1 /* Register renaming for the GNU compiler.
2 Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
4 This file is part of GNU CC.
6 GNU CC is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
7 it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
8 the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
11 GNU CC is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
12 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
13 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
14 GNU General Public License for more details.
16 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
17 along with GNU CC; see the file COPYING. If not, write to
18 the Free Software Foundation, 59 Temple Place - Suite 330,
19 Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */
27 #include "insn-config.h"
29 #include "hard-reg-set.h"
30 #include "basic-block.h"
38 #define obstack_chunk_alloc xmalloc
39 #define obstack_chunk_free free
41 #ifndef REGNO_MODE_OK_FOR_BASE_P
42 #define REGNO_MODE_OK_FOR_BASE_P(REGNO, MODE) REGNO_OK_FOR_BASE_P (REGNO)
45 #ifndef REG_MODE_OK_FOR_BASE_P
46 #define REG_MODE_OK_FOR_BASE_P(REGNO, MODE) REG_OK_FOR_BASE_P (REGNO)
49 static const char *const reg_class_names
[] = REG_CLASS_NAMES
;
53 struct du_chain
*next_chain
;
54 struct du_chain
*next_use
;
59 unsigned int need_caller_save_reg
:1;
66 terminate_overlapping_read
,
73 static const char * const scan_actions_name
[] =
77 "terminate_overlapping_read",
84 static struct obstack rename_obstack
;
86 static void do_replace
PARAMS ((struct du_chain
*, int));
87 static void scan_rtx_reg
PARAMS ((rtx
, rtx
*, enum reg_class
,
88 enum scan_actions
, enum op_type
));
89 static void scan_rtx_address
PARAMS ((rtx
, rtx
*, enum reg_class
,
90 enum scan_actions
, enum machine_mode
));
91 static void scan_rtx
PARAMS ((rtx
, rtx
*, enum reg_class
,
92 enum scan_actions
, enum op_type
));
93 static struct du_chain
*build_def_use
PARAMS ((basic_block
, HARD_REG_SET
*));
94 static void dump_def_use_chain
PARAMS ((struct du_chain
*));
102 gcc_obstack_init (&rename_obstack
);
103 first_obj
= (char *) obstack_alloc (&rename_obstack
, 0);
105 for (b
= 0; b
< n_basic_blocks
; b
++)
107 basic_block bb
= BASIC_BLOCK (b
);
108 struct du_chain
*all_chains
= 0;
109 HARD_REG_SET regs_used
;
110 HARD_REG_SET unavailable
;
111 HARD_REG_SET regs_seen
;
113 CLEAR_HARD_REG_SET (regs_used
);
114 CLEAR_HARD_REG_SET (unavailable
);
117 fprintf (rtl_dump_file
, "\nBasic block %d:\n", b
);
119 all_chains
= build_def_use (bb
, ®s_used
);
122 dump_def_use_chain (all_chains
);
124 /* Available registers are not: used in the block, live at the start
125 live at the end, a register we've renamed to. */
126 REG_SET_TO_HARD_REG_SET (unavailable
, bb
->global_live_at_start
);
127 REG_SET_TO_HARD_REG_SET (regs_seen
, bb
->global_live_at_end
);
128 IOR_HARD_REG_SET (unavailable
, regs_seen
);
129 IOR_HARD_REG_SET (unavailable
, regs_used
);
131 /* Don't clobber traceback for noreturn functions. */
132 if (frame_pointer_needed
)
134 SET_HARD_REG_BIT (unavailable
, FRAME_POINTER_REGNUM
);
135 #if FRAME_POINTER_REGNUM != HARD_FRAME_POINTER_REGNUM
136 SET_HARD_REG_BIT (unavailable
, HARD_FRAME_POINTER_REGNUM
);
140 CLEAR_HARD_REG_SET (regs_seen
);
144 struct du_chain
*this = all_chains
;
145 struct du_chain
*tmp
, *last
;
146 HARD_REG_SET this_unavailable
;
147 int reg
= REGNO (*this->loc
), treg
;
148 int nregs
= HARD_REGNO_NREGS (reg
, GET_MODE (*this->loc
));
151 all_chains
= this->next_chain
;
153 /* Only rename once we've seen the reg more than once. */
154 if (! TEST_HARD_REG_BIT (regs_seen
, reg
))
156 SET_HARD_REG_BIT (regs_seen
, reg
);
160 if (fixed_regs
[reg
] || global_regs
[reg
])
163 COPY_HARD_REG_SET (this_unavailable
, unavailable
);
165 /* Find last entry on chain (which has the need_caller_save bit),
166 count number of uses, and narrow the set of registers we can
169 for (last
= this; last
->next_use
; last
= last
->next_use
)
172 IOR_COMPL_HARD_REG_SET (this_unavailable
,
173 reg_class_contents
[last
->class]);
178 IOR_COMPL_HARD_REG_SET (this_unavailable
,
179 reg_class_contents
[last
->class]);
181 if (last
->need_caller_save_reg
)
182 IOR_HARD_REG_SET (this_unavailable
, call_used_reg_set
);
184 /* Now potential_regs is a reasonable approximation, let's
185 have a closer look at each register still in there. */
186 for (treg
= 0; treg
< FIRST_PSEUDO_REGISTER
; treg
++)
188 for (i
= nregs
- 1; i
>= 0; --i
)
189 if (TEST_HARD_REG_BIT (this_unavailable
, treg
+i
)
190 || fixed_regs
[treg
+i
]
191 || global_regs
[treg
+i
]
192 /* Can't use regs which aren't saved by the prologue. */
193 || (! regs_ever_live
[treg
+i
] && ! call_used_regs
[treg
+i
])
194 #ifdef HARD_REGNO_RENAME_OK
195 || ! HARD_REGNO_RENAME_OK (reg
+i
, treg
+i
)
202 /* See whether it accepts all modes that occur in
203 definition and uses. */
204 for (tmp
= this; tmp
; tmp
= tmp
->next_use
)
205 if (! HARD_REGNO_MODE_OK (treg
, GET_MODE (*tmp
->loc
)))
213 fprintf (rtl_dump_file
, "Register %s in insn %d",
214 reg_names
[reg
], INSN_UID (last
->insn
));
215 if (last
->need_caller_save_reg
)
216 fprintf (rtl_dump_file
, " crosses a call");
219 if (treg
== FIRST_PSEUDO_REGISTER
)
222 fprintf (rtl_dump_file
, "; no available registers\n");
227 for (i
= nregs
- 1; i
>= 0; --i
)
228 SET_HARD_REG_BIT (unavailable
, treg
+i
);
229 do_replace (this, treg
);
232 fprintf (rtl_dump_file
, ", renamed as %s\n", reg_names
[treg
]);
235 obstack_free (&rename_obstack
, first_obj
);
238 obstack_free (&rename_obstack
, NULL
);
241 fputc ('\n', rtl_dump_file
);
243 count_or_remove_death_notes (NULL
, 1);
244 update_life_info (NULL
, UPDATE_LIFE_LOCAL
,
245 PROP_REG_INFO
| PROP_DEATH_NOTES
);
249 do_replace (chain
, reg
)
250 struct du_chain
*chain
;
255 *chain
->loc
= gen_rtx_REG (GET_MODE (*chain
->loc
), reg
);
256 chain
= chain
->next_use
;
261 static HARD_REG_SET
*referenced_regs
;
262 static struct du_chain
*open_chains
;
263 static struct du_chain
*closed_chains
;
266 scan_rtx_reg (insn
, loc
, class, action
, type
)
269 enum reg_class
class;
270 enum scan_actions action
;
275 enum machine_mode mode
= GET_MODE (x
);
276 int this_regno
= REGNO (x
);
277 int this_nregs
= HARD_REGNO_NREGS (this_regno
, mode
);
279 if (action
== note_reference
)
281 while (this_nregs
-- > 0)
282 SET_HARD_REG_BIT (*referenced_regs
, this_regno
+ this_nregs
);
286 if (action
== mark_write
)
290 struct du_chain
*this = (struct du_chain
*)
291 obstack_alloc (&rename_obstack
, sizeof (struct du_chain
));
293 this->next_chain
= open_chains
;
297 this->need_caller_save_reg
= 0;
303 if ((type
== OP_OUT
&& action
!= terminate_write
)
304 || (type
!= OP_OUT
&& action
== terminate_write
))
307 for (p
= &open_chains
; *p
;)
309 struct du_chain
*this = *p
;
311 /* Check if the chain has been terminated if it has then skip to
314 This can happen when we've already appended the location to
315 the chain in Step 3, but are trying to hide in-out operands
316 from terminate_write in Step 5. */
318 if (*this->loc
== cc0_rtx
)
319 p
= &this->next_chain
;
322 int regno
= REGNO (*this->loc
);
323 int nregs
= HARD_REGNO_NREGS (regno
, GET_MODE (*this->loc
));
324 int exact_match
= (regno
== this_regno
&& nregs
== this_nregs
);
326 if (regno
+ nregs
<= this_regno
327 || this_regno
+ this_nregs
<= regno
)
329 p
= &this->next_chain
;
333 if (action
== mark_read
)
338 /* ??? Class NO_REGS can happen if the md file makes use of
339 EXTRA_CONSTRAINTS to match registers. Which is arguably
340 wrong, but there we are. Since we know not what this may
341 be replaced with, terminate the chain. */
342 if (class != NO_REGS
)
344 this = (struct du_chain
*)
345 obstack_alloc (&rename_obstack
, sizeof (struct du_chain
));
347 this->next_chain
= (*p
)->next_chain
;
351 this->need_caller_save_reg
= 0;
357 if (action
!= terminate_overlapping_read
|| ! exact_match
)
359 struct du_chain
*next
= this->next_chain
;
361 /* Whether the terminated chain can be used for renaming
362 depends on the action and this being an exact match.
363 In either case, we remove this element from open_chains. */
365 if ((action
== terminate_dead
|| action
== terminate_write
)
368 this->next_chain
= closed_chains
;
369 closed_chains
= this;
371 fprintf (rtl_dump_file
,
372 "Closing chain %s at insn %d (%s)\n",
373 reg_names
[REGNO (*this->loc
)], INSN_UID (insn
),
374 scan_actions_name
[(int) action
]);
379 fprintf (rtl_dump_file
,
380 "Discarding chain %s at insn %d (%s)\n",
381 reg_names
[REGNO (*this->loc
)], INSN_UID (insn
),
382 scan_actions_name
[(int) action
]);
387 p
= &this->next_chain
;
392 /* Adapted from find_reloads_address_1. CLASS is INDEX_REG_CLASS or
393 BASE_REG_CLASS depending on how the register is being considered. */
396 scan_rtx_address (insn
, loc
, class, action
, mode
)
399 enum reg_class
class;
400 enum scan_actions action
;
401 enum machine_mode mode
;
404 RTX_CODE code
= GET_CODE (x
);
408 if (action
== mark_write
)
415 rtx orig_op0
= XEXP (x
, 0);
416 rtx orig_op1
= XEXP (x
, 1);
417 RTX_CODE code0
= GET_CODE (orig_op0
);
418 RTX_CODE code1
= GET_CODE (orig_op1
);
424 if (GET_CODE (op0
) == SUBREG
)
426 op0
= SUBREG_REG (op0
);
427 code0
= GET_CODE (op0
);
430 if (GET_CODE (op1
) == SUBREG
)
432 op1
= SUBREG_REG (op1
);
433 code1
= GET_CODE (op1
);
436 if (code0
== MULT
|| code0
== SIGN_EXTEND
|| code0
== TRUNCATE
437 || code0
== ZERO_EXTEND
|| code1
== MEM
)
442 else if (code1
== MULT
|| code1
== SIGN_EXTEND
|| code1
== TRUNCATE
443 || code1
== ZERO_EXTEND
|| code0
== MEM
)
448 else if (code0
== CONST_INT
|| code0
== CONST
449 || code0
== SYMBOL_REF
|| code0
== LABEL_REF
)
451 else if (code1
== CONST_INT
|| code1
== CONST
452 || code1
== SYMBOL_REF
|| code1
== LABEL_REF
)
454 else if (code0
== REG
&& code1
== REG
)
458 if (REG_OK_FOR_INDEX_P (op0
)
459 && REG_MODE_OK_FOR_BASE_P (op1
, mode
))
461 else if (REG_OK_FOR_INDEX_P (op1
)
462 && REG_MODE_OK_FOR_BASE_P (op0
, mode
))
464 else if (REG_MODE_OK_FOR_BASE_P (op1
, mode
))
466 else if (REG_MODE_OK_FOR_BASE_P (op0
, mode
))
468 else if (REG_OK_FOR_INDEX_P (op1
))
473 locI
= &XEXP (x
, index_op
);
474 locB
= &XEXP (x
, !index_op
);
476 else if (code0
== REG
)
481 else if (code1
== REG
)
488 scan_rtx_address (insn
, locI
, INDEX_REG_CLASS
, action
, mode
);
490 scan_rtx_address (insn
, locB
, BASE_REG_CLASS
, action
, mode
);
501 /* If the target doesn't claim to handle autoinc, this must be
502 something special, like a stack push. Kill this chain. */
503 action
= terminate_all_read
;
508 scan_rtx_address (insn
, &XEXP (x
, 0), BASE_REG_CLASS
, action
,
513 scan_rtx_reg (insn
, loc
, class, action
, OP_IN
);
520 fmt
= GET_RTX_FORMAT (code
);
521 for (i
= GET_RTX_LENGTH (code
) - 1; i
>= 0; i
--)
524 scan_rtx_address (insn
, &XEXP (x
, i
), class, action
, mode
);
525 else if (fmt
[i
] == 'E')
526 for (j
= XVECLEN (x
, i
) - 1; j
>= 0; j
--)
527 scan_rtx_address (insn
, &XVECEXP (x
, i
, j
), class, action
, mode
);
532 scan_rtx (insn
, loc
, class, action
, type
)
535 enum reg_class
class;
536 enum scan_actions action
;
541 enum rtx_code code
= GET_CODE (x
);
557 scan_rtx_reg (insn
, loc
, class, action
, type
);
561 scan_rtx_address (insn
, &XEXP (x
, 0), BASE_REG_CLASS
, action
,
566 scan_rtx (insn
, &SET_SRC (x
), class, action
, OP_IN
);
567 scan_rtx (insn
, &SET_DEST (x
), class, action
, OP_OUT
);
570 case STRICT_LOW_PART
:
571 scan_rtx (insn
, &XEXP (x
, 0), class, action
, OP_INOUT
);
576 scan_rtx (insn
, &XEXP (x
, 0), class, action
,
577 type
== OP_IN
? OP_IN
: OP_INOUT
);
578 scan_rtx (insn
, &XEXP (x
, 1), class, action
, OP_IN
);
579 scan_rtx (insn
, &XEXP (x
, 2), class, action
, OP_IN
);
588 /* Should only happen inside MEM. */
592 scan_rtx (insn
, &SET_DEST (x
), class, action
, OP_OUT
);
596 scan_rtx (insn
, &XEXP (x
, 0), class, action
, type
);
598 scan_rtx (insn
, &XEXP (x
, 1), class, action
, type
);
605 fmt
= GET_RTX_FORMAT (code
);
606 for (i
= GET_RTX_LENGTH (code
) - 1; i
>= 0; i
--)
609 scan_rtx (insn
, &XEXP (x
, i
), class, action
, type
);
610 else if (fmt
[i
] == 'E')
611 for (j
= XVECLEN (x
, i
) - 1; j
>= 0; j
--)
612 scan_rtx (insn
, &XVECEXP (x
, i
, j
), class, action
, type
);
616 /* Build def/use chain */
618 static struct du_chain
*
619 build_def_use (bb
, regs_used
)
621 HARD_REG_SET
*regs_used
;
625 open_chains
= closed_chains
= NULL
;
626 referenced_regs
= regs_used
;
628 for (insn
= bb
->head
; ; insn
= NEXT_INSN (insn
))
634 rtx old_operands
[MAX_RECOG_OPERANDS
];
635 rtx old_dups
[MAX_DUP_OPERANDS
];
640 /* Record all mentioned registers in regs_used. */
641 scan_rtx (insn
, &PATTERN (insn
), NO_REGS
, note_reference
, OP_IN
);
643 /* Process the insn, determining its effect on the def-use
644 chains. We perform the following steps with the register
645 references in the insn:
646 (1) Any read that overlaps an open chain, but doesn't exactly
647 match, causes that chain to be closed. We can't deal
649 (2) Any read outside an operand causes any chain it overlaps
650 with to be closed, since we can't replace it.
651 (3) Any read inside an operand is added if there's already
652 an open chain for it.
653 (4) For any REG_DEAD note we find, close open chains that
655 (5) For any write we find, close open chains that overlap it.
656 (6) For any write we find in an operand, make a new chain.
657 (7) For any REG_UNUSED, close any chains we just opened. */
660 constrain_operands (1);
661 preprocess_constraints ();
662 alt
= which_alternative
;
663 n_ops
= recog_data
.n_operands
;
665 /* Simplify the code below by rewriting things to reflect
666 matching constraints. Also promote OP_OUT to OP_INOUT
667 in predicated instructions. */
669 predicated
= GET_CODE (PATTERN (insn
)) == COND_EXEC
;
670 for (i
= 0; i
< n_ops
; ++i
)
672 int matches
= recog_op_alt
[i
][alt
].matches
;
674 recog_op_alt
[i
][alt
].class = recog_op_alt
[matches
][alt
].class;
675 if (matches
>= 0 || recog_op_alt
[i
][alt
].matched
>= 0
676 || (predicated
&& recog_data
.operand_type
[i
] == OP_OUT
))
677 recog_data
.operand_type
[i
] = OP_INOUT
;
680 /* Step 1: Close chains for which we have overlapping reads. */
681 for (i
= 0; i
< n_ops
; i
++)
682 scan_rtx (insn
, recog_data
.operand_loc
[i
],
683 NO_REGS
, terminate_overlapping_read
,
684 recog_data
.operand_type
[i
]);
686 /* Step 2: Close chains for which we have reads outside operands.
687 We do this by munging all operands into CC0, and closing
688 everything remaining. */
690 for (i
= 0; i
< n_ops
; i
++)
692 old_operands
[i
] = recog_data
.operand
[i
];
693 /* Don't squash match_operator or match_parallel here, since
694 we don't know that all of the contained registers are
695 reachable by proper operands. */
696 if (recog_data
.constraints
[i
][0] == '\0')
698 *recog_data
.operand_loc
[i
] = cc0_rtx
;
700 for (i
= 0; i
< recog_data
.n_dups
; i
++)
702 old_dups
[i
] = *recog_data
.dup_loc
[i
];
703 *recog_data
.dup_loc
[i
] = cc0_rtx
;
706 scan_rtx (insn
, &PATTERN (insn
), NO_REGS
, terminate_all_read
, OP_IN
);
708 for (i
= 0; i
< recog_data
.n_dups
; i
++)
709 *recog_data
.dup_loc
[i
] = old_dups
[i
];
710 for (i
= 0; i
< n_ops
; i
++)
711 *recog_data
.operand_loc
[i
] = old_operands
[i
];
713 /* Step 2B: Can't rename function call argument registers. */
714 if (GET_CODE (insn
) == CALL_INSN
&& CALL_INSN_FUNCTION_USAGE (insn
))
715 scan_rtx (insn
, &CALL_INSN_FUNCTION_USAGE (insn
),
716 NO_REGS
, terminate_all_read
, OP_IN
);
718 /* Step 3: Append to chains for reads inside operands. */
719 for (i
= 0; i
< n_ops
+ recog_data
.n_dups
; i
++)
721 int opn
= i
< n_ops
? i
: recog_data
.dup_num
[i
- n_ops
];
722 rtx
*loc
= (i
< n_ops
723 ? recog_data
.operand_loc
[opn
]
724 : recog_data
.dup_loc
[i
- n_ops
]);
725 enum reg_class
class = recog_op_alt
[opn
][alt
].class;
726 enum op_type type
= recog_data
.operand_type
[opn
];
728 /* Don't scan match_operand here, since we've no reg class
729 information to pass down. Any operands that we could
730 substitute in will be represented elsewhere. */
731 if (recog_data
.constraints
[opn
][0] == '\0')
734 if (recog_op_alt
[opn
][alt
].is_address
)
735 scan_rtx_address (insn
, loc
, class, mark_read
, VOIDmode
);
737 scan_rtx (insn
, loc
, class, mark_read
, type
);
740 /* Step 4: Close chains for registers that die here.
741 Also record updates for REG_INC notes. */
742 for (note
= REG_NOTES (insn
); note
; note
= XEXP (note
, 1))
744 if (REG_NOTE_KIND (note
) == REG_DEAD
)
745 scan_rtx (insn
, &XEXP (note
, 0), NO_REGS
, terminate_dead
, OP_IN
);
746 else if (REG_NOTE_KIND (note
) == REG_INC
)
747 scan_rtx (insn
, &XEXP (note
, 0), ALL_REGS
, mark_read
, OP_INOUT
);
750 /* Step 4B: If this is a call, any chain live at this point
751 requires a caller-saved reg. */
752 if (GET_CODE (insn
) == CALL_INSN
)
755 for (p
= open_chains
; p
; p
= p
->next_chain
)
758 for (p2
= p
; p2
->next_use
; p2
= p2
->next_use
)
760 p2
->need_caller_save_reg
= 1;
764 /* Step 5: Close open chains that overlap writes. Similar to
765 step 2, we hide in-out operands, since we do not want to
766 close these chains. */
768 for (i
= 0; i
< n_ops
; i
++)
770 old_operands
[i
] = recog_data
.operand
[i
];
771 if (recog_data
.operand_type
[i
] == OP_INOUT
)
772 *recog_data
.operand_loc
[i
] = cc0_rtx
;
774 for (i
= 0; i
< recog_data
.n_dups
; i
++)
776 int opn
= recog_data
.dup_num
[i
];
777 old_dups
[i
] = *recog_data
.dup_loc
[i
];
778 if (recog_data
.operand_type
[opn
] == OP_INOUT
)
779 *recog_data
.dup_loc
[i
] = cc0_rtx
;
782 scan_rtx (insn
, &PATTERN (insn
), NO_REGS
, terminate_write
, OP_IN
);
784 for (i
= 0; i
< recog_data
.n_dups
; i
++)
785 *recog_data
.dup_loc
[i
] = old_dups
[i
];
786 for (i
= 0; i
< n_ops
; i
++)
787 *recog_data
.operand_loc
[i
] = old_operands
[i
];
789 /* Step 6: Begin new chains for writes inside operands. */
790 /* ??? Many targets have output constraints on the SET_DEST
791 of a call insn, which is stupid, since these are certainly
792 ABI defined hard registers. Don't change calls at all. */
793 if (GET_CODE (insn
) != CALL_INSN
)
794 for (i
= 0; i
< n_ops
+ recog_data
.n_dups
; i
++)
796 int opn
= i
< n_ops
? i
: recog_data
.dup_num
[i
- n_ops
];
797 rtx
*loc
= (i
< n_ops
798 ? recog_data
.operand_loc
[opn
]
799 : recog_data
.dup_loc
[i
- n_ops
]);
800 enum reg_class
class = recog_op_alt
[opn
][alt
].class;
802 if (recog_data
.operand_type
[opn
] == OP_OUT
)
803 scan_rtx (insn
, loc
, class, mark_write
, OP_OUT
);
806 /* Step 7: Close chains for registers that were never
808 for (note
= REG_NOTES (insn
); note
; note
= XEXP (note
, 1))
809 if (REG_NOTE_KIND (note
) == REG_UNUSED
)
810 scan_rtx (insn
, &XEXP (note
, 0), NO_REGS
, terminate_dead
, OP_IN
);
816 /* Since we close every chain when we find a REG_DEAD note, anything that
817 is still open lives past the basic block, so it can't be renamed. */
818 return closed_chains
;
821 /* Dump all def/use chains in CHAINS to RTL_DUMP_FILE. They are
822 printed in reverse order as that's how we build them. */
825 dump_def_use_chain (chains
)
826 struct du_chain
*chains
;
830 struct du_chain
*this = chains
;
831 int r
= REGNO (*this->loc
);
832 int nregs
= HARD_REGNO_NREGS (r
, GET_MODE (*this->loc
));
833 fprintf (rtl_dump_file
, "Register %s (%d):", reg_names
[r
], nregs
);
836 fprintf (rtl_dump_file
, " %d [%s]", INSN_UID (this->insn
),
837 reg_class_names
[this->class]);
838 this = this->next_use
;
840 fprintf (rtl_dump_file
, "\n");
841 chains
= chains
->next_chain
;