * @brief Calculate reduction of values in a range.
268 * @param __first Start of range.
269 * @param __last End of range.
270 * @param __init Starting value to add other values to.
271 * @param __binary_op A binary function object.
272 * @return The final sum.
274 * Reduce the values in the range `[first,last)` using a binary operation.
275 * The initial value is `init`. The values are not necessarily processed
278 * This algorithm is similar to `std::accumulate` but is not required to
279 * perform the operations in order from first to last. For operations
280 * that are commutative and associative the result will be the same as
281 * for `std::accumulate`, but for other operations (such as floating point
282 * arithmetic) the result can be different.
284 template<typename _InputIterator, typename _Tp, typename _BinaryOperation>
287 reduce(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _Tp __init,
288 _BinaryOperation __binary_op)
290 using __ref = typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::reference;
291 static_assert(is_invocable_r_v<_Tp, _BinaryOperation&, _Tp&, __ref>);
292 static_assert(is_invocable_r_v<_Tp, _BinaryOperation&, __ref, _Tp&>);
293 static_assert(is_invocable_r_v<_Tp, _BinaryOperation&, _Tp&, _Tp&>);
294 static_assert(is_invocable_r_v<_Tp, _BinaryOperation&, __ref, __ref>);
295 if constexpr (__is_random_access_iter<_InputIterator>::value)
297 while ((__last - __first) >= 4)
299 _Tp __v1 = __binary_op(__first[0], __first[1]);
300 _Tp __v2 = __binary_op(__first[2], __first[3]);
301 _Tp __v3 = __binary_op(__v1, __v2);
302 __init = __binary_op(__init, __v3);
306 for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
307 __init = __binary_op(__init, *__first);
312 * @brief Calculate reduction of values in a range.
314 * @param __first Start of range.
315 * @param __last End of range.
316 * @param __init Starting value to add other values to.
317 * @return The final sum.
319 * Reduce the values in the range `[first,last)` using addition.
320 * Equivalent to calling `std::reduce(first, last, init, std::plus<>())`.
322 template<typename _InputIterator, typename _Tp>
325 reduce(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _Tp __init)
326 { return std::reduce(__first, __last, std::move(__init), plus<>()); }
329 * @brief Calculate reduction of values in a range.
331 * @param __first Start of range.
332 * @param __last End of range.
333 * @return The final sum.
335 * Reduce the values in the range `[first,last)` using addition, with
336 * an initial value of `T{}`, where `T` is the iterator's value type.
337 * Equivalent to calling `std::reduce(first, last, T{}, std::plus<>())`.
339 template<typename _InputIterator>
341 inline typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::value_type
342 reduce(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last)
344 using value_type = typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::value_type;
345 return std::reduce(__first, __last, value_type{}, plus<>());
349 * @brief Combine elements from two ranges and reduce
351 * @param __first1 Start of first range.
352 * @param __last1 End of first range.
353 * @param __first2 Start of second range.
354 * @param __init Starting value to add other values to.
355 * @param __binary_op1 The function used to perform reduction.
356 * @param __binary_op2 The function used to combine values from the ranges.
357 * @return The final sum.
359 * Call `binary_op2(first1[n],first2[n])` for each `n` in `[0,last1-first1)`
360 * and then use `binary_op1` to reduce the values returned by `binary_op2`
361 * to a single value of type `T`.
363 * The range beginning at `first2` must contain at least `last1-first1`
366 template<typename _InputIterator1, typename _InputIterator2, typename _Tp,
367 typename _BinaryOperation1, typename _BinaryOperation2>
370 transform_reduce(_InputIterator1 __first1, _InputIterator1 __last1,
371 _InputIterator2 __first2, _Tp __init,
372 _BinaryOperation1 __binary_op1,
373 _BinaryOperation2 __binary_op2)
375 if constexpr (__and_v<__is_random_access_iter<_InputIterator1>,
376 __is_random_access_iter<_InputIterator2>>)
378 while ((__last1 - __first1) >= 4)
380 _Tp __v1 = __binary_op1(__binary_op2(__first1[0], __first2[0]),
381 __binary_op2(__first1[1], __first2[1]));
382 _Tp __v2 = __binary_op1(__binary_op2(__first1[2], __first2[2]),
383 __binary_op2(__first1[3], __first2[3]));
384 _Tp __v3 = __binary_op1(__v1, __v2);
385 __init = __binary_op1(__init, __v3);
390 for (; __first1 != __last1; ++__first1, (void) ++__first2)
391 __init = __binary_op1(__init, __binary_op2(*__first1, *__first2));
396 * @brief Combine elements from two ranges and reduce
398 * @param __first1 Start of first range.
399 * @param __last1 End of first range.
400 * @param __first2 Start of second range.
401 * @param __init Starting value to add other values to.
402 * @return The final sum.
404 * Call `first1[n]*first2[n]` for each `n` in `[0,last1-first1)` and then
405 * use addition to sum those products to a single value of type `T`.
407 * The range beginning at `first2` must contain at least `last1-first1`
410 template<typename _InputIterator1, typename _InputIterator2, typename _Tp>
413 transform_reduce(_InputIterator1 __first1, _InputIterator1 __last1,
414 _InputIterator2 __first2, _Tp __init)
416 return std::transform_reduce(__first1, __last1, __first2,
418 plus<>(), multiplies<>());
422 * @brief Transform the elements of a range and reduce
424 * @param __first Start of range.
425 * @param __last End of range.
426 * @param __init Starting value to add other values to.
427 * @param __binary_op The function used to perform reduction.
428 * @param __unary_op The function used to transform values from the range.
429 * @return The final sum.
431 * Call `unary_op(first[n])` for each `n` in `[0,last-first)` and then
432 * use `binary_op` to reduce the values returned by `unary_op`
433 * to a single value of type `T`.
435 template<typename _InputIterator, typename _Tp,
436 typename _BinaryOperation, typename _UnaryOperation>
439 transform_reduce(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _Tp __init,
440 _BinaryOperation __binary_op, _UnaryOperation __unary_op)
442 if constexpr (__is_random_access_iter<_InputIterator>::value)
444 while ((__last - __first) >= 4)
446 _Tp __v1 = __binary_op(__unary_op(__first[0]),
447 __unary_op(__first[1]));
448 _Tp __v2 = __binary_op(__unary_op(__first[2]),
449 __unary_op(__first[3]));
450 _Tp __v3 = __binary_op(__v1, __v2);
451 __init = __binary_op(__init, __v3);
455 for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
456 __init = __binary_op(__init, __unary_op(*__first));
460 /** @brief Output the cumulative sum of one range to a second range
462 * @param __first Start of input range.
463 * @param __last End of input range.
464 * @param __result Start of output range.
465 * @param __init Initial value.
466 * @param __binary_op Function to perform summation.
467 * @return The end of the output range.
469 * Write the cumulative sum (aka prefix sum, aka scan) of the input range
470 * to the output range. Each element of the output range contains the
471 * running total of all earlier elements (and the initial value),
472 * using `binary_op` for summation.
474 * This function generates an "exclusive" scan, meaning the Nth element
475 * of the output range is the sum of the first N-1 input elements,
476 * so the Nth input element is not included.
478 template<typename _InputIterator, typename _OutputIterator, typename _Tp,
479 typename _BinaryOperation>
482 exclusive_scan(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last,
483 _OutputIterator __result, _Tp __init,
484 _BinaryOperation __binary_op)
486 while (__first != __last)
489 __init = __binary_op(__init, *__first);
491 *__result++ = std::move(__v);
496 /** @brief Output the cumulative sum of one range to a second range
498 * @param __first Start of input range.
499 * @param __last End of input range.
500 * @param __result Start of output range.
501 * @param __init Initial value.
502 * @return The end of the output range.
504 * Write the cumulative sum (aka prefix sum, aka scan) of the input range
505 * to the output range. Each element of the output range contains the
506 * running total of all earlier elements (and the initial value),
507 * using `std::plus<>` for summation.
509 * This function generates an "exclusive" scan, meaning the Nth element
510 * of the output range is the sum of the first N-1 input elements,
511 * so the Nth input element is not included.
513 template<typename _InputIterator, typename _OutputIterator, typename _Tp>
515 inline _OutputIterator
516 exclusive_scan(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last,
517 _OutputIterator __result, _Tp __init)
519 return std::exclusive_scan(__first, __last, __result, std::move(__init),
523 /** @brief Output the cumulative sum of one range to a second range
525 * @param __first Start of input range.
526 * @param __last End of input range.
527 * @param __result Start of output range.
528 * @param __binary_op Function to perform summation.
529 * @param __init Initial value.
530 * @return The end of the output range.
532 * Write the cumulative sum (aka prefix sum, aka scan) of the input range
533 * to the output range. Each element of the output range contains the
534 * running total of all earlier elements (and the initial value),
535 * using `binary_op` for summation.
537 * This function generates an "inclusive" scan, meaning the Nth element
538 * of the output range is the sum of the first N input elements,
539 * so the Nth input element is included.
541 template<typename _InputIterator, typename _OutputIterator,
542 typename _BinaryOperation, typename _Tp>
545 inclusive_scan(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last,
546 _OutputIterator __result, _BinaryOperation __binary_op,
549 for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
550 *__result++ = __init = __binary_op(__init, *__first);
554 /** @brief Output the cumulative sum of one range to a second range
556 * @param __first Start of input range.
557 * @param __last End of input range.
558 * @param __result Start of output range.
559 * @param __binary_op Function to perform summation.
560 * @return The end of the output range.
562 * Write the cumulative sum (aka prefix sum, aka scan) of the input range
563 * to the output range. Each element of the output range contains the
564 * running total of all earlier elements, using `binary_op` for summation.
566 * This function generates an "inclusive" scan, meaning the Nth element
567 * of the output range is the sum of the first N input elements,
568 * so the Nth input element is included.
570 template<typename _InputIterator, typename _OutputIterator,
571 typename _BinaryOperation>
574 inclusive_scan(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last,
575 _OutputIterator __result, _BinaryOperation __binary_op)
577 if (__first != __last)
579 auto __init = *__first;
580 *__result++ = __init;
582 if (__first != __last)
583 __result = std::inclusive_scan(__first, __last, __result,
584 __binary_op, std::move(__init));
589 /** @brief Output the cumulative sum of one range to a second range
591 * @param __first Start of input range.
592 * @param __last End of input range.
593 * @param __result Start of output range.
594 * @return The end of the output range.
596 * Write the cumulative sum (aka prefix sum, aka scan) of the input range
597 * to the output range. Each element of the output range contains the
598 * running total of all earlier elements, using `std::plus<>` for summation.
600 * This function generates an "inclusive" scan, meaning the Nth element
601 * of the output range is the sum of the first N input elements,
602 * so the Nth input element is included.
604 template<typename _InputIterator, typename _OutputIterator>
606 inline _OutputIterator
607 inclusive_scan(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last,
608 _OutputIterator __result)
609 { return std::inclusive_scan(__first, __last, __result, plus<>()); }
611 /** @brief Output the cumulative sum of one range to a second range
613 * @param __first Start of input range.
614 * @param __last End of input range.
615 * @param __result Start of output range.
616 * @param __init Initial value.
617 * @param __binary_op Function to perform summation.
618 * @param __unary_op Function to transform elements of the input range.
619 * @return The end of the output range.
621 * Write the cumulative sum (aka prefix sum, aka scan) of the input range
622 * to the output range. Each element of the output range contains the
623 * running total of all earlier elements (and the initial value),
624 * using `__unary_op` to transform the input elements
625 * and using `__binary_op` for summation.
627 * This function generates an "exclusive" scan, meaning the Nth element
628 * of the output range is the sum of the first N-1 input elements,
629 * so the Nth input element is not included.
631 template<typename _InputIterator, typename _OutputIterator, typename _Tp,
632 typename _BinaryOperation, typename _UnaryOperation>
635 transform_exclusive_scan(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last,
636 _OutputIterator __result, _Tp __init,
637 _BinaryOperation __binary_op,
638 _UnaryOperation __unary_op)
640 while (__first != __last)
643 __init = __binary_op(__init, __unary_op(*__first));
645 *__result++ = std::move(__v);
650 /** @brief Output the cumulative sum of one range to a second range
652 * @param __first Start of input range.
653 * @param __last End of input range.
654 * @param __result Start of output range.
655 * @param __binary_op Function to perform summation.
656 * @param __unary_op Function to transform elements of the input range.
657 * @param __init Initial value.
658 * @return The end of the output range.
660 * Write the cumulative sum (aka prefix sum, aka scan) of the input range
661 * to the output range. Each element of the output range contains the
662 * running total of all earlier elements (and the initial value),
663 * using `__unary_op` to transform the input elements
664 * and using `__binary_op` for summation.
666 * This function generates an "inclusive" scan, meaning the Nth element
667 * of the output range is the sum of the first N input elements,
668 * so the Nth input element is included.
670 template<typename _InputIterator, typename _OutputIterator,
671 typename _BinaryOperation, typename _UnaryOperation, typename _Tp>
674 transform_inclusive_scan(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last,
675 _OutputIterator __result,
676 _BinaryOperation __binary_op,
677 _UnaryOperation __unary_op,
680 for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
681 *__result++ = __init = __binary_op(__init, __unary_op(*__first));
685 /** @brief Output the cumulative sum of one range to a second range
687 * @param __first Start of input range.
688 * @param __last End of input range.
689 * @param __result Start of output range.
690 * @param __binary_op Function to perform summation.
691 * @param __unary_op Function to transform elements of the input range.
692 * @return The end of the output range.
694 * Write the cumulative sum (aka prefix sum, aka scan) of the input range
695 * to the output range. Each element of the output range contains the
696 * running total of all earlier elements,
697 * using `__unary_op` to transform the input elements
698 * and using `__binary_op` for summation.
700 * This function generates an "inclusive" scan, meaning the Nth element
701 * of the output range is the sum of the first N input elements,
702 * so the Nth input element is included.
704 template<typename _InputIterator, typename _OutputIterator,
705 typename _BinaryOperation, typename _UnaryOperation>
708 transform_inclusive_scan(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last,
709 _OutputIterator __result,
710 _BinaryOperation __binary_op,
711 _UnaryOperation __unary_op)
713 if (__first != __last)
715 auto __init = __unary_op(*__first);
716 *__result++ = __init;
718 if (__first != __last)
719 __result = std::transform_inclusive_scan(__first, __last, __result,
720 __binary_op, __unary_op,
726 /// @} group numeric_ops
729 _GLIBCXX_END_NAMESPACE_VERSION
732 #if __cplusplus >= 201703L && _GLIBCXX_HOSTED
733 // Parallel STL algorithms
734 # if _PSTL_EXECUTION_POLICIES_DEFINED
735 // If <execution> has already been included, pull in implementations
736 # include <pstl/glue_numeric_impl.h>
738 // Otherwise just pull in forward declarations
739 # include <pstl/glue_numeric_defs.h>
740 # define _PSTL_NUMERIC_FORWARD_DECLARED 1
744 #endif /* _GLIBCXX_NUMERIC */