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1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 -- --
3 -- GNAT COMPILER COMPONENTS --
4 -- --
5 -- B I N D O --
6 -- --
7 -- B o d y --
8 -- --
9 -- Copyright (C) 2019-2023, Free Software Foundation, Inc. --
10 -- --
11 -- GNAT is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under --
12 -- terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Soft- --
13 -- ware Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option) any later ver- --
14 -- sion. GNAT is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITH- --
15 -- OUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY --
16 -- or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License --
17 -- for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General --
18 -- Public License distributed with GNAT; see file COPYING3. If not, go to --
19 -- http://www.gnu.org/licenses for a complete copy of the license. --
20 -- --
21 -- GNAT was originally developed by the GNAT team at New York University. --
22 -- Extensive contributions were provided by Ada Core Technologies Inc. --
23 -- --
24 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
34 ---------------------------------
35 -- Elaboration-order mechanism --
36 ---------------------------------
38 -- The elaboration-order (EO) mechanism implemented in this unit and its
39 -- children has the following objectives:
40 --
41 -- * Find an ordering of all library items (historically referred to as
42 -- "units") in the bind which require elaboration, taking into account:
43 --
44 -- - The dependencies between units expressed in the form of with
45 -- clauses.
46 --
47 -- - Pragmas Elaborate, Elaborate_All, Elaborate_Body, Preelaborable,
48 -- and Pure.
49 --
50 -- - The flow of execution at elaboration time.
51 --
52 -- - Additional dependencies between units supplied to the binder by
53 -- means of a forced-elaboration-order file.
54 --
55 -- The high-level idea empoyed by the EO mechanism is to construct two
56 -- graphs and use the information they represent to find an ordering of
57 -- all units.
58 --
59 -- The invocation graph represents the flow of execution at elaboration
60 -- time.
61 --
62 -- The library graph captures the dependencies between units expressed
63 -- by with clause and elaboration-related pragmas. The library graph is
64 -- further augmented with additional information from the invocation
65 -- graph by exploring the execution paths from a unit with elaboration
66 -- code to other external units.
67 --
68 -- The strongly connected components of the library graph are computed.
69 --
70 -- The order is obtained using a topological sort-like algorithm which
71 -- traverses the library graph and its strongly connected components in
72 -- an attempt to order available units while enabling other units to be
73 -- ordered.
74 --
75 -- * Diagnose elaboration circularities between units
76 --
77 -- An elaboration circularity arises when either
78 --
79 -- - At least one unit cannot be ordered, or
80 --
81 -- - All units can be ordered, but an edge with an Elaborate_All
82 -- pragma links two vertices within the same component of the
83 -- library graph.
84 --
85 -- The library graph is traversed to discover, collect, and sort all
86 -- cycles that hinder the elaboration order.
87 --
88 -- The most important cycle is diagnosed by describing its effects on
89 -- the elaboration order and listing all units comprising the circuit.
90 -- Various suggestions on how to break the cycle are offered.
92 -----------------
93 -- Terminology --
94 -----------------
96 -- * Component - A strongly connected component of a graph.
97 --
98 -- * Elaborable component - A component that is not waiting on other
99 -- components to be elaborated.
100 --
101 -- * Elaborable vertex - A vertex that is not waiting on strong and weak
102 -- predecessors, and whose component is elaborable.
103 --
104 -- * Elaboration circularity - A cycle involving units from the bind.
105 --
106 -- * Elaboration root - A special invocation construct which denotes the
107 -- elaboration procedure of a unit.
108 --
109 -- * Invocation - The act of activating a task, calling a subprogram, or
110 -- instantiating a generic.
111 --
112 -- * Invocation construct - An entry declaration, [single] protected type,
113 -- subprogram declaration, subprogram instantiation, or a [single] task
114 -- type declared in the visible, private, or body declarations of some
115 -- unit. The construct is encoded in the ALI file of the related unit.
116 --
117 -- * Invocation graph - A directed graph which models the flow of execution
118 -- at elaboration time.
119 --
120 -- - Vertices - Invocation constructs plus extra information. Certain
121 -- vertices act as elaboration roots.
122 --
123 -- - Edges - Invocation relations plus extra information.
124 --
125 -- * Invocation relation - A flow link between two invocation constructs.
126 -- This link is encoded in the ALI file of unit that houses the invoker.
127 --
128 -- * Invocation signature - A set of attributes that uniquely identify an
129 -- invocation construct within the namespace of all ALI files.
130 --
131 -- * Invoker - The source construct of an invocation relation (the caller,
132 -- instantiator, or task activator).
133 --
134 -- * Library graph - A directed graph which captures with clause and pragma
135 -- dependencies between units.
136 --
137 -- - Vertices - Units plus extra information.
138 --
139 -- - Edges - With clause, pragma, and additional dependencies between
140 -- units.
141 --
142 -- * Pending predecessor - A vertex that must be elaborated before another
143 -- vertex can be elaborated.
144 --
145 -- * Strong edge - A non-invocation library graph edge. Strong edges
146 -- represent the language-defined relations between units.
147 --
148 -- * Strong predecessor - A library graph vertex reachable via a strong
149 -- edge.
150 --
151 -- * Target - The destination construct of an invocation relation (the
152 -- generic, subprogram, or task type).
153 --
154 -- * Weak edge - An invocation library graph edge. Weak edges represent
155 -- the speculative flow of execution at elaboration time, which may or
156 -- may not take place.
157 --
158 -- * Weak predecessor - A library graph vertex reachable via a weak edge.
159 --
160 -- * Weakly elaborable vertex - A vertex that is waiting solely on weak
161 -- predecessors to be elaborated, and whose component is elaborable.
163 ------------------
164 -- Architecture --
165 ------------------
167 -- Find_Elaboration_Order
168 -- |
169 -- +--> Collect_Elaborable_Units
170 -- +--> Write_ALI_Tables
171 -- +--> Elaborate_Units
172 -- |
173 -- +------ | -------------- Construction phase ------------------------+
174 -- | | |
175 -- | +--> Build_Library_Graph |
176 -- | +--> Validate_Library_Graph |
177 -- | +--> Write_Library_Graph |
178 -- | | |
179 -- | +--> Build_Invocation_Graph |
180 -- | +--> Validate_Invocation_Graph |
181 -- | +--> Write_Invocation_Graph |
182 -- | | |
183 -- +------ | ----------------------------------------------------------+
184 -- |
185 -- +------ | -------------- Augmentation phase ------------------------+
186 -- | | |
187 -- | +--> Augment_Library_Graph |
188 -- | | |
189 -- +------ | ----------------------------------------------------------+
190 -- |
191 -- +------ | -------------- Ordering phase ----------------------------+
192 -- | | |
193 -- | +--> Find_Components |
194 -- | | |
195 -- | +--> Elaborate_Library_Graph |
196 -- | +--> Validate_Elaboration_Order |
197 -- | +--> Write_Elaboration_Order |
198 -- | | |
199 -- | +--> Write_Unit_Closure |
200 -- | | |
201 -- +------ | ----------------------------------------------------------+
202 -- |
203 -- +------ | -------------- Diagnostics phase -------------------------+
204 -- | | |
205 -- | +--> Find_Cycles |
206 -- | +--> Validate_Cycles |
207 -- | +--> Write_Cycles |
208 -- | | |
209 -- | +--> Diagnose_Cycle / Diagnose_All_Cycles |
210 -- | |
211 -- +-------------------------------------------------------------------+
213 ------------------------
214 -- Construction phase --
215 ------------------------
217 -- The Construction phase has the following objectives:
218 --
219 -- * Build the library graph by inspecting the ALI file of each unit that
220 -- requires elaboration.
221 --
222 -- * Validate the consistency of the library graph, only when switch -d_V
223 -- is in effect.
224 --
225 -- * Write the contents of the invocation graph in human-readable form to
226 -- standard output when switch -d_L is in effect.
227 --
228 -- * Build the invocation graph by inspecting invocation constructs and
229 -- relations in the ALI file of each unit that requires elaboration.
230 --
231 -- * Validate the consistency of the invocation graph, only when switch
232 -- -d_V is in effect.
233 --
234 -- * Write the contents of the invocation graph in human-readable form to
235 -- standard output when switch -d_I is in effect.
237 ------------------------
238 -- Augmentation phase --
239 ------------------------
241 -- The Augmentation phase has the following objectives:
242 --
243 -- * Discover transitions of the elaboration flow from a unit with an
244 -- elaboration root to other units. Augment the library graph with
245 -- extra edges for each such transition.
247 --------------------
248 -- Ordering phase --
249 --------------------
251 -- The Ordering phase has the following objectives:
252 --
253 -- * Discover all components of the library graph by treating specs and
254 -- bodies as single vertices.
255 --
256 -- * Try to order as many vertices of the library graph as possible by
257 -- performing a topological sort based on the pending predecessors of
258 -- vertices across all components and within a single component.
259 --
260 -- * Validate the consistency of the order, only when switch -d_V is in
261 -- effect.
262 --
263 -- * Write the contents of the order in human-readable form to standard
264 -- output when switch -d_O is in effect.
265 --
266 -- * Write the sources of the order closure when switch -R is in effect.
268 -----------------------
269 -- Diagnostics phase --
270 -----------------------
272 -- The Diagnostics phase has the following objectives:
273 --
274 -- * Discover, save, and sort all cycles in the library graph. The cycles
275 -- are sorted based on the following heuristics:
276 --
277 -- - A cycle with higher precedence is preferred.
278 --
279 -- - A cycle with fewer invocation edges is preferred.
280 --
281 -- - A cycle with a shorter length is preferred.
282 --
283 -- * Validate the consistency of cycles, only when switch -d_V is in
284 -- effect.
285 --
286 -- * Write the contents of all cycles in human-readable form to standard
287 -- output when switch -d_O is in effect.
288 --
289 -- * Diagnose the most important cycle, or all cycles when switch -d_C is
290 -- in effect. The diagnostic consists of:
291 --
292 -- - The reason for the existence of the cycle, along with the unit
293 -- whose elaboration cannot be guaranteed.
294 --
295 -- - A detailed traceback of the cycle, showcasing the transition
296 -- between units, along with any other elaboration-order-related
297 -- information.
298 --
299 -- - A set of suggestions on how to break the cycle considering the
300 -- the edges comprising the circuit, the elaboration model used to
301 -- compile the units, the availability of invocation information,
302 -- and the state of various relevant switches.
304 --------------
305 -- Switches --
306 --------------
308 -- -d_a Ignore the effects of pragma Elaborate_All
309 --
310 -- GNATbind creates a regular with edge instead of an Elaborate_All
311 -- edge in the library graph, thus eliminating the effects of the
312 -- pragma.
313 --
314 -- -d_b Ignore the effects of pragma Elaborate_Body
315 --
316 -- GNATbind treats a spec and body pair as decoupled.
317 --
318 -- -d_e Ignore the effects of pragma Elaborate
319 --
320 -- GNATbind creates a regular with edge instead of an Elaborate edge
321 -- in the library graph, thus eliminating the effects of the pragma.
322 -- In addition, GNATbind does not create an edge to the body of the
323 -- pragma argument.
324 --
325 -- -d_t Output cycle-detection trace information
326 --
327 -- GNATbind outputs trace information on cycle-detection activities
328 -- to standard output.
329 --
330 -- -d_A Output ALI invocation tables
331 --
332 -- GNATbind outputs the contents of ALI table Invocation_Constructs
333 -- and Invocation_Edges in textual format to standard output.
334 --
335 -- -d_C Diagnose all cycles
336 --
337 -- GNATbind outputs diagnostics for all unique cycles in the bind,
338 -- rather than just the most important one.
339 --
340 -- -d_I Output invocation graph
341 --
342 -- GNATbind outputs the invocation graph in text format to standard
343 -- output.
344 --
345 -- -d_L Output library graph
346 --
347 -- GNATbind outputs the library graph in textual format to standard
348 -- output.
349 --
350 -- -d_P Output cycle paths
351 --
352 -- GNATbind outputs the cycle paths in text format to standard output
353 --
354 -- -d_S Output elaboration-order status information
355 --
356 -- GNATbind outputs trace information concerning the status of its
357 -- various phases to standard output.
358 --
359 -- -d_T Output elaboration-order trace information
360 --
361 -- GNATbind outputs trace information on elaboration-order detection
362 -- activities to standard output.
363 --
364 -- -d_V Validate bindo cycles, graphs, and order
365 --
366 -- GNATbind validates the invocation graph, library graph along with
367 -- its cycles, and elaboration order by detecting inconsistencies and
368 -- producing error reports.
369 --
370 -- -e Output complete list of elaboration-order dependencies
371 --
372 -- GNATbind outputs the dependencies between units to standard
373 -- output.
374 --
375 -- -f Force elaboration order from given file
376 --
377 -- GNATbind applies an additional set of edges to the library graph.
378 -- The edges are read from a file specified by the argument of the
379 -- flag.
380 --
381 -- -H Legacy elaboration-order model enabled
382 --
383 -- GNATbind uses the library-graph and heuristics-based elaboration-
384 -- order model.
385 --
386 -- -l Output chosen elaboration order
387 --
388 -- GNATbind outputs the elaboration order in text format to standard
389 -- output.
390 --
391 -- -p Pessimistic (worst-case) elaboration order
392 --
393 -- This switch is not used in Bindo and its children.
395 ----------------------------------------
396 -- Debugging elaboration-order issues --
397 ----------------------------------------
399 -- Prior to debugging elaboration-order-related issues, enable all relevant
400 -- debug flags to collect as much information as possible. Depending on the
401 -- number of files in the bind, Bindo may emit anywhere between several MBs
402 -- to several hundred MBs of data to standard output. The switches are:
403 --
404 -- -d_A -d_C -d_I -d_L -d_P -d_t -d_T -d_V
405 --
406 -- Bindo offers several debugging routines that can be invoked from gdb.
407 -- Those are defined in the body of Bindo.Writers, in sections denoted by
408 -- header Debug. For quick reference, the routines are:
409 --
410 -- palgc -- print all library-graph cycles
411 -- pau -- print all units
412 -- pc -- print component
413 -- pige -- print invocation-graph edge
414 -- pigv -- print invocation-graph vertex
415 -- plgc -- print library-graph cycle
416 -- plge -- print library-graph edge
417 -- plgv -- print library-graph vertex
418 -- pu -- print units
419 --
420 -- * Apparent infinite loop
421 --
422 -- The elaboration order mechanism appears to be stuck in an infinite
423 -- loop. Use switch -d_S to output the status of each elaboration phase.
424 --
425 -- * Invalid elaboration order
426 --
427 -- The elaboration order is invalid when:
428 --
429 -- - A unit that requires elaboration is missing from the order
430 -- - A unit that does not require elaboration is present in the order
431 --
432 -- Examine the output of the elaboration algorithm available via switch
433 -- -d_T to determine how the related units were included in or excluded
434 -- from the order. Determine whether the library graph contains all the
435 -- relevant edges for those units.
436 --
437 -- Units and routines of interest:
438 -- Bindo.Elaborators
439 -- Elaborate_Library_Graph
440 -- Elaborate_Units
441 --
442 -- * Invalid invocation graph
443 --
444 -- The invocation graph is invalid when:
445 --
446 -- - An edge lacks an attribute
447 -- - A vertex lacks an attribute
448 --
449 -- Find the malformed edge or vertex and determine which attribute is
450 -- missing. Examine the contents of the invocation-related ALI tables
451 -- available via switch -d_A. If the invocation construct or relation
452 -- is missing, verify the ALI file. If the ALI lacks all the relevant
453 -- information, then Sem_Elab most likely failed to discover a valid
454 -- elaboration path.
455 --
456 -- Units and routines of interest:
457 -- Bindo.Builders
458 -- Bindo.Graphs
459 -- Add_Edge
460 -- Add_Vertex
461 -- Build_Invocation_Graph
462 --
463 -- * Invalid library graph
464 --
465 -- The library graph is invalid when:
466 --
467 -- - An edge lacks an attribute
468 -- - A vertex lacks an attribute
469 --
470 -- Find the malformed edge or vertex and determine which attribute is
471 -- missing.
472 --
473 -- Units and routines of interest:
474 -- Bindo.Builders
475 -- Bindo.Graphs
476 -- Add_Edge
477 -- Add_Vertex
478 -- Build_Library_Graph
479 --
480 -- * Invalid library-graph cycle
481 --
482 -- A library-graph cycle is invalid when:
483 --
484 -- - It lacks enough edges to form a circuit
485 -- - At least one edge in the circuit is repeated
486 --
487 -- Find the malformed cycle and determine which attribute is missing.
488 --
489 -- Units and routines of interest:
490 -- Bindo.Graphs
491 -- Find_Cycles
493 ----------------------------
494 -- Find_Elaboration_Order --
495 ----------------------------
497 procedure Find_Elaboration_Order
500 is
501 begin
502 -- Use the library graph and heuristic-based elaboration order when
503 -- switch -H (legacy elaboration-order mode enabled).
508 -- Otherwise use the invocation and library-graph-based elaboration
509 -- order.
511 else
512 Invocation_And_Library_Graph_Elaborators.Elaborate_Units