1 \input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*-
3 @setfilename objc-features.info
4 @settitle GNU Objective-C runtime features
8 @node Top, Executing code before main, , (dir), (dir)
9 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
11 @chapter GNU Objective-C runtime features
13 This document is meant to describe some of the GNU Objective-C runtime
14 features. It is not intended to teach you Objective-C, there are several
15 resources on the Internet that present the language. Questions and
16 comments about this document to Ovidiu Predescu
17 @code{<ovidiu@@cup.hp.com>}.
20 * Executing code before main::
22 * Garbage Collection::
26 @node Executing code before main, What you can and what you cannot do in +load, Top, Top
27 @section @code{+load}: Executing code before main
30 The GNU Objective-C runtime provides a way that allows you to execute
31 code before the execution of the program enters the @code{main}
32 function. The code is executed on a per-class and a per-category basis,
33 through a special class method @code{+load}.
35 This facility is very useful if you want to initialize global variables
36 which can be accessed by the program directly, without sending a message
37 to the class first. The usual way to initialize global variables, in the
38 @code{+initialize} method, might not be useful because
39 @code{+initialize} is only called when the first message is sent to a
40 class object, which in some cases could be too late.
42 Suppose for example you have a @code{FileStream} class that declares
43 @code{Stdin}, @code{Stdout} and @code{Stderr} as global variables, like
48 FileStream *Stdin = nil;
49 FileStream *Stdout = nil;
50 FileStream *Stderr = nil;
52 @@implementation FileStream
56 Stdin = [[FileStream new] initWithFd:0];
57 Stdout = [[FileStream new] initWithFd:1];
58 Stderr = [[FileStream new] initWithFd:2];
61 /* Other methods here */
66 In this example, the initialization of @code{Stdin}, @code{Stdout} and
67 @code{Stderr} in @code{+initialize} occurs too late. The programmer can
68 send a message to one of these objects before the variables are actually
69 initialized, thus sending messages to the @code{nil} object. The
70 @code{+initialize} method which actually initializes the global
71 variables is not invoked until the first message is sent to the class
72 object. The solution would require these variables to be initialized
73 just before entering @code{main}.
75 The correct solution of the above problem is to use the @code{+load}
76 method instead of @code{+initialize}:
80 @@implementation FileStream
84 Stdin = [[FileStream new] initWithFd:0];
85 Stdout = [[FileStream new] initWithFd:1];
86 Stderr = [[FileStream new] initWithFd:2];
89 /* Other methods here */
94 The @code{+load} is a method that is not overridden by categories. If a
95 class and a category of it both implement @code{+load}, both methods are
96 invoked. This allows some additional initializations to be performed in
99 This mechanism is not intended to be a replacement for @code{+initialize}.
100 You should be aware of its limitations when you decide to use it
101 instead of @code{+initialize}.
104 * What you can and what you cannot do in +load::
108 @node What you can and what you cannot do in +load, Type encoding, Executing code before main, Executing code before main
109 @subsection What you can and what you cannot do in @code{+load}
111 The +load implementation in the GNU runtime guarantees you the following
117 you can write whatever C code you like;
120 you can send messages to Objective-C constant strings (@@"this is a
124 you can allocate and send messages to objects whose class is implemented
128 the @code{+load} implementation of all super classes of a class are executed before the @code{+load} of that class is executed;
131 the @code{+load} implementation of a class is executed before the
132 @code{+load} implementation of any category.
136 In particular, the following things, even if they can work in a
137 particular case, are not guaranteed:
142 allocation of or sending messages to arbitrary objects;
145 allocation of or sending messages to objects whose classes have a
146 category implemented in the same file;
150 You should make no assumptions about receiving @code{+load} in sibling
151 classes when you write @code{+load} of a class. The order in which
152 sibling classes receive @code{+load} is not guaranteed.
154 The order in which @code{+load} and @code{+initialize} are called could
155 be problematic if this matters. If you don't allocate objects inside
156 @code{+load}, it is guaranteed that @code{+load} is called before
157 @code{+initialize}. If you create an object inside @code{+load} the
158 @code{+initialize} method of object's class is invoked even if
159 @code{+load} was not invoked. Note if you explicitly call @code{+load}
160 on a class, @code{+initialize} will be called first. To avoid possible
161 problems try to implement only one of these methods.
163 The @code{+load} method is also invoked when a bundle is dynamically
164 loaded into your running program. This happens automatically without any
165 intervening operation from you. When you write bundles and you need to
166 write @code{+load} you can safely create and send messages to objects whose
167 classes already exist in the running program. The same restrictions as
168 above apply to classes defined in bundle.
172 @node Type encoding, Garbage Collection, What you can and what you cannot do in +load, Top
173 @section Type encoding
175 The Objective-C compiler generates type encodings for all the
176 types. These type encodings are used at runtime to find out information
177 about selectors and methods and about objects and classes.
179 The types are encoded in the following way:
183 @multitable @columnfractions .25 .75
186 @item @code{unsigned char}
190 @item @code{unsigned short}
194 @item @code{unsigned int}
198 @item @code{unsigned long}
200 @item @code{long long}
202 @item @code{unsigned long long}
221 @tab @code{b} followed by the starting position of the bitfield, the type of the bitfield and the size of the bitfield (the bitfields encoding was changed from the NeXT's compiler encoding, see below)
226 The encoding of bitfields has changed to allow bitfields to be properly
227 handled by the runtime functions that compute sizes and alignments of
228 types that contain bitfields. The previous encoding contained only the
229 size of the bitfield. Using only this information it is not possible to
230 reliably compute the size occupied by the bitfield. This is very
231 important in the presence of the Boehm's garbage collector because the
232 objects are allocated using the typed memory facility available in this
233 collector. The typed memory allocation requires information about where
234 the pointers are located inside the object.
236 The position in the bitfield is the position, counting in bits, of the
237 bit closest to the beginning of the structure.
239 The non-atomic types are encoded as follows:
243 @multitable @columnfractions .2 .8
245 @tab @code{'^'} followed by the pointed type.
247 @tab @code{'['} followed by the number of elements in the array followed by the type of the elements followed by @code{']'}
249 @tab @code{'@{'} followed by the name of the structure (or '?' if the structure is unnamed), the '=' sign, the type of the members and by @code{'@}'}
251 @tab @code{'('} followed by the name of the structure (or '?' if the union is unnamed), the '=' sign, the type of the members followed by @code{')'}
254 Here are some types and their encodings, as they are generated by the
255 compiler on a i386 machine:
259 @multitable @columnfractions .25 .75
260 @item Objective-C type
261 @tab Compiler encoding
277 @tab @code{@{?=i[3f]b128i3b131i2c@}}
282 In addition to the types the compiler also encodes the type
283 specifiers. The table below describes the encoding of the current
284 Objective-C type specifiers:
288 @multitable @columnfractions .25 .75
307 The type specifiers are encoded just before the type. Unlike types
308 however, the type specifiers are only encoded when they appear in method
312 @node Garbage Collection, , Type encoding, Top
315 @section Garbage Collection
317 Support for a new memory management policy has been added by using a
318 powerful conservative garbage collector, known as the
319 Boehm-Demers-Weiser conservative garbage collector. It is available from
320 @w{@uref{http://reality.sgi.com/boehm_mti/gc.html}}.
322 To enable the support for it you have to configure the compiler using an
323 additional argument, @w{@kbd{--enable-objc-gc}}. You need to have
324 garbage collector installed before building the compiler. This will
325 build an additional runtime library which has several enhancements to
326 support the garbage collector. The new library has a new name,
327 @kbd{libobjc_gc.a} to not conflict with the non-garbage-collected
330 When the garbage collector is used, the objects are allocated using the
331 so-called typed memory allocation mechanism available in the
332 Boehm-Demers-Weiser collector. This mode requires precise information on
333 where pointers are located inside objects. This information is computed
334 once per class, immediately after the class has been initialized.
336 There is a new runtime function @code{class_ivar_set_gcinvisible()}
337 which can be used to declare a so-called @strong{weak pointer}
338 reference. Such a pointer is basically hidden for the garbage collector;
339 this can be useful in certain situations, especially when you want to
340 keep track of the allocated objects, yet allow them to be
341 collected. This kind of pointers can only be members of objects, you
342 cannot declare a global pointer as a weak reference. Every type which is
343 a pointer type can be declared a weak pointer, including @code{id},
344 @code{Class} and @code{SEL}.
346 Here is an example of how to use this feature. Suppose you want to
347 implement a class whose instances hold a weak pointer reference; the
348 following class does this:
352 @@interface WeakPointer : Object
354 const void* weakPointer;
357 - initWithPointer:(const void*)p;
358 - (const void*)weakPointer;
362 @@implementation WeakPointer
366 class_ivar_set_gcinvisible (self, "weakPointer", YES);
369 - initWithPointer:(const void*)p
375 - (const void*)weakPointer
384 Weak pointers are supported through a new type character specifier
385 represented by the @code{'!'} character. The
386 @code{class_ivar_set_gcinvisible()} function adds or removes this
387 specifier to the string type description of the instance variable named