Daily bump.

[official-gcc.git] / gcc / cp / decl.c

/* Process declarations and variables for C compiler.
   Copyright (C) 1988, 92-98, 1999 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
   Contributed by Michael Tiemann (tiemann@cygnus.com)

This file is part of GNU CC.

GNU CC is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
any later version.

GNU CC is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
GNU General Public License for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with GNU CC; see the file COPYING.  If not, write to
the Free Software Foundation, 59 Temple Place - Suite 330,
Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.  */


/* Process declarations and symbol lookup for C front end.
   Also constructs types; the standard scalar types at initialization,
   and structure, union, array and enum types when they are declared.  */

/* ??? not all decl nodes are given the most useful possible
   line numbers.  For example, the CONST_DECLs for enum values.  */

#include "config.h"
#include "system.h"
#include "tree.h"
#include "rtl.h"
#include "flags.h"
#include "cp-tree.h"
#include "decl.h"
#include "lex.h"
#include <signal.h>
#include "obstack.h"
#include "defaults.h"
#include "output.h"
#include "except.h"
#include "toplev.h"
#include "../hash.h"
#include "defaults.h"
#include "ggc.h"

#define obstack_chunk_alloc xmalloc
#define obstack_chunk_free free

extern struct obstack permanent_obstack;
extern struct obstack* saveable_obstack;

extern int current_class_depth;

extern tree static_ctors, static_dtors;

extern tree global_namespace;

extern int (*valid_lang_attribute) PROTO ((tree, tree, tree, tree));

/* Use garbage collection.  */

int ggc_p = 1;

/* Obstack used for remembering local class declarations (like
   enums and static (const) members.  */
#include "stack.h"
struct obstack decl_obstack;
static struct stack_level *decl_stack;

#ifndef WCHAR_UNSIGNED
#define WCHAR_UNSIGNED 0
#endif

#ifndef CHAR_TYPE_SIZE
#define CHAR_TYPE_SIZE BITS_PER_UNIT
#endif

#ifndef BOOL_TYPE_SIZE
#ifdef SLOW_BYTE_ACCESS
#define BOOL_TYPE_SIZE ((SLOW_BYTE_ACCESS) ? (POINTER_SIZE) : (CHAR_TYPE_SIZE))
#else
#define BOOL_TYPE_SIZE CHAR_TYPE_SIZE
#endif
#endif

/* We let tm.h override the types used here, to handle trivial differences
   such as the choice of unsigned int or long unsigned int for size_t.
   When machines start needing nontrivial differences in the size type,
   it would be best to do something here to figure out automatically
   from other information what type to use.  */

#ifndef SIZE_TYPE
#define SIZE_TYPE "long unsigned int"
#endif

#ifndef PTRDIFF_TYPE
#define PTRDIFF_TYPE "long int"
#endif

#ifndef WCHAR_TYPE
#define WCHAR_TYPE "int"
#endif

static tree grokparms                           PROTO((tree, int));
static const char *redeclaration_error_message  PROTO((tree, tree));

static struct stack_level *push_decl_level PROTO((struct stack_level *,
                                                  struct obstack *));
static void push_binding_level PROTO((struct binding_level *, int,
                                      int));
static void pop_binding_level PROTO((void));
static void suspend_binding_level PROTO((void));
static void resume_binding_level PROTO((struct binding_level *));
static struct binding_level *make_binding_level PROTO((void));
static void declare_namespace_level PROTO((void));
static void signal_catch PROTO((int)) ATTRIBUTE_NORETURN;
static void storedecls PROTO((tree));
static void require_complete_types_for_parms PROTO((tree));
static void push_overloaded_decl_1 PROTO((tree));
static int ambi_op_p PROTO((tree));
static int unary_op_p PROTO((tree));
static tree store_bindings PROTO((tree, tree));
static tree lookup_tag_reverse PROTO((tree, tree));
static tree obscure_complex_init PROTO((tree, tree));
static tree maybe_build_cleanup_1 PROTO((tree, tree));
static tree lookup_name_real PROTO((tree, int, int, int));
static void warn_extern_redeclared_static PROTO((tree, tree));
static void grok_reference_init PROTO((tree, tree, tree));
static tree grokfndecl PROTO((tree, tree, tree, tree, int,
                              enum overload_flags, tree,
                              tree, int, int, int, int, int, int, tree));
static tree grokvardecl PROTO((tree, tree, RID_BIT_TYPE *, int, int, tree));
static tree lookup_tag PROTO((enum tree_code, tree,
                              struct binding_level *, int));
static void set_identifier_type_value_with_scope
        PROTO((tree, tree, struct binding_level *));
static void record_builtin_type PROTO((enum rid, const char *, tree));
static void record_unknown_type PROTO((tree, const char *));
static int member_function_or_else PROTO((tree, tree, const char *));
static void bad_specifiers PROTO((tree, const char *, int, int, int, int,
                                  int));
static void lang_print_error_function PROTO((const char *));
static tree maybe_process_template_type_declaration PROTO((tree, int, struct binding_level*));
static void check_for_uninitialized_const_var PROTO((tree));
static unsigned long typename_hash PROTO((hash_table_key));
static boolean typename_compare PROTO((hash_table_key, hash_table_key));
static void push_binding PROTO((tree, tree, struct binding_level*));
static int add_binding PROTO((tree, tree));
static void pop_binding PROTO((tree, tree));
static tree local_variable_p PROTO((tree));
static tree find_binding PROTO((tree, tree));
static tree select_decl PROTO((tree, int));
static int lookup_flags PROTO((int, int));
static tree qualify_lookup PROTO((tree, int));
static tree record_builtin_java_type PROTO((const char *, int));
static const char *tag_name PROTO((enum tag_types code));
static void find_class_binding_level PROTO((void));
static struct binding_level *innermost_nonclass_level PROTO((void));
static tree poplevel_class PROTO((void));
static void warn_about_implicit_typename_lookup PROTO((tree, tree));
static int walk_namespaces_r PROTO((tree, walk_namespaces_fn, void *));
static int walk_globals_r PROTO((tree, void *));
static void add_decl_to_level PROTO((tree, struct binding_level *));
static tree make_label_decl PROTO((tree, int));
static void pop_label PROTO((tree));
static void pop_labels PROTO((tree));
static void maybe_deduce_size_from_array_init PROTO((tree, tree));
static tree layout_var_decl PROTO((tree, tree));
static void maybe_commonize_var PROTO((tree));
static tree build_cleanup_on_safe_obstack PROTO((tree));
static tree check_initializer PROTO((tree, tree));
static void make_rtl_for_nonlocal_decl PROTO((tree, tree, const char *));
static void push_cp_function_context PROTO((struct function *));
static void pop_cp_function_context PROTO((struct function *));
static void mark_binding_level PROTO((void *));
static void mark_cp_function_context PROTO((struct function *));
static void mark_saved_scope PROTO((void *));
static void check_function_type PROTO((tree));
static void destroy_local_static PROTO((tree));

#if defined (DEBUG_CP_BINDING_LEVELS)
static void indent PROTO((void));
#endif

/* Erroneous argument lists can use this *IFF* they do not modify it.  */
tree error_mark_list;

/* The following symbols are subsumed in the cp_global_trees array, and
   listed here individually for documentation purposes. 

   C++ extensions
        tree wchar_decl_node;
        tree void_zero_node;

        tree vtable_entry_type;
        tree delta_type_node;
#if 0
   Old rtti stuff.
        tree __baselist_desc_type_node;
        tree __i_desc_type_node, __m_desc_type_node;
        tree __t_desc_array_type, __i_desc_array_type, __m_desc_array_type;
#endif
        tree __t_desc_type_node;
#if 0
        tree __tp_desc_type_node;
#endif
        tree __access_mode_type_node;
        tree __bltn_desc_type_node, __user_desc_type_node, __class_desc_type_node;
        tree __ptr_desc_type_node, __attr_desc_type_node, __func_desc_type_node;
        tree __ptmf_desc_type_node, __ptmd_desc_type_node;
#if 0
   Not needed yet?  May be needed one day?
        tree __bltn_desc_array_type, __user_desc_array_type, __class_desc_array_type;
        tree __ptr_desc_array_type, __attr_dec_array_type, __func_desc_array_type;
        tree __ptmf_desc_array_type, __ptmd_desc_array_type;
#endif

        tree class_star_type_node;
        tree class_type_node, record_type_node, union_type_node, enum_type_node;
        tree unknown_type_node;

   Array type `vtable_entry_type[]'

        tree vtbl_type_node;
        tree vtbl_ptr_type_node;

   Nnamespace std

        tree std_node;

   A FUNCTION_DECL which can call `abort'.  Not necessarily the
   one that the user will declare, but sufficient to be called
   by routines that want to abort the program.

        tree abort_fndecl;

   The FUNCTION_DECL for the default `::operator delete'.

        tree global_delete_fndecl;

   Used by RTTI
        tree type_info_type_node, tinfo_fn_id, tinfo_fn_type;

*/

tree cp_global_trees[CPTI_MAX];

/* Indicates that there is a type value in some namespace, although
   that is not necessarily in scope at the moment.  */

static tree global_type_node;

/* Namespace std.  */
int in_std;

/* Expect only namespace names now. */
static int only_namespace_names;

/* In a destructor, the last insn emitted after the start of the
   function and the parms.  */

#define last_dtor_insn cp_function_chain->x_last_dtor_insn

/* In a constructor, the last insn emitted after the start of the
   function and the parms, the exception specification and any
   function-try-block.  The constructor initializers are emitted after
   this insn.  */

#define last_parm_cleanup_insn cp_function_chain->x_last_parm_cleanup_insn

/* If original DECL_RESULT of current function was a register,
   but due to being an addressable named return value, would up
   on the stack, this variable holds the named return value's
   original location.  */

#define original_result_rtx cp_function_chain->x_result_rtx

struct named_label_list
{
  struct binding_level *binding_level;
  tree names_in_scope;
  tree label_decl;
  const char *filename_o_goto;
  int lineno_o_goto;
  struct named_label_list *next;
};

/* Used only for jumps to as-yet undefined labels, since jumps to
   defined labels can have their validity checked by stmt.c.  */

#define named_label_uses cp_function_chain->x_named_label_uses

/* A list of objects which have constructors or destructors
   which reside in the global scope.  The decl is stored in
   the TREE_VALUE slot and the initializer is stored
   in the TREE_PURPOSE slot.  */
tree static_aggregates;

/* -- end of C++ */

/* A node for the integer constants 2, and 3.  */

tree integer_two_node, integer_three_node;

/* While defining an enum type, this is 1 plus the last enumerator
   constant value.  */

static tree enum_next_value;

/* Nonzero means that there was overflow computing enum_next_value.  */

static int enum_overflow;

/* Parsing a function declarator leaves here a chain of structure
   and enum types declared in the parmlist.  */

static tree last_function_parm_tags;

/* Similar, for last_function_parm_tags.  */
tree last_function_parms;
static tree current_function_parm_tags;

/* A list (chain of TREE_LIST nodes) of all LABEL_DECLs in the function
   that have names.  Here so we can clear out their names' definitions
   at the end of the function.  The TREE_VALUE is a LABEL_DECL; the
   TREE_PURPOSE is the previous binding of the label.  */

#define named_labels cp_function_chain->x_named_labels

/* The FUNCTION_DECL for the function currently being compiled,
   or 0 if between functions.  */
tree current_function_decl;

/* Set to 0 at beginning of a function definition, and whenever
   a label (case or named) is defined.  Set to value of expression
   returned from function when that value can be transformed into
   a named return value.  */

tree current_function_return_value;

/* Nonzero means give `double' the same size as `float'.  */

extern int flag_short_double;

/* Nonzero means don't recognize any builtin functions.  */

extern int flag_no_builtin;

/* Nonzero means don't recognize the non-ANSI builtin functions.
   -ansi sets this.  */

extern int flag_no_nonansi_builtin;

/* Nonzero means enable obscure ANSI features and disable GNU extensions
   that might cause ANSI-compliant code to be miscompiled.  */

extern int flag_ansi;

/* Nonzero if we want to support huge (> 2^(sizeof(short)*8-1) bytes)
   objects.  */
extern int flag_huge_objects;

/* Nonzero if we want to conserve space in the .o files.  We do this
   by putting uninitialized data and runtime initialized data into
   .common instead of .data at the expense of not flagging multiple
   definitions.  */
extern int flag_conserve_space;
\f
/* C and C++ flags are in decl2.c.  */

/* Set to 0 at beginning of a constructor, set to 1
   if that function does an allocation before referencing its
   instance variable.  */
#define current_function_assigns_this cp_function_chain->assigns_this
#define current_function_just_assigned_this \
  cp_function_chain->just_assigned_this

/* Flag used when debugging spew.c */

extern int spew_debug;

/* A expression of value 0 with the same precision as a sizetype
   node, but signed.  */
tree signed_size_zero_node;

/* The name of the anonymous namespace, throughout this translation
   unit.  */
tree anonymous_namespace_name;

\f
/* Allocate a level of searching.  */

static
struct stack_level *
push_decl_level (stack, obstack)
     struct stack_level *stack;
     struct obstack *obstack;
{
  struct stack_level tem;
  tem.prev = stack;

  return push_stack_level (obstack, (char *)&tem, sizeof (tem));
}
\f
/* For each binding contour we allocate a binding_level structure
   which records the names defined in that contour.
   Contours include:
    0) the global one
    1) one for each function definition,
       where internal declarations of the parameters appear.
    2) one for each compound statement,
       to record its declarations.

   The current meaning of a name can be found by searching the levels
   from the current one out to the global one.

   Off to the side, may be the class_binding_level.  This exists only
   to catch class-local declarations.  It is otherwise nonexistent.

   Also there may be binding levels that catch cleanups that must be
   run when exceptions occur.  Thus, to see whether a name is bound in
   the current scope, it is not enough to look in the
   CURRENT_BINDING_LEVEL.  You should use lookup_name_current_level
   instead.  */

/* Note that the information in the `names' component of the global contour
   is duplicated in the IDENTIFIER_GLOBAL_VALUEs of all identifiers.  */

struct binding_level
  {
    /* A chain of _DECL nodes for all variables, constants, functions,
       and typedef types.  These are in the reverse of the order
       supplied.  There may be OVERLOADs on this list, too, but they
       are wrapped in TREE_LISTs; the TREE_VALUE is the OVERLOAD.  */
    tree names;

    /* A list of structure, union and enum definitions, for looking up
       tag names.
       It is a chain of TREE_LIST nodes, each of whose TREE_PURPOSE is a name,
       or NULL_TREE; and whose TREE_VALUE is a RECORD_TYPE, UNION_TYPE,
       or ENUMERAL_TYPE node.

       C++: the TREE_VALUE nodes can be simple types for
       component_bindings.  */
    tree tags;

    /* A list of USING_DECL nodes. */
    tree usings;

    /* A list of used namespaces. PURPOSE is the namespace,
       VALUE the common ancestor with this binding_level's namespace. */
    tree using_directives;

    /* If this binding level is the binding level for a class, then
       class_shadowed is a TREE_LIST.  The TREE_PURPOSE of each node
       is the name of an entity bound in the class; the TREE_VALUE is
       the IDENTIFIER_CLASS_VALUE before we entered the class.  Thus,
       when leaving class scope, we can restore the
       IDENTIFIER_CLASS_VALUE by walking this list.  The TREE_TYPE is
       the DECL bound by this name in the class.  */
    tree class_shadowed;

    /* Similar to class_shadowed, but for IDENTIFIER_TYPE_VALUE, and
       is used for all binding levels.  */
    tree type_shadowed;

    /* A TREE_LIST.  Each TREE_VALUE is the LABEL_DECL for a local
       label in this scope.  The TREE_PURPOSE is the previous value of
       the IDENTIFIER_LABEL VALUE.  */
    tree shadowed_labels;

    /* For each level (except not the global one),
       a chain of BLOCK nodes for all the levels
       that were entered and exited one level down.  */
    tree blocks;

    /* The BLOCK node for this level, if one has been preallocated.
       If 0, the BLOCK is allocated (if needed) when the level is popped.  */
    tree this_block;

    /* The binding level which this one is contained in (inherits from).  */
    struct binding_level *level_chain;

    /* List of decls in `names' that have incomplete
       structure or union types.  */
    tree incomplete;

    /* List of VAR_DECLS saved from a previous for statement.
       These would be dead in ANSI-conforming code, but might
       be referenced in ARM-era code.  These are stored in a
       TREE_LIST; the TREE_VALUE is the actual declaration.  */
    tree dead_vars_from_for;

    /* 1 for the level that holds the parameters of a function.
       2 for the level that holds a class declaration.
       3 for levels that hold parameter declarations.  */
    unsigned parm_flag : 4;

    /* 1 means make a BLOCK for this level regardless of all else.
       2 for temporary binding contours created by the compiler.  */
    unsigned keep : 3;

    /* Nonzero if this level "doesn't exist" for tags.  */
    unsigned tag_transparent : 1;

    /* Nonzero if this level can safely have additional
       cleanup-needing variables added to it.  */
    unsigned more_cleanups_ok : 1;
    unsigned have_cleanups : 1;

    /* Nonzero if this level is for storing the decls for template
       parameters and generic decls; these decls will be discarded and
       replaced with a TEMPLATE_DECL.  */
    unsigned pseudo_global : 1;

    /* This is set for a namespace binding level.  */
    unsigned namespace_p : 1;

    /* True if this level is that of a for-statement where we need to
       worry about ambiguous (ARM or ANSI) scope rules.  */
    unsigned is_for_scope : 1;

    /* True if this level corresponds to an EH region, as for a try block.  */
    unsigned eh_region : 1;

    /* One bit left for this word.  */

#if defined(DEBUG_CP_BINDING_LEVELS)
    /* Binding depth at which this level began.  */
    unsigned binding_depth;
#endif /* defined(DEBUG_CP_BINDING_LEVELS) */
  };

#define NULL_BINDING_LEVEL ((struct binding_level *) NULL)
  
/* The binding level currently in effect.  */

#define current_binding_level                   \
  (current_function                             \
   ? cp_function_chain->bindings                \
   : scope_chain->bindings)

/* The binding level of the current class, if any.  */

#define class_binding_level scope_chain->class_bindings

/* A chain of binding_level structures awaiting reuse.  */

static struct binding_level *free_binding_level;

/* The outermost binding level, for names of file scope.
   This is created when the compiler is started and exists
   through the entire run.  */

static struct binding_level *global_binding_level;

/* Nonzero means unconditionally make a BLOCK for the next level pushed.  */

static int keep_next_level_flag;

#if defined(DEBUG_CP_BINDING_LEVELS)
static int binding_depth = 0;
static int is_class_level = 0;

static void
indent ()
{
  register unsigned i;

  for (i = 0; i < binding_depth*2; i++)
    putc (' ', stderr);
}
#endif /* defined(DEBUG_CP_BINDING_LEVELS) */

static tree pushdecl_with_scope PROTO((tree, struct binding_level *));

static void
push_binding_level (newlevel, tag_transparent, keep)
     struct binding_level *newlevel;
     int tag_transparent, keep;
{
  /* Add this level to the front of the chain (stack) of levels that
     are active.  */
  bzero ((char*) newlevel, sizeof (struct binding_level));
  newlevel->level_chain = current_binding_level;
  current_binding_level = newlevel;
  newlevel->tag_transparent = tag_transparent;
  newlevel->more_cleanups_ok = 1;

  /* We are called before expand_start_bindings, but after
     expand_eh_region_start for a try block; so we check this now,
     before the EH block is covered up.  */
  newlevel->eh_region = is_eh_region ();

  newlevel->keep = keep;
#if defined(DEBUG_CP_BINDING_LEVELS)
  newlevel->binding_depth = binding_depth;
  indent ();
  fprintf (stderr, "push %s level 0x%08x line %d\n",
           (is_class_level) ? "class" : "block", newlevel, lineno);
  is_class_level = 0;
  binding_depth++;
#endif /* defined(DEBUG_CP_BINDING_LEVELS) */
}

/* Find the innermost enclosing class scope, and reset
   CLASS_BINDING_LEVEL appropriately.  */

static void
find_class_binding_level ()
{
  struct binding_level *level = current_binding_level;

  while (level && level->parm_flag != 2)
    level = level->level_chain;
  if (level && level->parm_flag == 2)
    class_binding_level = level;
  else
    class_binding_level = 0;
}

static void
pop_binding_level ()
{
  if (global_binding_level)
    {
      /* Cannot pop a level, if there are none left to pop.  */
      if (current_binding_level == global_binding_level)
        my_friendly_abort (123);
    }
  /* Pop the current level, and free the structure for reuse.  */
#if defined(DEBUG_CP_BINDING_LEVELS)
  binding_depth--;
  indent ();
  fprintf (stderr, "pop  %s level 0x%08x line %d\n",
          (is_class_level) ? "class" : "block",
          current_binding_level, lineno);
  if (is_class_level != (current_binding_level == class_binding_level))
    {
      indent ();
      fprintf (stderr, "XXX is_class_level != (current_binding_level == class_binding_level)\n");
    }
  is_class_level = 0;
#endif /* defined(DEBUG_CP_BINDING_LEVELS) */
  {
    register struct binding_level *level = current_binding_level;
    current_binding_level = current_binding_level->level_chain;
    level->level_chain = free_binding_level;
#if 0 /* defined(DEBUG_CP_BINDING_LEVELS) */
    if (level->binding_depth != binding_depth)
      abort ();
#endif /* defined(DEBUG_CP_BINDING_LEVELS) */
    free_binding_level = level;
    find_class_binding_level ();
  }
}

static void
suspend_binding_level ()
{
  if (class_binding_level)
    current_binding_level = class_binding_level;

  if (global_binding_level)
    {
      /* Cannot suspend a level, if there are none left to suspend.  */
      if (current_binding_level == global_binding_level)
        my_friendly_abort (123);
    }
  /* Suspend the current level.  */
#if defined(DEBUG_CP_BINDING_LEVELS)
  binding_depth--;
  indent ();
  fprintf (stderr, "suspend  %s level 0x%08x line %d\n",
          (is_class_level) ? "class" : "block",
          current_binding_level, lineno);
  if (is_class_level != (current_binding_level == class_binding_level))
    {
      indent ();
      fprintf (stderr, "XXX is_class_level != (current_binding_level == class_binding_level)\n");
    }
  is_class_level = 0;
#endif /* defined(DEBUG_CP_BINDING_LEVELS) */
  current_binding_level = current_binding_level->level_chain;
  find_class_binding_level ();
}

static void
resume_binding_level (b)
     struct binding_level *b;
{
  /* Resuming binding levels is meant only for namespaces,
     and those cannot nest into classes. */
  my_friendly_assert(!class_binding_level, 386);
  /* Also, resuming a non-directly nested namespace is a no-no.  */
  my_friendly_assert(b->level_chain == current_binding_level, 386);
  current_binding_level = b;
#if defined(DEBUG_CP_BINDING_LEVELS)
  b->binding_depth = binding_depth;
  indent ();
  fprintf (stderr, "resume %s level 0x%08x line %d\n",
           (is_class_level) ? "class" : "block", b, lineno);
  is_class_level = 0;
  binding_depth++;
#endif /* defined(DEBUG_CP_BINDING_LEVELS) */
}
\f
/* Create a new `struct binding_level'.  */

static
struct binding_level *
make_binding_level ()
{
  /* NOSTRICT */
  return (struct binding_level *) xmalloc (sizeof (struct binding_level));
}

/* Nonzero if we are currently in the global binding level.  */

int
global_bindings_p ()
{
  return current_binding_level == global_binding_level;
}

/* Return the innermost binding level that is not for a class scope.  */

static struct binding_level *
innermost_nonclass_level ()
{
  struct binding_level *b;

  b = current_binding_level;
  while (b->parm_flag == 2)
    b = b->level_chain;

  return b;
}

/* Nonzero if we are currently in a toplevel binding level.  This
   means either the global binding level or a namespace in a toplevel
   binding level.  Since there are no non-toplevel namespace levels,
   this really means any namespace or pseudo-global level.  We also
   include a class whose context is toplevel.  */

int
toplevel_bindings_p ()
{
  struct binding_level *b = innermost_nonclass_level ();

  return b->namespace_p || b->pseudo_global;
}

/* Nonzero if this is a namespace scope, or if we are defining a class
   which is itself at namespace scope, or whose enclosing class is
   such a class, etc.  */

int
namespace_bindings_p ()
{
  struct binding_level *b = innermost_nonclass_level ();

  return b->namespace_p;
}

/* If KEEP is non-zero, make a BLOCK node for the next binding level,
   unconditionally.  Otherwise, use the normal logic to decide whether
   or not to create a BLOCK.  */

void
keep_next_level (keep)
     int keep;
{
  keep_next_level_flag = keep;
}

/* Nonzero if the current level needs to have a BLOCK made.  */

int
kept_level_p ()
{
  return (current_binding_level->blocks != NULL_TREE
          || current_binding_level->keep
          || current_binding_level->names != NULL_TREE
          || (current_binding_level->tags != NULL_TREE
              && !current_binding_level->tag_transparent));
}

/* Identify this binding level as a level of parameters.  */

void
declare_parm_level ()
{
  current_binding_level->parm_flag = 1;
}

void
declare_pseudo_global_level ()
{
  current_binding_level->pseudo_global = 1;
}

static void
declare_namespace_level ()
{
  current_binding_level->namespace_p = 1;
}

int
pseudo_global_level_p ()
{
  return current_binding_level->pseudo_global;
}

void
set_class_shadows (shadows)
     tree shadows;
{
  class_binding_level->class_shadowed = shadows;
}

/* Enter a new binding level.
   If TAG_TRANSPARENT is nonzero, do so only for the name space of variables,
   not for that of tags.  */

void
pushlevel (tag_transparent)
     int tag_transparent;
{
  register struct binding_level *newlevel = NULL_BINDING_LEVEL;

  /* Reuse or create a struct for this binding level.  */

#if defined(DEBUG_CP_BINDING_LEVELS)
  if (0)
#else /* !defined(DEBUG_CP_BINDING_LEVELS) */
  if (free_binding_level)
#endif /* !defined(DEBUG_CP_BINDING_LEVELS) */
    {
      newlevel = free_binding_level;
      free_binding_level = free_binding_level->level_chain;
    }
  else
    newlevel = make_binding_level ();

  push_binding_level (newlevel, tag_transparent, keep_next_level_flag);
  GNU_xref_start_scope ((HOST_WIDE_INT) newlevel);
  keep_next_level_flag = 0;
}

void
note_level_for_for ()
{
  current_binding_level->is_for_scope = 1;
}

void
pushlevel_temporary (tag_transparent)
     int tag_transparent;
{
  pushlevel (tag_transparent);
  current_binding_level->keep = 2;
  clear_last_expr ();

  /* Note we don't call push_momentary() here.  Otherwise, it would cause
     cleanups to be allocated on the momentary obstack, and they will be
     overwritten by the next statement.  */

  expand_start_bindings (0);
}

/* For a binding between a name and an entity at a block scope,
   this is the `struct binding_level' for the block.  */
#define BINDING_LEVEL(NODE) \
   (((struct tree_binding*)NODE)->scope.level)

/* Make DECL the innermost binding for ID.  The LEVEL is the binding
   level at which this declaration is being bound.  */

static void
push_binding (id, decl, level)
     tree id;
     tree decl;
     struct binding_level* level;
{
  tree binding;

  binding = make_node (CPLUS_BINDING);

  /* Now, fill in the binding information.  */
  BINDING_VALUE (binding) = decl;
  BINDING_TYPE (binding) = NULL_TREE;
  BINDING_LEVEL (binding) = level;
  INHERITED_VALUE_BINDING_P (binding) = 0;
  LOCAL_BINDING_P (binding) = (level != class_binding_level);
  BINDING_HAS_LEVEL_P (binding) = 1;

  /* And put it on the front of the list of bindings for ID.  */
  TREE_CHAIN (binding) = IDENTIFIER_BINDING (id);
  IDENTIFIER_BINDING (id) = binding;
}

/* ID is already bound in the current scope.  But, DECL is an
   additional binding for ID in the same scope.  This is the `struct
   stat' hack whereby a non-typedef class-name or enum-name can be
   bound at the same level as some other kind of entity.  It's the
   responsibility of the caller to check that inserting this name is
   legal here.  Returns nonzero if the new binding was successful.  */
static int
add_binding (id, decl)
     tree id;
     tree decl;
{
  tree binding = IDENTIFIER_BINDING (id);
  int ok = 1;

  if (TREE_CODE (decl) == TYPE_DECL && DECL_ARTIFICIAL (decl))
    /* The new name is the type name.  */
    BINDING_TYPE (binding) = decl;
  else if (!BINDING_VALUE (binding))
    /* This situation arises when push_class_level_binding moves an
       inherited type-binding out of the way to make room for a new
       value binding.  */
    BINDING_VALUE (binding) = decl;
  else if (TREE_CODE (BINDING_VALUE (binding)) == TYPE_DECL
           && DECL_ARTIFICIAL (BINDING_VALUE (binding)))
    {
      /* The old binding was a type name.  It was placed in
         BINDING_VALUE because it was thought, at the point it was
         declared, to be the only entity with such a name.  Move the
         type name into the type slot; it is now hidden by the new
         binding.  */
      BINDING_TYPE (binding) = BINDING_VALUE (binding);
      BINDING_VALUE (binding) = decl;
      INHERITED_VALUE_BINDING_P (binding) = 0;
    }
  else if (TREE_CODE (BINDING_VALUE (binding)) == TYPE_DECL
           && TREE_CODE (decl) == TYPE_DECL
           && DECL_NAME (decl) == DECL_NAME (BINDING_VALUE (binding))
           && same_type_p (TREE_TYPE (decl),
                           TREE_TYPE (BINDING_VALUE (binding))))
    /* We have two typedef-names, both naming the same type to have
       the same name.  This is OK because of:

         [dcl.typedef]

         In a given scope, a typedef specifier can be used to redefine
         the name of any type declared in that scope to refer to the
         type to which it already refers.  */
    ok = 0;
  else
    {
      cp_error ("declaration of `%#D'", decl);
      cp_error_at ("conflicts with previous declaration `%#D'",
                   BINDING_VALUE (binding));
      ok = 0;
    }

  return ok;
}

/* Add DECL to the list of things declared in B.  */

static void
add_decl_to_level (decl, b)
     tree decl;
     struct binding_level *b;
{
  /* Only things that will live forever should go in the global
     binding level.  */
  my_friendly_assert (!(b == global_binding_level 
                        && !TREE_PERMANENT (decl)),
                      19990817);

  /* We build up the list in reverse order, and reverse it later if
     necessary.  */
  TREE_CHAIN (decl) = b->names;
  b->names = decl;
}

/* Bind DECL to ID in the current_binding_level, assumed to be a local
   binding level.  If PUSH_USING is set in FLAGS, we know that DECL
   doesn't really belong to this binding level, that it got here
   through a using-declaration.  */

void
push_local_binding (id, decl, flags)
     tree id;
     tree decl;
     int flags;
{
  struct binding_level *b;

  /* Skip over any local classes.  This makes sense if we call
     push_local_binding with a friend decl of a local class.  */
  b = current_binding_level;
  while (b->parm_flag == 2)
    b = b->level_chain;

  if (lookup_name_current_level (id))
    {
      /* Supplement the existing binding.  */
      if (!add_binding (id, decl))
        /* It didn't work.  Something else must be bound at this
           level.  Do not add DECL to the list of things to pop
           later.  */
        return;
    }
  else
    /* Create a new binding.  */
    push_binding (id, decl, b);

  if (TREE_CODE (decl) == OVERLOAD || (flags & PUSH_USING))
    /* We must put the OVERLOAD into a TREE_LIST since the
       TREE_CHAIN of an OVERLOAD is already used.  Similarly for
       decls that got here through a using-declaration.  */
    decl = build_tree_list (NULL_TREE, decl);

  /* And put DECL on the list of things declared by the current
     binding level.  */
  add_decl_to_level (decl, b);
}

/* Bind DECL to ID in the class_binding_level.  Returns nonzero if the
   binding was successful.  */

int
push_class_binding (id, decl)
     tree id;
     tree decl;
{
  int result = 1;
  tree binding = IDENTIFIER_BINDING (id);
  tree context;

  /* Note that we declared this value so that we can issue an error if
     this an illegal redeclaration of a name already used for some
     other purpose.  */
  note_name_declared_in_class (id, decl);

  if (binding && BINDING_LEVEL (binding) == class_binding_level)
    /* Supplement the existing binding.  */
    result = add_binding (id, decl);
  else
    /* Create a new binding.  */
    push_binding (id, decl, class_binding_level);

  /* Update the IDENTIFIER_CLASS_VALUE for this ID to be the
     class-level declaration.  Note that we do not use DECL here
     because of the possibility of the `struct stat' hack; if DECL is
     a class-name or enum-name we might prefer a field-name, or some
     such.  */
  IDENTIFIER_CLASS_VALUE (id) = BINDING_VALUE (IDENTIFIER_BINDING (id));

  /* If this is a binding from a base class, mark it as such.  */
  binding = IDENTIFIER_BINDING (id);
  if (BINDING_VALUE (binding) == decl && TREE_CODE (decl) != TREE_LIST)
    {
      /* Any implicit typename must be from a base-class.  The
         context for an implicit typename declaration is always
         the derived class in which the lookup was done, so the checks
         based on the context of DECL below will not trigger.  */
      if (IMPLICIT_TYPENAME_TYPE_DECL_P (decl))
        INHERITED_VALUE_BINDING_P (binding) = 1;
      else
        {
          if (TREE_CODE (decl) == OVERLOAD)
            context = DECL_REAL_CONTEXT (OVL_CURRENT (decl));
          else
            {
              my_friendly_assert (TREE_CODE_CLASS (TREE_CODE (decl)) == 'd',
                                  0);
              context = DECL_REAL_CONTEXT (decl);
            }

          if (is_properly_derived_from (current_class_type, context))
            INHERITED_VALUE_BINDING_P (binding) = 1;
          else
            INHERITED_VALUE_BINDING_P (binding) = 0;
        }
    }
  else if (BINDING_VALUE (binding) == decl)
    /* We only encounter a TREE_LIST when push_class_decls detects an
       ambiguity.  Such an ambiguity can be overridden by a definition
       in this class.  */
    INHERITED_VALUE_BINDING_P (binding) = 1;

  return result;
}

/* Remove the binding for DECL which should be the innermost binding
   for ID.  */

static void 
pop_binding (id, decl) 
     tree id;
     tree decl;
{
  tree binding;
    
  if (id == NULL_TREE)
    /* It's easiest to write the loops that call this function without
       checking whether or not the entities involved have names.  We
       get here for such an entity.  */
    return;

  /* Get the innermost binding for ID.  */
  binding = IDENTIFIER_BINDING (id);

  /* The name should be bound.  */
  my_friendly_assert (binding != NULL_TREE, 0);

  /* The DECL will be either the ordinary binding or the type
     binding for this identifier.  Remove that binding.  */
  if (BINDING_VALUE (binding) == decl)
    BINDING_VALUE (binding) = NULL_TREE;
  else if (BINDING_TYPE (binding) == decl)
    BINDING_TYPE (binding) = NULL_TREE;
  else
    my_friendly_abort (0);

  if (!BINDING_VALUE (binding) && !BINDING_TYPE (binding))
    /* We're completely done with the innermost binding for this
       identifier.  Unhook it from the list of bindings.  */
    IDENTIFIER_BINDING (id) = TREE_CHAIN (binding);
}

/* When a label goes out of scope, check to see if that label was used
   in a valid manner, and issue any appropriate warnings or errors.  */

static void
pop_label (link)
     tree link;
{
  tree label = TREE_VALUE (link);

  if (DECL_INITIAL (label) == NULL_TREE)
    {
      cp_error_at ("label `%D' used but not defined", label);
      /* Avoid crashing later.  */
      define_label (input_filename, 1, DECL_NAME (label));
    }
  else if (warn_unused && !TREE_USED (label))
    cp_warning_at ("label `%D' defined but not used", label);

  SET_IDENTIFIER_LABEL_VALUE (DECL_NAME (label), TREE_PURPOSE (link));
}

/* At the end of a function, all labels declared within the fucntion
   go out of scope.  BLOCK is the top-level block for the 
   function.  */

static void
pop_labels (block)
     tree block;
{
  tree link;

  /* Clear out the definitions of all label names, since their scopes
     end here.  */
  for (link = named_labels; link; link = TREE_CHAIN (link))
    {
      pop_label (link);
      /* Put the labels into the "variables" of the top-level block,
         so debugger can see them.  */
      TREE_CHAIN (TREE_VALUE (link)) = BLOCK_VARS (block);
      BLOCK_VARS (block) = TREE_VALUE (link);
    }

  named_labels = NULL_TREE;
}

/* Exit a binding level.
   Pop the level off, and restore the state of the identifier-decl mappings
   that were in effect when this level was entered.

   If KEEP == 1, this level had explicit declarations, so
   and create a "block" (a BLOCK node) for the level
   to record its declarations and subblocks for symbol table output.

   If FUNCTIONBODY is nonzero, this level is the body of a function,
   so create a block as if KEEP were set and also clear out all
   label names.

   If REVERSE is nonzero, reverse the order of decls before putting
   them into the BLOCK.  */

tree
poplevel (keep, reverse, functionbody)
     int keep;
     int reverse;
     int functionbody;
{
  register tree link;
  /* The chain of decls was accumulated in reverse order.
     Put it into forward order, just for cleanliness.  */
  tree decls;
  int tmp = functionbody;
  int real_functionbody = current_binding_level->keep == 2
    ? ((functionbody = 0), tmp) : functionbody;
  tree tags = functionbody >= 0 ? current_binding_level->tags : 0;
  tree subblocks = functionbody >= 0 ? current_binding_level->blocks : 0;
  tree block = NULL_TREE;
  tree decl;
  int block_previously_created;
  int leaving_for_scope;

  if (current_binding_level->parm_flag == 2)
    return poplevel_class ();

  my_friendly_assert (!current_binding_level->class_shadowed,
                      19990414);

  /* We used to use KEEP == 2 to indicate that the new block should go
     at the beginning of the list of blocks at this binding level,
     rather than the end.  This hack is no longer used.  */
  my_friendly_assert (keep == 0 || keep == 1, 0);

  GNU_xref_end_scope ((HOST_WIDE_INT) current_binding_level,
                      (HOST_WIDE_INT) current_binding_level->level_chain,
                      current_binding_level->parm_flag,
                      current_binding_level->keep);

  if (current_binding_level->keep == 1)
    keep = 1;

  /* Get the decls in the order they were written.
     Usually current_binding_level->names is in reverse order.
     But parameter decls were previously put in forward order.  */

  if (reverse)
    current_binding_level->names
      = decls = nreverse (current_binding_level->names);
  else
    decls = current_binding_level->names;

  /* Output any nested inline functions within this block
     if they weren't already output.  */

  for (decl = decls; decl; decl = TREE_CHAIN (decl))
    if (TREE_CODE (decl) == FUNCTION_DECL
        && ! TREE_ASM_WRITTEN (decl)
        && DECL_INITIAL (decl) != NULL_TREE
        && TREE_ADDRESSABLE (decl)
        && decl_function_context (decl) == current_function_decl)
      {
        /* If this decl was copied from a file-scope decl
           on account of a block-scope extern decl,
           propagate TREE_ADDRESSABLE to the file-scope decl.  */
        if (DECL_ABSTRACT_ORIGIN (decl) != NULL_TREE)
          TREE_ADDRESSABLE (DECL_ABSTRACT_ORIGIN (decl)) = 1;
        else
          {
            push_function_context ();
            output_inline_function (decl);
            pop_function_context ();
          }
      }

  /* If there were any declarations or structure tags in that level,
     or if this level is a function body,
     create a BLOCK to record them for the life of this function.  */

  block = NULL_TREE;
  block_previously_created = (current_binding_level->this_block != NULL_TREE);
  if (block_previously_created)
    block = current_binding_level->this_block;
  else if (keep == 1 || functionbody)
    block = make_node (BLOCK);
  if (block != NULL_TREE)
    {
      if (block_previously_created)
        {
          if (decls || tags || subblocks)
            {
              if (BLOCK_VARS (block) || BLOCK_TYPE_TAGS (block))
                warning ("internal compiler error: debugging info corrupted");

              BLOCK_VARS (block) = decls;
              BLOCK_TYPE_TAGS (block) = tags;

              /* We can have previous subblocks and new subblocks when
                 doing fixup_gotos with complex cleanups.  We chain the new
                 subblocks onto the end of any pre-existing subblocks.  */
              BLOCK_SUBBLOCKS (block) = chainon (BLOCK_SUBBLOCKS (block),
                                                 subblocks);
            }
          /* If we created the block earlier on, and we are just
             diddling it now, then it already should have a proper
             BLOCK_END_NOTE value associated with it.  */
        }
      else
        {
          BLOCK_VARS (block) = decls;
          BLOCK_TYPE_TAGS (block) = tags;
          BLOCK_SUBBLOCKS (block) = subblocks;
          /* Otherwise, for a new block, install a new BLOCK_END_NOTE
             value.  */ 
          remember_end_note (block);
        }
    }

  /* In each subblock, record that this is its superior.  */

  if (keep >= 0)
    for (link = subblocks; link; link = TREE_CHAIN (link))
      BLOCK_SUPERCONTEXT (link) = block;

  /* We still support the old for-scope rules, whereby the variables
     in a for-init statement were in scope after the for-statement
     ended.  We only use the new rules in flag_new_for_scope is
     nonzero.  */
  leaving_for_scope 
    = current_binding_level->is_for_scope && flag_new_for_scope == 1;

  /* Remove declarations for all the DECLs in this level.  */
  for (link = decls; link; link = TREE_CHAIN (link))
    {
      if (leaving_for_scope && TREE_CODE (link) == VAR_DECL)
        {
          tree outer_binding 
            = TREE_CHAIN (IDENTIFIER_BINDING (DECL_NAME (link)));
          tree ns_binding;

          if (!outer_binding)
            ns_binding = IDENTIFIER_NAMESPACE_VALUE (DECL_NAME (link));
          else
            ns_binding = NULL_TREE;

          if (outer_binding 
              && (BINDING_LEVEL (outer_binding) 
                  == current_binding_level->level_chain))
            /* We have something like:
               
                 int i;
                 for (int i; ;);
                 
               and we are leaving the `for' scope.  There's no reason to
               keep the binding of the inner `i' in this case.  */
            pop_binding (DECL_NAME (link), link);
          else if ((outer_binding 
                    && (TREE_CODE (BINDING_VALUE (outer_binding)) 
                        == TYPE_DECL))
                   || (ns_binding 
                       && TREE_CODE (ns_binding) == TYPE_DECL))
            /* Here, we have something like:

                 typedef int I;

                 void f () {
                   for (int I; ;);
                 }

               We must pop the for-scope binding so we know what's a
               type and what isn't.  */
            pop_binding (DECL_NAME (link), link);
          else
            {
              /* Mark this VAR_DECL as dead so that we can tell we left it
                 there only for backward compatibility.  */
              DECL_DEAD_FOR_LOCAL (link) = 1;
              
              /* Keep track of what should of have happenned when we
                 popped the binding.  */
              if (outer_binding && BINDING_VALUE (outer_binding))
                DECL_SHADOWED_FOR_VAR (link) 
                  = BINDING_VALUE (outer_binding);

              /* Add it to the list of dead variables in the next
                 outermost binding to that we can remove these when we
                 leave that binding.  */
              current_binding_level->level_chain->dead_vars_from_for
                = tree_cons (NULL_TREE, link,
                             current_binding_level->level_chain->
                             dead_vars_from_for);

              /* Although we don't pop the CPLUS_BINDING, we do clear
                 its BINDING_LEVEL since the level is going away now.  */
              BINDING_LEVEL (IDENTIFIER_BINDING (DECL_NAME (link)))
                = 0;
            }
        }
      else 
        {
          /* Remove the binding.  */
          decl = link;
          if (TREE_CODE (decl) == TREE_LIST)
            decl = TREE_VALUE (decl);
          if (TREE_CODE_CLASS (TREE_CODE (decl)) == 'd')
            pop_binding (DECL_NAME (decl), decl);
          else if (TREE_CODE (decl) == OVERLOAD)
            pop_binding (DECL_NAME (OVL_FUNCTION (decl)), decl);
          else 
            my_friendly_abort (0);
        }
    }

  /* Remove declarations for any `for' variables from inner scopes
     that we kept around.  */
  for (link = current_binding_level->dead_vars_from_for;
       link; link = TREE_CHAIN (link))
    pop_binding (DECL_NAME (TREE_VALUE (link)), TREE_VALUE (link));

  /* Restore the IDENTIFIER_TYPE_VALUEs.  */
  for (link = current_binding_level->type_shadowed;
       link; link = TREE_CHAIN (link))
    SET_IDENTIFIER_TYPE_VALUE (TREE_PURPOSE (link), TREE_VALUE (link));

  /* Restore the IDENTIFIER_LABEL_VALUEs for local labels.  */
  for (link = current_binding_level->shadowed_labels;
       link; 
       link = TREE_CHAIN (link))
    pop_label (link);

  /* There may be OVERLOADs (wrapped in TREE_LISTs) on the BLOCK_VARs
     list if a `using' declaration put them there.  The debugging
     back-ends won't understand OVERLOAD, so we remove them here.
     Because the BLOCK_VARS are (temporarily) shared with
     CURRENT_BINDING_LEVEL->NAMES we must do this fixup after we have
     popped all the bindings.  */
  if (block)
    {
      tree* d;

      for (d = &BLOCK_VARS (block); *d; )
        {
          if (TREE_CODE (*d) == TREE_LIST)
            *d = TREE_CHAIN (*d);
          else
            d = &TREE_CHAIN (*d);
        }
    }

  /* If the level being exited is the top level of a function,
     check over all the labels.  */
  if (functionbody)
    {
      /* Since this is the top level block of a function, the vars are
         the function's parameters.  Don't leave them in the BLOCK
         because they are found in the FUNCTION_DECL instead.  */
      BLOCK_VARS (block) = 0;
      pop_labels (block);
    }

  /* Any uses of undefined labels now operate under constraints
     of next binding contour.  */
  if (current_function)
    {
      struct binding_level *level_chain;
      level_chain = current_binding_level->level_chain;
      if (level_chain)
        {
          struct named_label_list *labels;
          for (labels = named_label_uses; labels; labels = labels->next)
            if (labels->binding_level == current_binding_level)
              {
                labels->binding_level = level_chain;
                labels->names_in_scope = level_chain->names;
              }
        }
    }

  tmp = current_binding_level->keep;

  pop_binding_level ();
  if (functionbody)
    DECL_INITIAL (current_function_decl) = block;
  else if (block)
    {
      if (!block_previously_created)
        current_binding_level->blocks
          = chainon (current_binding_level->blocks, block);
    }
  /* If we did not make a block for the level just exited,
     any blocks made for inner levels
     (since they cannot be recorded as subblocks in that level)
     must be carried forward so they will later become subblocks
     of something else.  */
  else if (subblocks)
    current_binding_level->blocks
      = chainon (current_binding_level->blocks, subblocks);

  /* Take care of compiler's internal binding structures.  */
  if (tmp == 2)
    {
      expand_end_bindings (getdecls (), keep, 1);
      /* Each and every BLOCK node created here in `poplevel' is important
         (e.g. for proper debugging information) so if we created one
         earlier, mark it as "used".  */
      if (block)
        TREE_USED (block) = 1;
      block = poplevel (keep, reverse, real_functionbody);
    }

  /* Each and every BLOCK node created here in `poplevel' is important
     (e.g. for proper debugging information) so if we created one
     earlier, mark it as "used".  */
  if (block)
    TREE_USED (block) = 1;
  return block;
}

/* Delete the node BLOCK from the current binding level.
   This is used for the block inside a stmt expr ({...})
   so that the block can be reinserted where appropriate.  */

void
delete_block (block)
     tree block;
{
  tree t;
  if (current_binding_level->blocks == block)
    current_binding_level->blocks = TREE_CHAIN (block);
  for (t = current_binding_level->blocks; t;)
    {
      if (TREE_CHAIN (t) == block)
        TREE_CHAIN (t) = TREE_CHAIN (block);
      else
        t = TREE_CHAIN (t);
    }
  TREE_CHAIN (block) = NULL_TREE;
  /* Clear TREE_USED which is always set by poplevel.
     The flag is set again if insert_block is called.  */
  TREE_USED (block) = 0;
}

/* Insert BLOCK at the end of the list of subblocks of the
   current binding level.  This is used when a BIND_EXPR is expanded,
   to handle the BLOCK node inside the BIND_EXPR.  */

void
insert_block (block)
     tree block;
{
  TREE_USED (block) = 1;
  current_binding_level->blocks
    = chainon (current_binding_level->blocks, block);
}

/* Set the BLOCK node for the innermost scope
   (the one we are currently in).  */

void
set_block (block)
    register tree block;
{
  current_binding_level->this_block = block;
}

/* Do a pushlevel for class declarations.  */

void
pushlevel_class ()
{
  register struct binding_level *newlevel;

  /* Reuse or create a struct for this binding level.  */
#if defined(DEBUG_CP_BINDING_LEVELS)
  if (0)
#else /* !defined(DEBUG_CP_BINDING_LEVELS) */
  if (free_binding_level)
#endif /* !defined(DEBUG_CP_BINDING_LEVELS) */
    {
      newlevel = free_binding_level;
      free_binding_level = free_binding_level->level_chain;
    }
  else
    newlevel = make_binding_level ();

#if defined(DEBUG_CP_BINDING_LEVELS)
  is_class_level = 1;
#endif /* defined(DEBUG_CP_BINDING_LEVELS) */

  push_binding_level (newlevel, 0, 0);

  decl_stack = push_decl_level (decl_stack, &decl_obstack);
  class_binding_level = current_binding_level;
  class_binding_level->parm_flag = 2;
}

/* ...and a poplevel for class declarations.  */

static tree
poplevel_class ()
{
  register struct binding_level *level = class_binding_level;
  tree shadowed;

  my_friendly_assert (level != 0, 354);
  
  decl_stack = pop_stack_level (decl_stack);
  /* If we're leaving a toplevel class, don't bother to do the setting
     of IDENTIFIER_CLASS_VALUE to NULL_TREE, since first of all this slot
     shouldn't even be used when current_class_type isn't set, and second,
     if we don't touch it here, we're able to use the cache effect if the
     next time we're entering a class scope, it is the same class.  */
  if (current_class_depth != 1)
    {
      struct binding_level* b;

      /* Clear out our IDENTIFIER_CLASS_VALUEs.  */
      for (shadowed = level->class_shadowed;
           shadowed;
           shadowed = TREE_CHAIN (shadowed))
        IDENTIFIER_CLASS_VALUE (TREE_PURPOSE (shadowed)) = NULL_TREE;
        
      /* Find the next enclosing class, and recreate
         IDENTIFIER_CLASS_VALUEs appropriate for that class.  */
      b = level->level_chain;
      while (b && b->parm_flag != 2)
        b = b->level_chain;

      if (b)
        for (shadowed = b->class_shadowed; 
             shadowed; 
             shadowed = TREE_CHAIN (shadowed))
          {
            tree t;

            t = IDENTIFIER_BINDING (TREE_PURPOSE (shadowed));
            while (t && BINDING_LEVEL (t) != b)
              t = TREE_CHAIN (t);
      
            if (t)
              IDENTIFIER_CLASS_VALUE (TREE_PURPOSE (shadowed)) 
                = BINDING_VALUE (t);
          }
    }
  else
    /* Remember to save what IDENTIFIER's were bound in this scope so we
       can recover from cache misses.  */
    {
      previous_class_type = current_class_type;
      previous_class_values = class_binding_level->class_shadowed;
    }
  for (shadowed = level->type_shadowed;
       shadowed;
       shadowed = TREE_CHAIN (shadowed))
    SET_IDENTIFIER_TYPE_VALUE (TREE_PURPOSE (shadowed), TREE_VALUE (shadowed));

  /* Remove the bindings for all of the class-level declarations.  */
  for (shadowed = level->class_shadowed; 
       shadowed; 
       shadowed = TREE_CHAIN (shadowed))
    pop_binding (TREE_PURPOSE (shadowed), TREE_TYPE (shadowed));

  GNU_xref_end_scope ((HOST_WIDE_INT) class_binding_level,
                      (HOST_WIDE_INT) class_binding_level->level_chain,
                      class_binding_level->parm_flag,
                      class_binding_level->keep);

  /* Now, pop out of the binding level which we created up in the
     `pushlevel_class' routine.  */
#if defined(DEBUG_CP_BINDING_LEVELS)
  is_class_level = 1;
#endif /* defined(DEBUG_CP_BINDING_LEVELS) */

  pop_binding_level ();

  return NULL_TREE;
}

/* We are entering the scope of a class.  Clear IDENTIFIER_CLASS_VALUE
   for any names in enclosing classes.  */

void
clear_identifier_class_values ()
{
  tree t;

  if (!class_binding_level)
    return;

  for (t = class_binding_level->class_shadowed;
       t;
       t = TREE_CHAIN (t))
    IDENTIFIER_CLASS_VALUE (TREE_PURPOSE (t)) = NULL_TREE;
}

/* Returns non-zero if T is a virtual function table.  */

int
vtable_decl_p (t, data)
     tree t;
     void *data ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED;
{
  return (TREE_CODE (t) == VAR_DECL && DECL_VIRTUAL_P (t));
}

/* Returns non-zero if T is a TYPE_DECL for a type with virtual
   functions.  */

int
vtype_decl_p (t, data)
     tree t;
     void *data ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED;
{
  return (TREE_CODE (t) == TYPE_DECL
          && TREE_TYPE (t) != error_mark_node
          && TYPE_LANG_SPECIFIC (TREE_TYPE (t))
          && CLASSTYPE_VSIZE (TREE_TYPE (t)));
}

/* Return the declarations that are members of the namespace NS.  */

tree
cp_namespace_decls (ns)
     tree ns;
{
  return NAMESPACE_LEVEL (ns)->names;
}

/* Walk all the namespaces contained NAMESPACE, including NAMESPACE
   itself, calling F for each.  The DATA is passed to F as well.  */

static int
walk_namespaces_r (namespace, f, data)
     tree namespace;
     walk_namespaces_fn f;
     void *data;
{
  tree current;
  int result = 0;

  result |= (*f) (namespace, data);

  for (current = cp_namespace_decls (namespace);
       current;
       current = TREE_CHAIN (current))
    {
      if (TREE_CODE (current) != NAMESPACE_DECL
          || DECL_NAMESPACE_ALIAS (current))
        continue;
      if (!DECL_LANG_SPECIFIC (current))
        {
          /* Hmm. std. */
          my_friendly_assert (current == std_node, 393);
          continue;
        }

      /* We found a namespace.  */
      result |= walk_namespaces_r (current, f, data);
    }

  return result;
}

/* Walk all the namespaces, calling F for each.  The DATA is passed to
   F as well.  */

int
walk_namespaces (f, data)
     walk_namespaces_fn f;
     void *data;
{
  return walk_namespaces_r (global_namespace, f, data);
}

struct walk_globals_data {
  walk_globals_pred p;
  walk_globals_fn f;
  void *data;
};

/* Walk the global declarations in NAMESPACE.  Whenever one is found
   for which P returns non-zero, call F with its address.  If any call
   to F returns a non-zero value, return a non-zero value.  */

static int 
walk_globals_r (namespace, data)
     tree namespace;
     void *data;
{
  struct walk_globals_data* wgd = (struct walk_globals_data *) data;
  walk_globals_pred p = wgd->p;
  walk_globals_fn f = wgd->f;
  void *d = wgd->data;
  tree *t;
  int result = 0;

  t = &NAMESPACE_LEVEL (namespace)->names;

  while (*t)
    {
      tree glbl = *t;

      if ((*p) (glbl, d))
        result |= (*f) (t, d);

      /* If F changed *T, then *T still points at the next item to
         examine.  */
      if (*t == glbl)
        t = &TREE_CHAIN (*t);
    }

  return result;
}

/* Walk the global declarations.  Whenever one is found for which P
   returns non-zero, call F with its address.  If any call to F
   returns a non-zero value, return a non-zero value.  */

int
walk_globals (p, f, data)
     walk_globals_pred p;
     walk_globals_fn f;
     void *data;
{
  struct walk_globals_data wgd;
  wgd.p = p;
  wgd.f = f;
  wgd.data = data;

  return walk_namespaces (walk_globals_r, &wgd);
}

/* Call wrapup_globals_declarations for the globals in NAMESPACE.  If
   DATA is non-NULL, this is the last time we will call
   wrapup_global_declarations for this NAMESPACE.  */

int
wrapup_globals_for_namespace (namespace, data)
     tree namespace;
     void *data;
{
  tree globals = cp_namespace_decls (namespace);
  int len = list_length (globals);
  tree *vec = (tree *) alloca (sizeof (tree) * len);
  int i;
  int result;
  tree decl;
  int last_time = (data != 0);

  if (last_time && namespace == global_namespace)
    /* Let compile_file handle the global namespace.  */
    return 0;

  /* Process the decls in reverse order--earliest first.
     Put them into VEC from back to front, then take out from front.  */
  
  for (i = 0, decl = globals; i < len; i++, decl = TREE_CHAIN (decl))
    vec[len - i - 1] = decl;
  
  if (last_time)
    {
      check_global_declarations (vec, len);
      return 0;
    }

  /* Temporarily mark vtables as external.  That prevents
     wrapup_global_declarations from writing them out; we must process
     them ourselves in finish_vtable_vardecl.  */
  for (i = 0; i < len; ++i)
    if (vtable_decl_p (vec[i], /*data=*/0) && !DECL_EXTERNAL (vec[i]))
      {
        DECL_NOT_REALLY_EXTERN (vec[i]) = 1;
        DECL_EXTERNAL (vec[i]) = 1;
      }

  /* Write out any globals that need to be output.  */
  result = wrapup_global_declarations (vec, len);

  /* Undo the hack to DECL_EXTERNAL above.  */
  for (i = 0; i < len; ++i)
    if (vtable_decl_p (vec[i], /*data=*/0)
        && DECL_NOT_REALLY_EXTERN (vec[i]))
      {
        DECL_NOT_REALLY_EXTERN (vec[i]) = 0;
        DECL_EXTERNAL (vec[i]) = 0;
      }

  return result;
}

\f
/* Mark ARG (which is really a struct binding_level **) for GC.  */

static void
mark_binding_level (arg)
     void *arg;
{
  struct binding_level *lvl = *(struct binding_level **)arg;

  while (lvl)
    {
      ggc_mark_tree (lvl->names);
      ggc_mark_tree (lvl->tags);
      ggc_mark_tree (lvl->usings);
      ggc_mark_tree (lvl->using_directives);
      ggc_mark_tree (lvl->class_shadowed);
      ggc_mark_tree (lvl->type_shadowed);
      ggc_mark_tree (lvl->shadowed_labels);
      ggc_mark_tree (lvl->blocks);
      ggc_mark_tree (lvl->this_block);
      ggc_mark_tree (lvl->incomplete);
      ggc_mark_tree (lvl->dead_vars_from_for);

      lvl = lvl->level_chain;
    }
}
\f
/* For debugging.  */
static int no_print_functions = 0;
static int no_print_builtins = 0;

void
print_binding_level (lvl)
     struct binding_level *lvl;
{
  tree t;
  int i = 0, len;
  fprintf (stderr, " blocks=");
  fprintf (stderr, HOST_PTR_PRINTF, lvl->blocks);
  fprintf (stderr, " n_incomplete=%d parm_flag=%d keep=%d",
           list_length (lvl->incomplete), lvl->parm_flag, lvl->keep);
  if (lvl->tag_transparent)
    fprintf (stderr, " tag-transparent");
  if (lvl->more_cleanups_ok)
    fprintf (stderr, " more-cleanups-ok");
  if (lvl->have_cleanups)
    fprintf (stderr, " have-cleanups");
  fprintf (stderr, "\n");
  if (lvl->names)
    {
      fprintf (stderr, " names:\t");
      /* We can probably fit 3 names to a line?  */
      for (t = lvl->names; t; t = TREE_CHAIN (t))
        {
          if (no_print_functions && (TREE_CODE (t) == FUNCTION_DECL)) 
            continue;
          if (no_print_builtins
              && (TREE_CODE (t) == TYPE_DECL)
              && (!strcmp (DECL_SOURCE_FILE (t),"<built-in>")))
            continue;

          /* Function decls tend to have longer names.  */
          if (TREE_CODE (t) == FUNCTION_DECL)
            len = 3;
          else
            len = 2;
          i += len;
          if (i > 6)
            {
              fprintf (stderr, "\n\t");
              i = len;
            }
          print_node_brief (stderr, "", t, 0);
          if (t == error_mark_node)
            break;
        }
      if (i)
        fprintf (stderr, "\n");
    }
  if (lvl->tags)
    {
      fprintf (stderr, " tags:\t");
      i = 0;
      for (t = lvl->tags; t; t = TREE_CHAIN (t))
        {
          if (TREE_PURPOSE (t) == NULL_TREE)
            len = 3;
          else if (TREE_PURPOSE (t) == TYPE_IDENTIFIER (TREE_VALUE (t)))
            len = 2;
          else
            len = 4;
          i += len;
          if (i > 5)
            {
              fprintf (stderr, "\n\t");
              i = len;
            }
          if (TREE_PURPOSE (t) == NULL_TREE)
            {
              print_node_brief (stderr, "<unnamed-typedef", TREE_VALUE (t), 0);
              fprintf (stderr, ">");
            }
          else if (TREE_PURPOSE (t) == TYPE_IDENTIFIER (TREE_VALUE (t)))
            print_node_brief (stderr, "", TREE_VALUE (t), 0);
          else
            {
              print_node_brief (stderr, "<typedef", TREE_PURPOSE (t), 0);
              print_node_brief (stderr, "", TREE_VALUE (t), 0);
              fprintf (stderr, ">");
            }
        }
      if (i)
        fprintf (stderr, "\n");
    }
  if (lvl->class_shadowed)
    {
      fprintf (stderr, " class-shadowed:");
      for (t = lvl->class_shadowed; t; t = TREE_CHAIN (t))
        {
          fprintf (stderr, " %s ", IDENTIFIER_POINTER (TREE_PURPOSE (t)));
        }
      fprintf (stderr, "\n");
    }
  if (lvl->type_shadowed)
    {
      fprintf (stderr, " type-shadowed:");
      for (t = lvl->type_shadowed; t; t = TREE_CHAIN (t))
        {
          fprintf (stderr, " %s ", IDENTIFIER_POINTER (TREE_PURPOSE (t)));
        }
      fprintf (stderr, "\n");
    }
}

void
print_other_binding_stack (stack)
     struct binding_level *stack;
{
  struct binding_level *level;
  for (level = stack; level != global_binding_level; level = level->level_chain)
    {
      fprintf (stderr, "binding level ");
      fprintf (stderr, HOST_PTR_PRINTF, level);
      fprintf (stderr, "\n");
      print_binding_level (level);
    }
}

void
print_binding_stack ()
{
  struct binding_level *b;
  fprintf (stderr, "current_binding_level=");
  fprintf (stderr, HOST_PTR_PRINTF, current_binding_level);
  fprintf (stderr, "\nclass_binding_level=");
  fprintf (stderr, HOST_PTR_PRINTF, class_binding_level);
  fprintf (stderr, "\nglobal_binding_level=");
  fprintf (stderr, HOST_PTR_PRINTF, global_binding_level);
  fprintf (stderr, "\n");
  if (class_binding_level)
    {
      for (b = class_binding_level; b; b = b->level_chain)
        if (b == current_binding_level)
          break;
      if (b)
        b = class_binding_level;
      else
        b = current_binding_level;
    }
  else
    b = current_binding_level;
  print_other_binding_stack (b);
  fprintf (stderr, "global:\n");
  print_binding_level (global_binding_level);
}

/* Namespace binding access routines: The namespace_bindings field of
   the identifier is polymorphic, with three possible values:
   NULL_TREE, a list of CPLUS_BINDINGS, or any other tree_node
   indicating the BINDING_VALUE of global_namespace. */

/* Check whether the a binding for the name to scope is known.
   Assumes that the bindings of the name are already a list
   of bindings. Returns the binding found, or NULL_TREE. */

static tree
find_binding (name, scope)
     tree name;
     tree scope;
{
  tree iter, prev = NULL_TREE;

  scope = ORIGINAL_NAMESPACE (scope);
  
  for (iter = IDENTIFIER_NAMESPACE_BINDINGS (name); iter;
       iter = TREE_CHAIN (iter))
    {
      my_friendly_assert (TREE_CODE (iter) == CPLUS_BINDING, 374);
      if (BINDING_SCOPE (iter) == scope)
        {
          /* Move binding found to the front of the list, so
             subsequent lookups will find it faster. */
          if (prev)
            {
              TREE_CHAIN (prev) = TREE_CHAIN (iter);
              TREE_CHAIN (iter) = IDENTIFIER_NAMESPACE_BINDINGS (name);
              IDENTIFIER_NAMESPACE_BINDINGS (name) = iter;
            }
          return iter;
        }
      prev = iter;
    }
  return NULL_TREE;
}

/* Always returns a binding for name in scope. If the
   namespace_bindings is not a list, convert it to one first.
   If no binding is found, make a new one. */

tree
binding_for_name (name, scope)
     tree name;
     tree scope;
{
  tree b = IDENTIFIER_NAMESPACE_BINDINGS (name);
  tree result;

  scope = ORIGINAL_NAMESPACE (scope);
  
  if (b && TREE_CODE (b) != CPLUS_BINDING)
    {
      /* Get rid of optimization for global scope. */
      IDENTIFIER_NAMESPACE_BINDINGS (name) = NULL_TREE;
      BINDING_VALUE (binding_for_name (name, global_namespace)) = b;
      b = IDENTIFIER_NAMESPACE_BINDINGS (name);
    }
  if (b && (result = find_binding (name, scope)))
    return result;
  /* Not found, make a new permanent one. */
  push_obstacks (&permanent_obstack, &permanent_obstack);
  result = make_node (CPLUS_BINDING);
  TREE_CHAIN (result) = b;
  IDENTIFIER_NAMESPACE_BINDINGS (name) = result;
  BINDING_SCOPE (result) = scope;
  BINDING_TYPE (result) = NULL_TREE;
  BINDING_VALUE (result) = NULL_TREE;
  pop_obstacks ();
  return result;
}

/* Return the binding value for name in scope, considering that
   namespace_binding may or may not be a list of CPLUS_BINDINGS. */

tree
namespace_binding (name, scope)
     tree name;
     tree scope;
{
  tree b = IDENTIFIER_NAMESPACE_BINDINGS (name);
  if (b == NULL_TREE)
    return NULL_TREE;
  if (scope == NULL_TREE)
    scope = global_namespace;
  if (TREE_CODE (b) != CPLUS_BINDING)
    return (scope == global_namespace) ? b : NULL_TREE;
  name = find_binding (name,scope);
  if (name == NULL_TREE)
    return name;
  return BINDING_VALUE (name);
}

/* Set the binding value for name in scope. If modifying the binding
   of global_namespace is attempted, try to optimize it. */

void
set_namespace_binding (name, scope, val)
     tree name;
     tree scope;
     tree val;
{
  tree b;

  if (scope == NULL_TREE)
    scope = global_namespace;
  
  if (scope == global_namespace)
    {
      b = IDENTIFIER_NAMESPACE_BINDINGS (name);
      if (b == NULL_TREE || TREE_CODE (b) != CPLUS_BINDING)
        {
          IDENTIFIER_NAMESPACE_BINDINGS (name) = val;
          return;
        }
    }
  b = binding_for_name (name, scope);
  BINDING_VALUE (b) = val;
}

/* Push into the scope of the NAME namespace.  If NAME is NULL_TREE, then we
   select a name that is unique to this compilation unit.  */

void
push_namespace (name)
     tree name;
{
  tree d = NULL_TREE;
  int need_new = 1;
  int implicit_use = 0;
  int global = 0;
  if (!global_namespace)
    {
      /* This must be ::. */
      my_friendly_assert (name == get_identifier ("::"), 377);
      global = 1;
    }
  else if (!name)
    {
      /* The name of anonymous namespace is unique for the translation
         unit.  */
      if (!anonymous_namespace_name)
        anonymous_namespace_name = get_file_function_name ('N');
      name = anonymous_namespace_name;
      d = IDENTIFIER_NAMESPACE_VALUE (name);
      if (d)
        /* Reopening anonymous namespace.  */
        need_new = 0;
      implicit_use = 1;
    }
  else if (current_namespace == global_namespace
           && name == DECL_NAME (std_node))
    {
      in_std++;
      return;
    }
  else
    {
      /* Check whether this is an extended namespace definition. */
      d = IDENTIFIER_NAMESPACE_VALUE (name);
      if (d != NULL_TREE && TREE_CODE (d) == NAMESPACE_DECL)
        {
          need_new = 0;
          if (DECL_NAMESPACE_ALIAS (d))
            {
              cp_error ("namespace alias `%D' not allowed here, assuming `%D'",
                        d, DECL_NAMESPACE_ALIAS (d));
              d = DECL_NAMESPACE_ALIAS (d);
            }
        }
    }
  
  if (need_new)
    {
      /* Make a new namespace, binding the name to it. */
      d = build_lang_decl (NAMESPACE_DECL, name, void_type_node);
      /* The global namespace is not pushed, and the global binding
         level is set elsewhere.  */
      if (!global)
        {
          d = pushdecl (d);
          pushlevel (0);
          declare_namespace_level ();
          NAMESPACE_LEVEL (d) = current_binding_level;
        }
    }
  else
    resume_binding_level (NAMESPACE_LEVEL (d));

  if (implicit_use)
    do_using_directive (d);
  /* Enter the name space. */
  current_namespace = d;
}

/* Pop from the scope of the current namespace.  */

void
pop_namespace ()
{
  if (current_namespace == global_namespace)
    {
      my_friendly_assert (in_std>0, 980421);
      in_std--;
      return;
    }
  current_namespace = CP_DECL_CONTEXT (current_namespace);
  /* The binding level is not popped, as it might be re-opened later.  */
  suspend_binding_level ();
}

/* Push into the scope of the namespace NS, even if it is deeply
   nested within another namespace.  */

void
push_nested_namespace (ns)
     tree ns;
{
  if (ns == global_namespace)
    push_to_top_level ();
  else
    {
      push_nested_namespace (CP_DECL_CONTEXT (ns));
      push_namespace (DECL_NAME (ns));
    }
}

/* Pop back from the scope of the namespace NS, which was previously
   entered with push_nested_namespace.  */
     
void
pop_nested_namespace (ns)
     tree ns;
{
  while (ns != global_namespace)
    {
      pop_namespace ();
      ns = CP_DECL_CONTEXT (ns);
    }

  pop_from_top_level ();
}

\f
/* Subroutines for reverting temporarily to top-level for instantiation
   of templates and such.  We actually need to clear out the class- and
   local-value slots of all identifiers, so that only the global values
   are at all visible.  Simply setting current_binding_level to the global
   scope isn't enough, because more binding levels may be pushed.  */
struct saved_scope *scope_chain;

/* Mark ARG (which is really a struct saved_scope **) for GC.  */

static void
mark_saved_scope (arg)
     void *arg;
{
  struct saved_scope *t = *(struct saved_scope **)arg;
  while (t)
    {
      mark_binding_level (&t->class_bindings);
      ggc_mark_tree (t->old_bindings);
      ggc_mark_tree (t->old_namespace);
      ggc_mark_tree (t->class_name);
      ggc_mark_tree (t->class_type);
      ggc_mark_tree (t->access_specifier);
      ggc_mark_tree (t->function_decl);
      if (t->lang_base)
        ggc_mark_tree_varray (t->lang_base);
      ggc_mark_tree (t->lang_name);
      ggc_mark_tree (t->x_function_parms);
      ggc_mark_tree (t->template_parms);
      ggc_mark_tree (t->x_previous_class_type);
      ggc_mark_tree (t->x_previous_class_values);
      mark_binding_level (&t->bindings);
      t = t->prev;
    }
}

static tree
store_bindings (names, old_bindings)
     tree names, old_bindings;
{
  tree t;
  for (t = names; t; t = TREE_CHAIN (t))
    {
      tree binding, t1, id;

      if (TREE_CODE (t) == TREE_LIST)
        id = TREE_PURPOSE (t);
      else
        id = DECL_NAME (t);

      if (!id 
          /* Note that we may have an IDENTIFIER_CLASS_VALUE even when
             we have no IDENTIFIER_BINDING if we have left the class
             scope, but cached the class-level declarations.  */
          || !(IDENTIFIER_BINDING (id) || IDENTIFIER_CLASS_VALUE (id)))
        continue;

      for (t1 = old_bindings; t1; t1 = TREE_CHAIN (t1))
        if (TREE_VEC_ELT (t1, 0) == id)
          goto skip_it;

      binding = make_tree_vec (4);

      if (id)
        {
          my_friendly_assert (TREE_CODE (id) == IDENTIFIER_NODE, 135);
          TREE_VEC_ELT (binding, 0) = id;
          TREE_VEC_ELT (binding, 1) = REAL_IDENTIFIER_TYPE_VALUE (id);
          TREE_VEC_ELT (binding, 2) = IDENTIFIER_BINDING (id);
          TREE_VEC_ELT (binding, 3) = IDENTIFIER_CLASS_VALUE (id);
          IDENTIFIER_BINDING (id) = NULL_TREE;
          IDENTIFIER_CLASS_VALUE (id) = NULL_TREE;
        }
      TREE_CHAIN (binding) = old_bindings;
      old_bindings = binding;
    skip_it:
      ;
    }
  return old_bindings;
}

void
maybe_push_to_top_level (pseudo)
     int pseudo;
{
  struct saved_scope *s;
  struct binding_level *b;
  tree old_bindings;
  int need_pop;

  s = (struct saved_scope *) xcalloc (1, sizeof (struct saved_scope));

  b = scope_chain ? current_binding_level : 0;

  /* If we're in the middle of some function, save our state.  */
  if (current_function)
    {
      need_pop = 1;
      push_function_context_to (NULL_TREE);
    }
  else
    need_pop = 0;

  old_bindings = NULL_TREE;
  if (scope_chain && previous_class_type)
    old_bindings = store_bindings (previous_class_values, old_bindings);

  /* Have to include global_binding_level, because class-level decls
     aren't listed anywhere useful.  */
  for (; b; b = b->level_chain)
    {
      tree t;

      /* Template IDs are inserted into the global level. If they were
         inserted into namespace level, finish_file wouldn't find them
         when doing pending instantiations. Therefore, don't stop at
         namespace level, but continue until :: .  */
      if (b == global_binding_level || (pseudo && b->pseudo_global))
        break;

      old_bindings = store_bindings (b->names, old_bindings);
      /* We also need to check class_shadowed to save class-level type
         bindings, since pushclass doesn't fill in b->names.  */
      if (b->parm_flag == 2)
        old_bindings = store_bindings (b->class_shadowed, old_bindings);

      /* Unwind type-value slots back to top level.  */
      for (t = b->type_shadowed; t; t = TREE_CHAIN (t))
        SET_IDENTIFIER_TYPE_VALUE (TREE_PURPOSE (t), TREE_VALUE (t));
    }
  s->prev = scope_chain;
  s->old_bindings = old_bindings;
  s->bindings = b;
  s->need_pop_function_context = need_pop;
  s->function_decl = current_function_decl;

  scope_chain = s;
  current_function_decl = NULL_TREE;
  VARRAY_TREE_INIT (current_lang_base, 10, "current_lang_base");
  current_lang_stack = &VARRAY_TREE (current_lang_base, 0);
  current_lang_name = lang_name_cplusplus;
  strict_prototype = strict_prototypes_lang_cplusplus;
  current_namespace = global_namespace;

  push_obstacks (&permanent_obstack, &permanent_obstack);
}

void
push_to_top_level ()
{
  maybe_push_to_top_level (0);
}

void
pop_from_top_level ()
{
  struct saved_scope *s = scope_chain;
  tree t;

  /* Clear out class-level bindings cache.  */
  if (previous_class_type)
    invalidate_class_lookup_cache ();

  pop_obstacks ();

  VARRAY_FREE (current_lang_base);

  scope_chain = s->prev;
  for (t = s->old_bindings; t; t = TREE_CHAIN (t))
    {
      tree id = TREE_VEC_ELT (t, 0);
      if (id)
        {
          SET_IDENTIFIER_TYPE_VALUE (id, TREE_VEC_ELT (t, 1));
          IDENTIFIER_BINDING (id) = TREE_VEC_ELT (t, 2);
          IDENTIFIER_CLASS_VALUE (id) = TREE_VEC_ELT (t, 3);
        }
    }

  if (current_lang_name == lang_name_cplusplus)
    strict_prototype = strict_prototypes_lang_cplusplus;
  else if (current_lang_name == lang_name_c)
    strict_prototype = strict_prototypes_lang_c;

  /* If we were in the middle of compiling a function, restore our
     state.  */
  if (s->need_pop_function_context)
    pop_function_context_from (NULL_TREE);
  current_function_decl = s->function_decl;

  free (s);
}
\f
/* Push a definition of struct, union or enum tag "name".
   into binding_level "b".   "type" should be the type node, 
   We assume that the tag "name" is not already defined.

   Note that the definition may really be just a forward reference.
   In that case, the TYPE_SIZE will be a NULL_TREE.

   C++ gratuitously puts all these tags in the name space.  */

/* When setting the IDENTIFIER_TYPE_VALUE field of an identifier ID,
   record the shadowed value for this binding contour.  TYPE is
   the type that ID maps to.  */

static void
set_identifier_type_value_with_scope (id, type, b)
     tree id;
     tree type;
     struct binding_level *b;
{
  if (!b->namespace_p)
    {
      /* Shadow the marker, not the real thing, so that the marker
         gets restored later. */
      tree old_type_value = REAL_IDENTIFIER_TYPE_VALUE (id);
      b->type_shadowed
        = tree_cons (id, old_type_value, b->type_shadowed);
    }
  else
    {
      tree binding = binding_for_name (id, current_namespace);
      BINDING_TYPE (binding) = type;
      /* Store marker instead of real type. */
      type = global_type_node;
    }
  SET_IDENTIFIER_TYPE_VALUE (id, type);
}

/* As set_identifier_type_value_with_scope, but using current_binding_level.  */

void
set_identifier_type_value (id, type)
     tree id;
     tree type;
{
  set_identifier_type_value_with_scope (id, type, current_binding_level);
}

/* Return the type associated with id. */

tree
identifier_type_value (id)
     tree id;
{
  /* There is no type with that name, anywhere. */
  if (REAL_IDENTIFIER_TYPE_VALUE (id) == NULL_TREE)
    return NULL_TREE;
  /* This is not the type marker, but the real thing. */
  if (REAL_IDENTIFIER_TYPE_VALUE (id) != global_type_node)
    return REAL_IDENTIFIER_TYPE_VALUE (id);
  /* Have to search for it. It must be on the global level, now.
     Ask lookup_name not to return non-types. */
  id = lookup_name_real (id, 2, 1, 0);
  if (id)
    return TREE_TYPE (id);
  return NULL_TREE;
}

/* Pop off extraneous binding levels left over due to syntax errors.

   We don't pop past namespaces, as they might be valid.  */

void
pop_everything ()
{
#ifdef DEBUG_CP_BINDING_LEVELS
  fprintf (stderr, "XXX entering pop_everything ()\n");
#endif
  while (!toplevel_bindings_p ())
    {
      if (current_binding_level->parm_flag == 2)
        pop_nested_class ();
      else
        poplevel (0, 0, 0);
    }
#ifdef DEBUG_CP_BINDING_LEVELS
  fprintf (stderr, "XXX leaving pop_everything ()\n");
#endif
}

/* The type TYPE is being declared.  If it is a class template, or a
   specialization of a class template, do any processing required and
   perform error-checking.  If IS_FRIEND is non-zero, this TYPE is
   being declared a friend.  B is the binding level at which this TYPE
   should be bound.

   Returns the TYPE_DECL for TYPE, which may have been altered by this
   processing.  */

static tree 
maybe_process_template_type_declaration (type, globalize, b)
     tree type;
     int globalize;
     struct binding_level* b;
{
  tree decl = TYPE_NAME (type);
 
  if (processing_template_parmlist)
    /* You can't declare a new template type in a template parameter
       list.  But, you can declare a non-template type:
       
         template <class A*> struct S;
       
       is a forward-declaration of `A'.  */
    ;
  else 
    {
      maybe_check_template_type (type);

      my_friendly_assert (IS_AGGR_TYPE (type) 
                          || TREE_CODE (type) == ENUMERAL_TYPE, 0);
                          
                          
      if (processing_template_decl)
        {
          /* This may change after the call to
             push_template_decl_real, but we want the original value.  */
          tree name = DECL_NAME (decl);

          decl = push_template_decl_real (decl, globalize);
          /* If the current binding level is the binding level for the
             template parameters (see the comment in
             begin_template_parm_list) and the enclosing level is a class
             scope, and we're not looking at a friend, push the
             declaration of the member class into the class scope.  In the
             friend case, push_template_decl will already have put the
             friend into global scope, if appropriate.  */
          if (TREE_CODE (type) != ENUMERAL_TYPE
              && !globalize && b->pseudo_global
              && b->level_chain->parm_flag == 2)
            {
              finish_member_declaration (CLASSTYPE_TI_TEMPLATE (type));
              /* Put this tag on the list of tags for the class, since
                 that won't happen below because B is not the class
                 binding level, but is instead the pseudo-global level.  */
              b->level_chain->tags = 
                tree_cons (name, type, b->level_chain->tags);
              if (TYPE_SIZE (current_class_type) == NULL_TREE)
                CLASSTYPE_TAGS (current_class_type) = b->level_chain->tags;
            }
        }
    }

  return decl;
}

/* In C++, you don't have to write `struct S' to refer to `S'; you
   can just use `S'.  We accomplish this by creating a TYPE_DECL as
   if the user had written `typedef struct S S'.  Create and return
   the TYPE_DECL for TYPE.  */

tree
create_implicit_typedef (name, type)
     tree name;
     tree type;
{
  tree decl;

  decl = build_decl (TYPE_DECL, name, type);
  SET_DECL_ARTIFICIAL (decl);
  /* There are other implicit type declarations, like the one *within*
     a class that allows you to write `S::S'.  We must distinguish
     amongst these.  */
  SET_DECL_IMPLICIT_TYPEDEF_P (decl);
  TYPE_NAME (type) = decl;

  return decl;
}

/* Push a tag name NAME for struct/class/union/enum type TYPE.
   Normally put it into the inner-most non-tag-transparent scope,
   but if GLOBALIZE is true, put it in the inner-most non-class scope.
   The latter is needed for implicit declarations.  */

void
pushtag (name, type, globalize)
     tree name, type;
     int globalize;
{
  register struct binding_level *b;

  b = current_binding_level;
  while (b->tag_transparent
         || (globalize && b->parm_flag == 2))
    b = b->level_chain;

  b->tags = tree_cons (name, type, b->tags);

  if (name)
    {
      /* Do C++ gratuitous typedefing.  */
      if (IDENTIFIER_TYPE_VALUE (name) != type)
        {
          register tree d = NULL_TREE;
          int in_class = 0;
          tree context = TYPE_CONTEXT (type);

          if (! context)
            {
              tree cs = current_scope ();

              if (! globalize)
                context = cs;
              else if (cs != NULL_TREE 
                       && TREE_CODE_CLASS (TREE_CODE (cs)) == 't')
                /* When declaring a friend class of a local class, we want
                   to inject the newly named class into the scope
                   containing the local class, not the namespace scope.  */
                context = hack_decl_function_context (get_type_decl (cs));
            }
          if (!context)
            context = current_namespace;

          if ((b->pseudo_global && b->level_chain->parm_flag == 2)
              || b->parm_flag == 2)
            in_class = 1;

          if (current_lang_name == lang_name_java)
            TYPE_FOR_JAVA (type) = 1;

          d = create_implicit_typedef (name, type);
          DECL_CONTEXT (d) = FROB_CONTEXT (context);
          if (! in_class)
            set_identifier_type_value_with_scope (name, type, b);

          d = maybe_process_template_type_declaration (type,
                                                       globalize, b);

          if (b->parm_flag == 2)
            {
              if (!PROCESSING_REAL_TEMPLATE_DECL_P ())
                /* Put this TYPE_DECL on the TYPE_FIELDS list for the
                   class.  But if it's a member template class, we
                   want the TEMPLATE_DECL, not the TYPE_DECL, so this
                   is done later.  */
                finish_member_declaration (d);
              else
                pushdecl_class_level (d);
            }
          else
            d = pushdecl_with_scope (d, b);

          if (ANON_AGGRNAME_P (name))
            DECL_IGNORED_P (d) = 1;

          TYPE_CONTEXT (type) = DECL_CONTEXT (d);
          DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME (d) = DECL_NAME (d);
          if (!uses_template_parms (type))
            DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME (d)
              = get_identifier (build_overload_name (type, 1, 1));
        }
      if (b->parm_flag == 2)
        {
          if (TYPE_SIZE (current_class_type) == NULL_TREE)
            CLASSTYPE_TAGS (current_class_type) = b->tags;
        }
    }

  if (TREE_CODE (TYPE_NAME (type)) == TYPE_DECL)
    /* Use the canonical TYPE_DECL for this node.  */
    TYPE_STUB_DECL (type) = TYPE_NAME (type);
  else
    {
      /* Create a fake NULL-named TYPE_DECL node whose TREE_TYPE
         will be the tagged type we just added to the current
         binding level.  This fake NULL-named TYPE_DECL node helps
         dwarfout.c to know when it needs to output a
         representation of a tagged type, and it also gives us a
         convenient place to record the "scope start" address for
         the tagged type.  */

      tree d = build_decl (TYPE_DECL, NULL_TREE, type);
      TYPE_STUB_DECL (type) = pushdecl_with_scope (d, b);
    }
}

/* Counter used to create anonymous type names.  */

static int anon_cnt = 0;

/* Return an IDENTIFIER which can be used as a name for
   anonymous structs and unions.  */

tree
make_anon_name ()
{
  char buf[32];

  sprintf (buf, ANON_AGGRNAME_FORMAT, anon_cnt++);
  return get_identifier (buf);
}

/* Clear the TREE_PURPOSE slot of tags which have anonymous typenames.
   This keeps dbxout from getting confused.  */

void
clear_anon_tags ()
{
  register struct binding_level *b;
  register tree tags;
  static int last_cnt = 0;

  /* Fast out if no new anon names were declared.  */
  if (last_cnt == anon_cnt)
    return;

  b = current_binding_level;
  while (b->tag_transparent)
    b = b->level_chain;
  tags = b->tags;
  while (tags)
    {
      /* A NULL purpose means we have already processed all tags
         from here to the end of the list.  */
      if (TREE_PURPOSE (tags) == NULL_TREE)
        break;
      if (ANON_AGGRNAME_P (TREE_PURPOSE (tags)))
        TREE_PURPOSE (tags) = NULL_TREE;
      tags = TREE_CHAIN (tags);
    }
  last_cnt = anon_cnt;
}
\f
/* Subroutine of duplicate_decls: return truthvalue of whether
   or not types of these decls match.

   For C++, we must compare the parameter list so that `int' can match
   `int&' in a parameter position, but `int&' is not confused with
   `const int&'.  */

int
decls_match (newdecl, olddecl)
     tree newdecl, olddecl;
{
  int types_match;

  if (newdecl == olddecl)
    return 1;

  if (TREE_CODE (newdecl) != TREE_CODE (olddecl))
    /* If the two DECLs are not even the same kind of thing, we're not
       interested in their types.  */
    return 0;

  if (TREE_CODE (newdecl) == FUNCTION_DECL)
    {
      tree f1 = TREE_TYPE (newdecl);
      tree f2 = TREE_TYPE (olddecl);
      tree p1 = TYPE_ARG_TYPES (f1);
      tree p2 = TYPE_ARG_TYPES (f2);

      if (DECL_REAL_CONTEXT (newdecl) != DECL_REAL_CONTEXT (olddecl)
          && ! (DECL_LANGUAGE (newdecl) == lang_c
                && DECL_LANGUAGE (olddecl) == lang_c))
        return 0;

      /* When we parse a static member function definition,
         we put together a FUNCTION_DECL which thinks its type
         is METHOD_TYPE.  Change that to FUNCTION_TYPE, and
         proceed.  */
      if (TREE_CODE (f1) == METHOD_TYPE && DECL_STATIC_FUNCTION_P (olddecl))
        revert_static_member_fn (&newdecl, &f1, &p1);
      else if (TREE_CODE (f2) == METHOD_TYPE
               && DECL_STATIC_FUNCTION_P (newdecl))
        revert_static_member_fn (&olddecl, &f2, &p2);

      /* Here we must take care of the case where new default
         parameters are specified.  Also, warn if an old
         declaration becomes ambiguous because default
         parameters may cause the two to be ambiguous.  */
      if (TREE_CODE (f1) != TREE_CODE (f2))
        {
          if (TREE_CODE (f1) == OFFSET_TYPE)
            cp_compiler_error ("`%D' redeclared as member function", newdecl);
          else
            cp_compiler_error ("`%D' redeclared as non-member function", newdecl);
          return 0;
        }

      if (same_type_p (TREE_TYPE (f1), TREE_TYPE (f2)))
        {
          if (! strict_prototypes_lang_c && DECL_LANGUAGE (olddecl) == lang_c
              && p2 == NULL_TREE)
            {
              types_match = self_promoting_args_p (p1);
              if (p1 == void_list_node)
                TREE_TYPE (newdecl) = TREE_TYPE (olddecl);
            }
          else if (!strict_prototypes_lang_c && DECL_LANGUAGE (olddecl)==lang_c
                   && DECL_LANGUAGE (newdecl) == lang_c && p1 == NULL_TREE)
            {
              types_match = self_promoting_args_p (p2);
              TREE_TYPE (newdecl) = TREE_TYPE (olddecl);
            }
          else
            types_match = compparms (p1, p2);
        }
      else
        types_match = 0;
    }
  else if (TREE_CODE (newdecl) == TEMPLATE_DECL)
    {
      if (!comp_template_parms (DECL_TEMPLATE_PARMS (newdecl),
                                DECL_TEMPLATE_PARMS (olddecl)))
        return 0;
      
      if (TREE_CODE (DECL_TEMPLATE_RESULT (newdecl)) == TYPE_DECL)
        types_match = 1;
      else
        types_match = decls_match (DECL_TEMPLATE_RESULT (olddecl),
                                   DECL_TEMPLATE_RESULT (newdecl));
    }
  else
    {
      if (TREE_TYPE (newdecl) == error_mark_node)
        types_match = TREE_TYPE (olddecl) == error_mark_node;
      else if (TREE_TYPE (olddecl) == NULL_TREE)
        types_match = TREE_TYPE (newdecl) == NULL_TREE;
      else if (TREE_TYPE (newdecl) == NULL_TREE)
        types_match = 0;
      else
        types_match = comptypes (TREE_TYPE (newdecl),
                                 TREE_TYPE (olddecl),
                                 COMPARE_REDECLARATION);
    }

  return types_match;
}

/* If NEWDECL is `static' and an `extern' was seen previously,
   warn about it.  (OLDDECL may be NULL_TREE; NAME contains
   information about previous usage as an `extern'.)

   Note that this does not apply to the C++ case of declaring
   a variable `extern const' and then later `const'.

   Don't complain about built-in functions, since they are beyond
   the user's control.  */

static void
warn_extern_redeclared_static (newdecl, olddecl)
     tree newdecl, olddecl;
{
  tree name;

  static const char *explicit_extern_static_warning
    = "`%D' was declared `extern' and later `static'";
  static const char *implicit_extern_static_warning
    = "`%D' was declared implicitly `extern' and later `static'";

  if (TREE_CODE (newdecl) == TYPE_DECL)
    return;

  name = DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME (newdecl);
  if (TREE_PUBLIC (name) && DECL_THIS_STATIC (newdecl))
    {
      /* It's okay to redeclare an ANSI built-in function as static,
         or to declare a non-ANSI built-in function as anything.  */
      if (! (TREE_CODE (newdecl) == FUNCTION_DECL
             && olddecl != NULL_TREE
             && TREE_CODE (olddecl) == FUNCTION_DECL
             && DECL_ARTIFICIAL (olddecl)))
        {
          cp_pedwarn (IDENTIFIER_IMPLICIT_DECL (name)
                      ? implicit_extern_static_warning
                      : explicit_extern_static_warning, newdecl);
          if (olddecl != NULL_TREE)
            cp_pedwarn_at ("previous declaration of `%D'", olddecl);
        }
    }
}

/* Handle when a new declaration NEWDECL has the same name as an old
   one OLDDECL in the same binding contour.  Prints an error message
   if appropriate.

   If safely possible, alter OLDDECL to look like NEWDECL, and return 1.
   Otherwise, return 0.  */

int
duplicate_decls (newdecl, olddecl)
     tree newdecl, olddecl;
{
  unsigned olddecl_uid = DECL_UID (olddecl);
  int olddecl_friend = 0, types_match = 0;
  int new_defines_function = 0;

  if (newdecl == olddecl)
    return 1;

  types_match = decls_match (newdecl, olddecl);

  /* If either the type of the new decl or the type of the old decl is an
     error_mark_node, then that implies that we have already issued an
     error (earlier) for some bogus type specification, and in that case,
     it is rather pointless to harass the user with yet more error message
     about the same declaration, so just pretend the types match here.  */
  if (TREE_TYPE (newdecl) == error_mark_node
      || TREE_TYPE (olddecl) == error_mark_node)
    types_match = 1;
 
  /* Check for redeclaration and other discrepancies. */
  if (TREE_CODE (olddecl) == FUNCTION_DECL
      && DECL_ARTIFICIAL (olddecl))
    {
      if (TREE_CODE (newdecl) != FUNCTION_DECL)
        {
          /* If you declare a built-in or predefined function name as static,
             the old definition is overridden, but optionally warn this was a
             bad choice of name.  */
          if (! TREE_PUBLIC (newdecl))
            {
              if (warn_shadow)
                cp_warning ("shadowing %s function `%#D'",
                            DECL_BUILT_IN (olddecl) ? "built-in" : "library",
                            olddecl);
              /* Discard the old built-in function.  */
              return 0;
            }
          /* If the built-in is not ansi, then programs can override
             it even globally without an error.  */
          else if (! DECL_BUILT_IN (olddecl))
            cp_warning ("library function `%#D' redeclared as non-function `%#D'",
                        olddecl, newdecl);
          else
            {
              cp_error ("declaration of `%#D'", newdecl);
              cp_error ("conflicts with built-in declaration `%#D'",
                        olddecl);
            }
          return 0;
        }
      else if (!types_match)
        {
          if ((DECL_LANGUAGE (newdecl) == lang_c
               && DECL_LANGUAGE (olddecl) == lang_c)
              || compparms (TYPE_ARG_TYPES (TREE_TYPE (newdecl)),
                            TYPE_ARG_TYPES (TREE_TYPE (olddecl))))
            {
              /* A near match; override the builtin.  */

              if (TREE_PUBLIC (newdecl))
                {
                  cp_warning ("new declaration `%#D'", newdecl);
                  cp_warning ("ambiguates built-in declaration `%#D'",
                              olddecl);
                }
              else if (warn_shadow)
                cp_warning ("shadowing %s function `%#D'",
                            DECL_BUILT_IN (olddecl) ? "built-in" : "library",
                            olddecl);
            }
          else
            /* Discard the old built-in function.  */
            return 0;
        }
    }
  else if (TREE_CODE (olddecl) != TREE_CODE (newdecl))
    {
      if ((TREE_CODE (olddecl) == TYPE_DECL && DECL_ARTIFICIAL (olddecl)
           && TREE_CODE (newdecl) != TYPE_DECL
           && ! (TREE_CODE (newdecl) == TEMPLATE_DECL
                 && TREE_CODE (DECL_TEMPLATE_RESULT (newdecl)) == TYPE_DECL))
          || (TREE_CODE (newdecl) == TYPE_DECL && DECL_ARTIFICIAL (newdecl)
              && TREE_CODE (olddecl) != TYPE_DECL
              && ! (TREE_CODE (olddecl) == TEMPLATE_DECL
                    && (TREE_CODE (DECL_TEMPLATE_RESULT (olddecl))
                        == TYPE_DECL))))
        {
          /* We do nothing special here, because C++ does such nasty
             things with TYPE_DECLs.  Instead, just let the TYPE_DECL
             get shadowed, and know that if we need to find a TYPE_DECL
             for a given name, we can look in the IDENTIFIER_TYPE_VALUE
             slot of the identifier.  */
          return 0;
        }

      if ((TREE_CODE (newdecl) == FUNCTION_DECL
           && DECL_FUNCTION_TEMPLATE_P (olddecl))
          || (TREE_CODE (olddecl) == FUNCTION_DECL
              && DECL_FUNCTION_TEMPLATE_P (newdecl)))
        return 0;

      cp_error ("`%#D' redeclared as different kind of symbol", newdecl);
      if (TREE_CODE (olddecl) == TREE_LIST)
        olddecl = TREE_VALUE (olddecl);
      cp_error_at ("previous declaration of `%#D'", olddecl);

      /* New decl is completely inconsistent with the old one =>
         tell caller to replace the old one.  */

      return 0;
    }
  else if (!types_match)
    {
      if (DECL_REAL_CONTEXT (newdecl) != DECL_REAL_CONTEXT (olddecl))
        /* These are certainly not duplicate declarations; they're
           from different scopes.  */
        return 0;

      if (TREE_CODE (newdecl) == TEMPLATE_DECL)
        {
          /* The name of a class template may not be declared to refer to
             any other template, class, function, object, namespace, value,
             or type in the same scope.  */
          if (TREE_CODE (DECL_TEMPLATE_RESULT (olddecl)) == TYPE_DECL
              || TREE_CODE (DECL_TEMPLATE_RESULT (newdecl)) == TYPE_DECL)
            {
              cp_error ("declaration of template `%#D'", newdecl);
              cp_error_at ("conflicts with previous declaration `%#D'",
                           olddecl);
            }
          else if (TREE_CODE (DECL_TEMPLATE_RESULT (olddecl)) == FUNCTION_DECL
                   && TREE_CODE (DECL_TEMPLATE_RESULT (newdecl)) == FUNCTION_DECL
                   && compparms (TYPE_ARG_TYPES (TREE_TYPE (DECL_TEMPLATE_RESULT (olddecl))),
                                 TYPE_ARG_TYPES (TREE_TYPE (DECL_TEMPLATE_RESULT (newdecl))))
                   && comp_template_parms (DECL_TEMPLATE_PARMS (newdecl),
                                           DECL_TEMPLATE_PARMS (olddecl)))
            {
              cp_error ("new declaration `%#D'", newdecl);
              cp_error_at ("ambiguates old declaration `%#D'", olddecl);
            }
          return 0;
        }
      if (TREE_CODE (newdecl) == FUNCTION_DECL)
        {
          if (DECL_LANGUAGE (newdecl) == lang_c
              && DECL_LANGUAGE (olddecl) == lang_c)
            {
              cp_error ("declaration of C function `%#D' conflicts with",
                        newdecl);
              cp_error_at ("previous declaration `%#D' here", olddecl);
            }
          else if (compparms (TYPE_ARG_TYPES (TREE_TYPE (newdecl)),
                              TYPE_ARG_TYPES (TREE_TYPE (olddecl))))
            {
              cp_error ("new declaration `%#D'", newdecl);
              cp_error_at ("ambiguates old declaration `%#D'", olddecl);
            }
          else
            return 0;
        }

      /* Already complained about this, so don't do so again.  */
      else if (current_class_type == NULL_TREE
          || IDENTIFIER_ERROR_LOCUS (DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME (newdecl)) != current_class_type)
        {
          cp_error ("conflicting types for `%#D'", newdecl);
          cp_error_at ("previous declaration as `%#D'", olddecl);
        }
    }
  else if (TREE_CODE (newdecl) == FUNCTION_DECL 
            && ((DECL_TEMPLATE_SPECIALIZATION (olddecl)
                 && (!DECL_TEMPLATE_INFO (newdecl)
                     || (DECL_TI_TEMPLATE (newdecl) 
                         != DECL_TI_TEMPLATE (olddecl))))
                || (DECL_TEMPLATE_SPECIALIZATION (newdecl)
                    && (!DECL_TEMPLATE_INFO (olddecl)
                        || (DECL_TI_TEMPLATE (olddecl) 
                            != DECL_TI_TEMPLATE (newdecl))))))
    /* It's OK to have a template specialization and a non-template
       with the same type, or to have specializations of two
       different templates with the same type.  Note that if one is a
       specialization, and the other is an instantiation of the same
       template, that we do not exit at this point.  That situation
       can occur if we instantiate a template class, and then
       specialize one of its methods.  This situation is legal, but
       the declarations must be merged in the usual way.  */
    return 0;
  else if (TREE_CODE (newdecl) == FUNCTION_DECL 
           && ((DECL_TEMPLATE_INSTANTIATION (olddecl) 
                && !DECL_USE_TEMPLATE (newdecl))
               || (DECL_TEMPLATE_INSTANTIATION (newdecl)
                   && !DECL_USE_TEMPLATE (olddecl))))
    /* One of the declarations is a template instantiation, and the
       other is not a template at all.  That's OK.  */
    return 0;
  else if (TREE_CODE (newdecl) == NAMESPACE_DECL
           && DECL_NAMESPACE_ALIAS (newdecl)
           && DECL_NAMESPACE_ALIAS (newdecl) == DECL_NAMESPACE_ALIAS (olddecl))
    /* Redeclaration of namespace alias, ignore it. */
    return 1;
  else
    {
      const char *errmsg = redeclaration_error_message (newdecl, olddecl);
      if (errmsg)
        {
          cp_error (errmsg, newdecl);
          if (DECL_NAME (olddecl) != NULL_TREE)
            cp_error_at ((DECL_INITIAL (olddecl)
                          && namespace_bindings_p ())
                         ? "`%#D' previously defined here"
                         : "`%#D' previously declared here", olddecl);
        }
      else if (TREE_CODE (olddecl) == FUNCTION_DECL
               && DECL_INITIAL (olddecl) != NULL_TREE
               && TYPE_ARG_TYPES (TREE_TYPE (olddecl)) == NULL_TREE
               && TYPE_ARG_TYPES (TREE_TYPE (newdecl)) != NULL_TREE)
        {
          /* Prototype decl follows defn w/o prototype.  */
          cp_warning_at ("prototype for `%#D'", newdecl);
          cp_warning_at ("follows non-prototype definition here", olddecl);
        }
      else if (TREE_CODE (olddecl) == FUNCTION_DECL
               && DECL_LANGUAGE (newdecl) != DECL_LANGUAGE (olddecl))
        {
          /* extern "C" int foo ();
             int foo () { bar (); }
             is OK.  */
          if (current_lang_stack
              == &VARRAY_TREE (current_lang_base, 0))
            DECL_LANGUAGE (newdecl) = DECL_LANGUAGE (olddecl);
          else
            {
              cp_error_at ("previous declaration of `%#D' with %L linkage",
                           olddecl, DECL_LANGUAGE (olddecl));
              cp_error ("conflicts with new declaration with %L linkage",
                        DECL_LANGUAGE (newdecl));
            }
        }

      if (DECL_LANG_SPECIFIC (olddecl) && DECL_USE_TEMPLATE (olddecl))
        ;
      else if (TREE_CODE (olddecl) == FUNCTION_DECL)
        {
          tree t1 = TYPE_ARG_TYPES (TREE_TYPE (olddecl));
          tree t2 = TYPE_ARG_TYPES (TREE_TYPE (newdecl));
          int i = 1;

          if (TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (newdecl)) == METHOD_TYPE)
            t1 = TREE_CHAIN (t1), t2 = TREE_CHAIN (t2);
        
          for (; t1 && t1 != void_list_node;
               t1 = TREE_CHAIN (t1), t2 = TREE_CHAIN (t2), i++)
            if (TREE_PURPOSE (t1) && TREE_PURPOSE (t2))
              {
                if (1 == simple_cst_equal (TREE_PURPOSE (t1),
                                           TREE_PURPOSE (t2)))
                  {
                    if (pedantic)
                      {
                        cp_pedwarn ("default argument given for parameter %d of `%#D'",
                                    i, newdecl);
                        cp_pedwarn_at ("after previous specification in `%#D'",
                                       olddecl);
                      }
                  }
                else
                  {
                    cp_error ("default argument given for parameter %d of `%#D'",
                              i, newdecl);
                    cp_error_at ("after previous specification in `%#D'",
                                 olddecl);
                  }
              }

          if (DECL_THIS_INLINE (newdecl) && ! DECL_THIS_INLINE (olddecl)
              && TREE_ADDRESSABLE (olddecl) && warn_inline)
            {
              cp_warning ("`%#D' was used before it was declared inline",
                          newdecl);
              cp_warning_at ("previous non-inline declaration here",
                             olddecl);
            }
        }
    }

  /* If new decl is `static' and an `extern' was seen previously,
     warn about it.  */
  warn_extern_redeclared_static (newdecl, olddecl);

  /* We have committed to returning 1 at this point.  */
  if (TREE_CODE (newdecl) == FUNCTION_DECL)
    {
      /* Now that functions must hold information normally held
         by field decls, there is extra work to do so that
         declaration information does not get destroyed during
         definition.  */
      if (DECL_VINDEX (olddecl))
        DECL_VINDEX (newdecl) = DECL_VINDEX (olddecl);
      if (DECL_CONTEXT (olddecl))
        DECL_CONTEXT (newdecl) = DECL_CONTEXT (olddecl);
      if (DECL_CLASS_CONTEXT (olddecl))
        DECL_CLASS_CONTEXT (newdecl) = DECL_CLASS_CONTEXT (olddecl);
      if (DECL_PENDING_INLINE_INFO (newdecl) == (struct pending_inline *)0)
        DECL_PENDING_INLINE_INFO (newdecl) = DECL_PENDING_INLINE_INFO (olddecl);
      DECL_STATIC_CONSTRUCTOR (newdecl) |= DECL_STATIC_CONSTRUCTOR (olddecl);
      DECL_STATIC_DESTRUCTOR (newdecl) |= DECL_STATIC_DESTRUCTOR (olddecl);
      DECL_ABSTRACT_VIRTUAL_P (newdecl) |= DECL_ABSTRACT_VIRTUAL_P (olddecl);
      DECL_VIRTUAL_P (newdecl) |= DECL_VIRTUAL_P (olddecl);
      DECL_NEEDS_FINAL_OVERRIDER_P (newdecl) |= DECL_NEEDS_FINAL_OVERRIDER_P (olddecl);
      new_defines_function = DECL_INITIAL (newdecl) != NULL_TREE;
      
      /* Optionally warn about more than one declaration for the same
         name, but don't warn about a function declaration followed by a
         definition.  */
      if (warn_redundant_decls && ! DECL_ARTIFICIAL (olddecl)
          && !(new_defines_function && DECL_INITIAL (olddecl) == NULL_TREE)
          /* Don't warn about extern decl followed by definition. */
          && !(DECL_EXTERNAL (olddecl) && ! DECL_EXTERNAL (newdecl))
          /* Don't warn about friends, let add_friend take care of it. */
          && ! DECL_FRIEND_P (newdecl))
        {
          cp_warning ("redundant redeclaration of `%D' in same scope", newdecl);
          cp_warning_at ("previous declaration of `%D'", olddecl);
        }
    }

  /* Deal with C++: must preserve virtual function table size.  */
  if (TREE_CODE (olddecl) == TYPE_DECL)
    {
      register tree newtype = TREE_TYPE (newdecl);
      register tree oldtype = TREE_TYPE (olddecl);

      if (newtype != error_mark_node && oldtype != error_mark_node
          && TYPE_LANG_SPECIFIC (newtype) && TYPE_LANG_SPECIFIC (oldtype))
        {
          CLASSTYPE_VSIZE (newtype) = CLASSTYPE_VSIZE (oldtype);
          CLASSTYPE_FRIEND_CLASSES (newtype)
            = CLASSTYPE_FRIEND_CLASSES (oldtype);
        }
    }

  /* Copy all the DECL_... slots specified in the new decl
     except for any that we copy here from the old type.  */
  DECL_MACHINE_ATTRIBUTES (newdecl) 
    = merge_machine_decl_attributes (olddecl, newdecl);

  if (TREE_CODE (newdecl) == TEMPLATE_DECL)
    {
      if (! duplicate_decls (DECL_TEMPLATE_RESULT (newdecl),
                             DECL_TEMPLATE_RESULT (olddecl)))
        cp_error ("invalid redeclaration of %D", newdecl);
      TREE_TYPE (olddecl) = TREE_TYPE (DECL_TEMPLATE_RESULT (olddecl));
      DECL_TEMPLATE_SPECIALIZATIONS (olddecl) 
        = chainon (DECL_TEMPLATE_SPECIALIZATIONS (olddecl),
                   DECL_TEMPLATE_SPECIALIZATIONS (newdecl));
 
      return 1;
    }
    
  if (types_match)
    {
      /* Automatically handles default parameters.  */
      tree oldtype = TREE_TYPE (olddecl);
      tree newtype;

      /* Make sure we put the new type in the same obstack as the old one.  */
      if (oldtype)
        push_obstacks (TYPE_OBSTACK (oldtype), TYPE_OBSTACK (oldtype));
      else
        push_permanent_obstack ();

      /* Merge the data types specified in the two decls.  */
      newtype = common_type (TREE_TYPE (newdecl), TREE_TYPE (olddecl));

      if (TREE_CODE (newdecl) == VAR_DECL)
        DECL_THIS_EXTERN (newdecl) |= DECL_THIS_EXTERN (olddecl);
      /* Do this after calling `common_type' so that default
         parameters don't confuse us.  */
      else if (TREE_CODE (newdecl) == FUNCTION_DECL
          && (TYPE_RAISES_EXCEPTIONS (TREE_TYPE (newdecl))
              != TYPE_RAISES_EXCEPTIONS (TREE_TYPE (olddecl))))
        {
          TREE_TYPE (newdecl) = build_exception_variant (newtype,
                                                         TYPE_RAISES_EXCEPTIONS (TREE_TYPE (newdecl)));
          TREE_TYPE (olddecl) = build_exception_variant (newtype,
                                                         TYPE_RAISES_EXCEPTIONS (oldtype));

          if ((pedantic || ! DECL_IN_SYSTEM_HEADER (olddecl))
              && DECL_SOURCE_LINE (olddecl) != 0
              && flag_exceptions
              && !comp_except_specs (TYPE_RAISES_EXCEPTIONS (TREE_TYPE (newdecl)),
                                     TYPE_RAISES_EXCEPTIONS (TREE_TYPE (olddecl)), 1))
            {
              cp_error ("declaration of `%F' throws different exceptions",
                        newdecl);
              cp_error_at ("to previous declaration `%F'", olddecl);
            }
        }
      TREE_TYPE (newdecl) = TREE_TYPE (olddecl) = newtype;

      /* Lay the type out, unless already done.  */
      if (! same_type_p (newtype, oldtype)
          && TREE_TYPE (newdecl) != error_mark_node
          && !(processing_template_decl && uses_template_parms (newdecl)))
        layout_type (TREE_TYPE (newdecl));

      if ((TREE_CODE (newdecl) == VAR_DECL
           || TREE_CODE (newdecl) == PARM_DECL
           || TREE_CODE (newdecl) == RESULT_DECL
           || TREE_CODE (newdecl) == FIELD_DECL
           || TREE_CODE (newdecl) == TYPE_DECL)
          && !(processing_template_decl && uses_template_parms (newdecl)))
        layout_decl (newdecl, 0);

      /* Merge the type qualifiers.  */
      if (TREE_READONLY (newdecl))
        TREE_READONLY (olddecl) = 1;
      if (TREE_THIS_VOLATILE (newdecl))
        TREE_THIS_VOLATILE (olddecl) = 1;

      /* Merge the initialization information.  */
      if (DECL_INITIAL (newdecl) == NULL_TREE
          && DECL_INITIAL (olddecl) != NULL_TREE)
        {
          DECL_INITIAL (newdecl) = DECL_INITIAL (olddecl);
          DECL_SOURCE_FILE (newdecl) = DECL_SOURCE_FILE (olddecl);
          DECL_SOURCE_LINE (newdecl) = DECL_SOURCE_LINE (olddecl);
          if (CAN_HAVE_FULL_LANG_DECL_P (newdecl)
              && DECL_LANG_SPECIFIC (newdecl)
              && DECL_LANG_SPECIFIC (olddecl))
            DECL_SAVED_TREE (newdecl) = DECL_SAVED_TREE (olddecl);
        }

      /* Merge the section attribute.
         We want to issue an error if the sections conflict but that must be
         done later in decl_attributes since we are called before attributes
         are assigned.  */
      if (DECL_SECTION_NAME (newdecl) == NULL_TREE)
        DECL_SECTION_NAME (newdecl) = DECL_SECTION_NAME (olddecl);

      /* Keep the old rtl since we can safely use it, unless it's the
         call to abort() used for abstract virtuals.  */
      if ((DECL_LANG_SPECIFIC (olddecl)
           && !DECL_ABSTRACT_VIRTUAL_P (olddecl))
          || DECL_RTL (olddecl) != DECL_RTL (abort_fndecl))
        DECL_RTL (newdecl) = DECL_RTL (olddecl);

      pop_obstacks ();
    }
  /* If cannot merge, then use the new type and qualifiers,
     and don't preserve the old rtl.  */
  else
    {
      /* Clean out any memory we had of the old declaration.  */
      tree oldstatic = value_member (olddecl, static_aggregates);
      if (oldstatic)
        TREE_VALUE (oldstatic) = error_mark_node;

      TREE_TYPE (olddecl) = TREE_TYPE (newdecl);
      TREE_READONLY (olddecl) = TREE_READONLY (newdecl);
      TREE_THIS_VOLATILE (olddecl) = TREE_THIS_VOLATILE (newdecl);
      TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS (olddecl) = TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS (newdecl);
    }

  /* Merge the storage class information.  */
  DECL_WEAK (newdecl) |= DECL_WEAK (olddecl);
  DECL_ONE_ONLY (newdecl) |= DECL_ONE_ONLY (olddecl);
  TREE_PUBLIC (newdecl) = TREE_PUBLIC (olddecl);
  TREE_STATIC (olddecl) = TREE_STATIC (newdecl) |= TREE_STATIC (olddecl);
  if (! DECL_EXTERNAL (olddecl))
    DECL_EXTERNAL (newdecl) = 0;
  
  if (DECL_LANG_SPECIFIC (newdecl) && DECL_LANG_SPECIFIC (olddecl))
    {
      DECL_INTERFACE_KNOWN (newdecl) |= DECL_INTERFACE_KNOWN (olddecl);
      DECL_NOT_REALLY_EXTERN (newdecl) |= DECL_NOT_REALLY_EXTERN (olddecl);
      DECL_COMDAT (newdecl) |= DECL_COMDAT (olddecl);
      DECL_TEMPLATE_INSTANTIATED (newdecl) 
        |= DECL_TEMPLATE_INSTANTIATED (olddecl);
      /* Don't really know how much of the language-specific
         values we should copy from old to new.  */
      DECL_IN_AGGR_P (newdecl) = DECL_IN_AGGR_P (olddecl);
      DECL_ACCESS (newdecl) = DECL_ACCESS (olddecl);
      DECL_NONCONVERTING_P (newdecl) = DECL_NONCONVERTING_P (olddecl);
      DECL_TEMPLATE_INFO (newdecl) = DECL_TEMPLATE_INFO (olddecl);
      olddecl_friend = DECL_FRIEND_P (olddecl);

      /* Only functions have DECL_BEFRIENDING_CLASSES.  */
      if (TREE_CODE (newdecl) == FUNCTION_DECL
          || DECL_FUNCTION_TEMPLATE_P (newdecl))
        DECL_BEFRIENDING_CLASSES (newdecl)
          = chainon (DECL_BEFRIENDING_CLASSES (newdecl),
                     DECL_BEFRIENDING_CLASSES (olddecl));
    }

  if (TREE_CODE (newdecl) == FUNCTION_DECL)
    {
      if (DECL_TEMPLATE_INSTANTIATION (olddecl) 
          && !DECL_TEMPLATE_INSTANTIATION (newdecl)) 
        {
          /* If newdecl is not a specialization, then it is not a
             template-related function at all.  And that means that we
             shoud have exited above, returning 0.  */
          my_friendly_assert (DECL_TEMPLATE_SPECIALIZATION (newdecl),
                              0);

          if (TREE_USED (olddecl)) 
            /* From [temp.expl.spec]:
               
               If a template, a member template or the member of a class
               template is explicitly specialized then that
               specialization shall be declared before the first use of
               that specialization that would cause an implicit
               instantiation to take place, in every translation unit in
               which such a use occurs.  */
            cp_error ("explicit specialization of %D after first use", 
                      olddecl);

          SET_DECL_TEMPLATE_SPECIALIZATION (olddecl);
        }
      DECL_THIS_INLINE (newdecl) |= DECL_THIS_INLINE (olddecl);

      /* If either decl says `inline', this fn is inline, unless its
         definition was passed already.  */
      if (DECL_INLINE (newdecl) && DECL_INITIAL (olddecl) == NULL_TREE)
        DECL_INLINE (olddecl) = 1;
      DECL_INLINE (newdecl) = DECL_INLINE (olddecl);

      if (! types_match)
        {
          DECL_LANGUAGE (olddecl) = DECL_LANGUAGE (newdecl);
          DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME (olddecl) = DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME (newdecl);
          DECL_RTL (olddecl) = DECL_RTL (newdecl);
        }
      if (! types_match || new_defines_function)
        {
          /* These need to be copied so that the names are available.
             Note that if the types do match, we'll preserve inline
             info and other bits, but if not, we won't.  */
          DECL_ARGUMENTS (olddecl) = DECL_ARGUMENTS (newdecl);
          DECL_RESULT (olddecl) = DECL_RESULT (newdecl);
        }
      if (new_defines_function)
        /* If defining a function declared with other language
           linkage, use the previously declared language linkage.  */
        DECL_LANGUAGE (newdecl) = DECL_LANGUAGE (olddecl);
      else if (types_match)
        {
          /* If redeclaring a builtin function, and not a definition,
             it stays built in.  */
          if (DECL_BUILT_IN (olddecl))
            {
              DECL_BUILT_IN (newdecl) = 1;
              DECL_FUNCTION_CODE (newdecl) = DECL_FUNCTION_CODE (olddecl);
              /* If we're keeping the built-in definition, keep the rtl,
                 regardless of declaration matches.  */
              DECL_RTL (newdecl) = DECL_RTL (olddecl);
            }
          else
            DECL_FRAME_SIZE (newdecl) = DECL_FRAME_SIZE (olddecl);

          DECL_RESULT (newdecl) = DECL_RESULT (olddecl);
          if ((DECL_SAVED_INSNS (newdecl) = DECL_SAVED_INSNS (olddecl)))
            /* Previously saved insns go together with
               the function's previous definition.  */
            DECL_INITIAL (newdecl) = DECL_INITIAL (olddecl);
          /* Don't clear out the arguments if we're redefining a function.  */
          if (DECL_ARGUMENTS (olddecl))
            DECL_ARGUMENTS (newdecl) = DECL_ARGUMENTS (olddecl);
        }
      if (DECL_LANG_SPECIFIC (olddecl))
        DECL_MAIN_VARIANT (newdecl) = DECL_MAIN_VARIANT (olddecl);
    }

  if (TREE_CODE (newdecl) == NAMESPACE_DECL)
    {
      NAMESPACE_LEVEL (newdecl) = NAMESPACE_LEVEL (olddecl);
    }

  /* Now preserve various other info from the definition.  */
  TREE_ADDRESSABLE (newdecl) = TREE_ADDRESSABLE (olddecl);
  TREE_ASM_WRITTEN (newdecl) = TREE_ASM_WRITTEN (olddecl);
  DECL_COMMON (newdecl) = DECL_COMMON (olddecl);
  DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME (newdecl) = DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME (olddecl);

  if (TREE_CODE (newdecl) == FUNCTION_DECL)
    {
      int function_size;

      function_size = sizeof (struct tree_decl);

      bcopy ((char *) newdecl + sizeof (struct tree_common),
             (char *) olddecl + sizeof (struct tree_common),
             function_size - sizeof (struct tree_common));

      if (DECL_TEMPLATE_INSTANTIATION (newdecl))
        {
          /* If newdecl is a template instantiation, it is possible that
             the following sequence of events has occurred:

             o A friend function was declared in a class template.  The
             class template was instantiated.  

             o The instantiation of the friend declaration was 
             recorded on the instantiation list, and is newdecl.  

             o Later, however, instantiate_class_template called pushdecl
             on the newdecl to perform name injection.  But, pushdecl in
             turn called duplicate_decls when it discovered that another
             declaration of a global function with the same name already
             existed. 

             o Here, in duplicate_decls, we decided to clobber newdecl.

             If we're going to do that, we'd better make sure that
             olddecl, and not newdecl, is on the list of
             instantiations so that if we try to do the instantiation
             again we won't get the clobbered declaration.  */

          tree tmpl = DECL_TI_TEMPLATE (newdecl); 
          tree decls = DECL_TEMPLATE_SPECIALIZATIONS (tmpl); 

          for (; decls; decls = TREE_CHAIN (decls))
            if (TREE_VALUE (decls) == newdecl)
              TREE_VALUE (decls) = olddecl;
        }
    }
  else
    {
      bcopy ((char *) newdecl + sizeof (struct tree_common),
             (char *) olddecl + sizeof (struct tree_common),
             sizeof (struct tree_decl) - sizeof (struct tree_common)
             + tree_code_length [(int)TREE_CODE (newdecl)] * sizeof (char *));
    }

  DECL_UID (olddecl) = olddecl_uid;
  if (olddecl_friend)
    DECL_FRIEND_P (olddecl) = 1;

  /* NEWDECL contains the merged attribute lists.
     Update OLDDECL to be the same.  */
  DECL_MACHINE_ATTRIBUTES (olddecl) = DECL_MACHINE_ATTRIBUTES (newdecl);

  return 1;
}

/* Record a decl-node X as belonging to the current lexical scope.
   Check for errors (such as an incompatible declaration for the same
   name already seen in the same scope).

   Returns either X or an old decl for the same name.
   If an old decl is returned, it may have been smashed
   to agree with what X says.  */

tree
pushdecl (x)
     tree x;
{
  register tree t;
  register tree name = DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME (x);
  int need_new_binding = 1;

  if (DECL_TEMPLATE_PARM_P (x))
    /* Template parameters have no context; they are not X::T even
       when declared within a class or namespace.  */
    ;
  else
    {
      if (current_function_decl && x != current_function_decl
          /* A local declaration for a function doesn't constitute
             nesting.  */
          && (TREE_CODE (x) != FUNCTION_DECL || DECL_INITIAL (x))
          /* Don't change DECL_CONTEXT of virtual methods.  */
          && (TREE_CODE (x) != FUNCTION_DECL || !DECL_VIRTUAL_P (x))
          && !DECL_CONTEXT (x))
        DECL_CONTEXT (x) = current_function_decl;
      if (!DECL_CONTEXT (x))
        DECL_CONTEXT (x) = FROB_CONTEXT (current_namespace);
    }

  /* Type are looked up using the DECL_NAME, as that is what the rest of the
     compiler wants to use.  */
  if (TREE_CODE (x) == TYPE_DECL || TREE_CODE (x) == VAR_DECL
      || TREE_CODE (x) == NAMESPACE_DECL)
    name = DECL_NAME (x);

  if (name)
    {
#if 0
      /* Not needed...see below.  */
      char *file;
      int line;
#endif
      if (TREE_CODE (name) == TEMPLATE_ID_EXPR)
        name = TREE_OPERAND (name, 0);
      
      /* Namespace-scoped variables are not found in the current level. */
      if (TREE_CODE (x) == VAR_DECL && DECL_NAMESPACE_SCOPE_P (x))
        t = namespace_binding (name, DECL_CONTEXT (x));
      else
        t = lookup_name_current_level (name);
      if (t == error_mark_node)
        {
          /* error_mark_node is 0 for a while during initialization!  */
          t = NULL_TREE;
          cp_error_at ("`%#D' used prior to declaration", x);
        }

      else if (t != NULL_TREE)
        {
#if 0
          /* This is turned off until I have time to do it right (bpk).  */
          /* With the code below that uses it...  */
          file = DECL_SOURCE_FILE (t);
          line = DECL_SOURCE_LINE (t);
#endif
          if (TREE_CODE (t) == PARM_DECL)
            {
              if (DECL_CONTEXT (t) == NULL_TREE)
                fatal ("parse errors have confused me too much");

              /* Check for duplicate params.  */
              if (duplicate_decls (x, t))
                return t;
            }
          else if (((TREE_CODE (x) == FUNCTION_DECL && DECL_LANGUAGE (x) == lang_c)
                    || DECL_FUNCTION_TEMPLATE_P (x))
                   && is_overloaded_fn (t))
            /* Don't do anything just yet. */;
          else if (t == wchar_decl_node)
            {
              if (pedantic && ! DECL_IN_SYSTEM_HEADER (x))
                cp_pedwarn ("redeclaration of wchar_t as `%T'", TREE_TYPE (x));

              /* Throw away the redeclaration.  */
              return t;
            }
          else if (TREE_CODE (t) != TREE_CODE (x))
            {
              if (duplicate_decls (x, t))
                return t;
            }
          else if (duplicate_decls (x, t))
            {
#if 0
              /* This is turned off until I have time to do it right (bpk).  */

              /* Also warn if they did a prototype with `static' on it, but
                 then later left the `static' off.  */
              if (! TREE_PUBLIC (name) && TREE_PUBLIC (x))
                {
                  if (DECL_LANG_SPECIFIC (t) && DECL_FRIEND_P (t))
                    return t;

                  if (extra_warnings)
                    {
                      cp_warning ("`static' missing from declaration of `%D'",
                                  t);
                      warning_with_file_and_line (file, line,
                                                  "previous declaration of `%s'",
                                                  decl_as_string (t, 0));
                    }

                  /* Now fix things so it'll do what they expect.  */
                  if (current_function_decl)
                    TREE_PUBLIC (current_function_decl) = 0;
                }
              /* Due to interference in memory reclamation (X may be
                 obstack-deallocated at this point), we must guard against
                 one really special case.  [jason: This should be handled
                 by start_function]  */
              if (current_function_decl == x)
                current_function_decl = t;
#endif
              if (TREE_CODE (t) == TYPE_DECL)
                SET_IDENTIFIER_TYPE_VALUE (name, TREE_TYPE (t));
              else if (TREE_CODE (t) == FUNCTION_DECL)
                check_default_args (t);

              return t;
            }
          else if (DECL_MAIN_P (x))
            {
              /* A redeclaration of main, but not a duplicate of the
                 previous one. 

                 [basic.start.main]

                 This function shall not be overloaded.  */
              cp_error_at ("invalid redeclaration of `%D'", t);
              cp_error ("as `%D'", x);
              /* We don't try to push this declaration since that
                 causes a crash.  */
              return x;
            }
        }

      check_template_shadow (x);

      /* If this is a function conjured up by the backend, massage it
         so it looks friendly.  */
      if (TREE_CODE (x) == FUNCTION_DECL
          && ! DECL_LANG_SPECIFIC (x))
        {
          retrofit_lang_decl (x);
          DECL_LANGUAGE (x) = lang_c;
        }

      if (TREE_CODE (x) == FUNCTION_DECL && ! DECL_FUNCTION_MEMBER_P (x))
        {
          t = push_overloaded_decl (x, PUSH_LOCAL);
          if (t != x || DECL_LANGUAGE (x) == lang_c)
            return t;
          if (!namespace_bindings_p ())
            /* We do not need to create a binding for this name;
               push_overloaded_decl will have already done so if
               necessary.  */
            need_new_binding = 0;
        }
      else if (DECL_FUNCTION_TEMPLATE_P (x) && DECL_NAMESPACE_SCOPE_P (x))
        {
          t = push_overloaded_decl (x, PUSH_GLOBAL);
          if (t == x)
            add_decl_to_level (x, NAMESPACE_LEVEL (CP_DECL_CONTEXT (t)));
          return t;
        }

      /* If declaring a type as a typedef, copy the type (unless we're
         at line 0), and install this TYPE_DECL as the new type's typedef
         name.  See the extensive comment in ../c-decl.c (pushdecl). */
      if (TREE_CODE (x) == TYPE_DECL)
        {
          tree type = TREE_TYPE (x);
          if (DECL_SOURCE_LINE (x) == 0)
            {
              if (TYPE_NAME (type) == 0)
                TYPE_NAME (type) = x;
            }
          else if (type != error_mark_node && TYPE_NAME (type) != x
                   /* We don't want to copy the type when all we're
                      doing is making a TYPE_DECL for the purposes of
                      inlining.  */
                   && (!TYPE_NAME (type) 
                       || TYPE_NAME (type) != DECL_ABSTRACT_ORIGIN (x)))
            {
              push_obstacks (TYPE_OBSTACK (type), TYPE_OBSTACK (type));

              DECL_ORIGINAL_TYPE (x) = type;
              type = build_type_copy (type);
              TYPE_STUB_DECL (type) = TYPE_STUB_DECL (DECL_ORIGINAL_TYPE (x));
              TYPE_NAME (type) = x;
              TREE_TYPE (x) = type;

              pop_obstacks ();
            }

          if (type != error_mark_node
              && TYPE_NAME (type)
              && TYPE_IDENTIFIER (type))
            set_identifier_type_value_with_scope (DECL_NAME (x), type, 
                                                  current_binding_level);

        }

      /* Multiple external decls of the same identifier ought to match.

         We get warnings about inline functions where they are defined.
         We get warnings about other functions from push_overloaded_decl.
         
         Avoid duplicate warnings where they are used.  */
      if (TREE_PUBLIC (x) && TREE_CODE (x) != FUNCTION_DECL)
        {
          tree decl;

          if (IDENTIFIER_NAMESPACE_VALUE (name) != NULL_TREE
              && (DECL_EXTERNAL (IDENTIFIER_NAMESPACE_VALUE (name))
                  || TREE_PUBLIC (IDENTIFIER_NAMESPACE_VALUE (name))))
            decl = IDENTIFIER_NAMESPACE_VALUE (name);
          else
            decl = NULL_TREE;

          if (decl
              /* If different sort of thing, we already gave an error.  */
              && TREE_CODE (decl) == TREE_CODE (x)
              && !same_type_p (TREE_TYPE (x), TREE_TYPE (decl)))
            {
              cp_pedwarn ("type mismatch with previous external decl", x);
              cp_pedwarn_at ("previous external decl of `%#D'", decl);
            }
        }

      /* This name is new in its binding level.
         Install the new declaration and return it.  */
      if (namespace_bindings_p ())
        {
          /* Install a global value.  */

          /* If the first global decl has external linkage,
             warn if we later see static one.  */
          if (IDENTIFIER_GLOBAL_VALUE (name) == NULL_TREE && TREE_PUBLIC (x))
            TREE_PUBLIC (name) = 1;

          if (!(TREE_CODE (x) == TYPE_DECL && DECL_ARTIFICIAL (x)
                && t != NULL_TREE))
            {
              if (TREE_CODE (x) == FUNCTION_DECL)
                my_friendly_assert 
                  ((IDENTIFIER_GLOBAL_VALUE (name) == NULL_TREE)
                  || (IDENTIFIER_GLOBAL_VALUE (name) == x), 378);
              SET_IDENTIFIER_NAMESPACE_VALUE (name, x);
            }

          /* Don't forget if the function was used via an implicit decl.  */
          if (IDENTIFIER_IMPLICIT_DECL (name)
              && TREE_USED (IDENTIFIER_IMPLICIT_DECL (name)))
            TREE_USED (x) = 1;

          /* Don't forget if its address was taken in that way.  */
          if (IDENTIFIER_IMPLICIT_DECL (name)
              && TREE_ADDRESSABLE (IDENTIFIER_IMPLICIT_DECL (name)))
            TREE_ADDRESSABLE (x) = 1;

          /* Warn about mismatches against previous implicit decl.  */
          if (IDENTIFIER_IMPLICIT_DECL (name) != NULL_TREE
              /* If this real decl matches the implicit, don't complain.  */
              && ! (TREE_CODE (x) == FUNCTION_DECL
                    && TREE_TYPE (TREE_TYPE (x)) == integer_type_node))
            cp_warning
              ("`%D' was previously implicitly declared to return `int'", x);

          /* If new decl is `static' and an `extern' was seen previously,
             warn about it.  */
          if (x != NULL_TREE && t != NULL_TREE && decls_match (x, t))
            warn_extern_redeclared_static (x, t);
        }
      else
        {
          /* Here to install a non-global value.  */
          tree oldlocal = IDENTIFIER_VALUE (name);
          tree oldglobal = IDENTIFIER_NAMESPACE_VALUE (name);

          if (need_new_binding)
            {
              push_local_binding (name, x, 0);
              /* Because push_local_binding will hook X on to the
                 current_binding_level's name list, we don't want to
                 do that again below.  */
              need_new_binding = 0;
            }

          /* If this is a TYPE_DECL, push it into the type value slot.  */
          if (TREE_CODE (x) == TYPE_DECL)
            set_identifier_type_value_with_scope (name, TREE_TYPE (x), 
                                                  current_binding_level);

          /* Clear out any TYPE_DECL shadowed by a namespace so that
             we won't think this is a type.  The C struct hack doesn't
             go through namespaces.  */
          if (TREE_CODE (x) == NAMESPACE_DECL)
            set_identifier_type_value_with_scope (name, NULL_TREE, 
                                                  current_binding_level);

          /* If this is an extern function declaration, see if we
             have a global definition or declaration for the function.  */
          if (oldlocal == NULL_TREE
              && DECL_EXTERNAL (x)
              && oldglobal != NULL_TREE
              && TREE_CODE (x) == FUNCTION_DECL
              && TREE_CODE (oldglobal) == FUNCTION_DECL)
            {
              /* We have one.  Their types must agree.  */
              if (decls_match (x, oldglobal))
                /* OK */;
              else
                {
                  cp_warning ("extern declaration of `%#D' doesn't match", x);
                  cp_warning_at ("global declaration `%#D'", oldglobal);
                }
            }
          /* If we have a local external declaration,
             and no file-scope declaration has yet been seen,
             then if we later have a file-scope decl it must not be static.  */
          if (oldlocal == NULL_TREE
              && oldglobal == NULL_TREE
              && DECL_EXTERNAL (x)
              && TREE_PUBLIC (x))
            TREE_PUBLIC (name) = 1;

          if (DECL_FROM_INLINE (x))
            /* Inline decls shadow nothing.  */;

          /* Warn if shadowing an argument at the top level of the body.  */
          else if (oldlocal != NULL_TREE && !DECL_EXTERNAL (x)
                   && TREE_CODE (oldlocal) == PARM_DECL
                   /* Don't complain if it's from an enclosing function.  */
                   && DECL_CONTEXT (oldlocal) == current_function_decl
                   && TREE_CODE (x) != PARM_DECL)
            {
              /* Go to where the parms should be and see if we
                 find them there.  */
              struct binding_level *b = current_binding_level->level_chain;

              if (cleanup_label)
                b = b->level_chain;

              /* ARM $8.3 */
              if (b->parm_flag == 1)
                cp_error ("declaration of `%#D' shadows a parameter", name);
            }
          else if (warn_shadow && oldlocal != NULL_TREE
                   && current_binding_level->is_for_scope
                   && !DECL_DEAD_FOR_LOCAL (oldlocal))
            {
              warning ("variable `%s' shadows local",
                       IDENTIFIER_POINTER (name));
              cp_warning_at ("  this is the shadowed declaration", oldlocal);
            }              
          /* Maybe warn if shadowing something else.  */
          else if (warn_shadow && !DECL_EXTERNAL (x)
                   /* No shadow warnings for internally generated vars.  */
                   && ! DECL_ARTIFICIAL (x)
                   /* No shadow warnings for vars made for inlining.  */
                   && ! DECL_FROM_INLINE (x))
            {
              const char *warnstring = NULL;

              if (oldlocal != NULL_TREE && TREE_CODE (oldlocal) == PARM_DECL)
                warnstring = "declaration of `%s' shadows a parameter";
              else if (IDENTIFIER_CLASS_VALUE (name) != NULL_TREE
                       && current_class_ptr
                       && !TREE_STATIC (name))
                warnstring = "declaration of `%s' shadows a member of `this'";
              else if (oldlocal != NULL_TREE)
                warnstring = "declaration of `%s' shadows previous local";
              else if (oldglobal != NULL_TREE)
                /* XXX shadow warnings in outer-more namespaces */
                warnstring = "declaration of `%s' shadows global declaration";

              if (warnstring)
                warning (warnstring, IDENTIFIER_POINTER (name));
            }
        }

      if (TREE_CODE (x) == FUNCTION_DECL)
        check_default_args (x);

      /* Keep count of variables in this level with incomplete type.  */
      if (TREE_CODE (x) == VAR_DECL
          && TREE_TYPE (x) != error_mark_node
          && ((TYPE_SIZE (TREE_TYPE (x)) == NULL_TREE
               && PROMOTES_TO_AGGR_TYPE (TREE_TYPE (x), ARRAY_TYPE))
              /* RTTI TD entries are created while defining the type_info.  */
              || (TYPE_LANG_SPECIFIC (TREE_TYPE (x))
                  && TYPE_BEING_DEFINED (TREE_TYPE (x)))))
        current_binding_level->incomplete 
          = tree_cons (NULL_TREE, x, current_binding_level->incomplete);
    }

  if (need_new_binding)
    add_decl_to_level (x, current_binding_level);

  return x;
}

/* Same as pushdecl, but define X in binding-level LEVEL.  We rely on the
   caller to set DECL_CONTEXT properly.  */

static tree
pushdecl_with_scope (x, level)
     tree x;
     struct binding_level *level;
{
  register struct binding_level *b;
  tree function_decl = current_function_decl;

  current_function_decl = NULL_TREE;
  if (level->parm_flag == 2)
    {
      b = class_binding_level;
      class_binding_level = level;
      pushdecl_class_level (x);
      class_binding_level = b;
    }
  else
    {
      b = current_binding_level;
      current_binding_level = level;
      x = pushdecl (x);
      current_binding_level = b;
    }
  current_function_decl = function_decl;
  return x;
}

/* Like pushdecl, only it places X in the current namespace,
   if appropriate.  */

tree
pushdecl_namespace_level (x)
     tree x;
{
  register struct binding_level *b = current_binding_level;
  register tree t;

  t = pushdecl_with_scope (x, NAMESPACE_LEVEL (current_namespace));

  /* Now, the type_shadowed stack may screw us.  Munge it so it does
     what we want.  */
  if (TREE_CODE (x) == TYPE_DECL)
    {
      tree name = DECL_NAME (x);
      tree newval;
      tree *ptr = (tree *)0;
      for (; b != global_binding_level; b = b->level_chain)
        {
          tree shadowed = b->type_shadowed;
          for (; shadowed; shadowed = TREE_CHAIN (shadowed))
            if (TREE_PURPOSE (shadowed) == name)
              {
                ptr = &TREE_VALUE (shadowed);
                /* Can't break out of the loop here because sometimes
                   a binding level will have duplicate bindings for
                   PT names.  It's gross, but I haven't time to fix it.  */
              }
        }
      newval = TREE_TYPE (x);
      if (ptr == (tree *)0)
        {
          /* @@ This shouldn't be needed.  My test case "zstring.cc" trips
             up here if this is changed to an assertion.  --KR  */
          SET_IDENTIFIER_TYPE_VALUE (name, newval);
        }
      else
        {
          *ptr = newval;
        }
    }
  return t;
}

/* Like pushdecl, only it places X in GLOBAL_BINDING_LEVEL,
   if appropriate.  */

tree
pushdecl_top_level (x)
     tree x;
{
  tree cur_namespace = current_namespace;
  current_namespace = global_namespace;
  x = pushdecl_namespace_level (x);
  current_namespace = cur_namespace;
  return x;
}

/* Make the declaration of X appear in CLASS scope.  */

void
pushdecl_class_level (x)
     tree x;
{
  /* Don't use DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME here!  Everything that looks in class
     scope looks for the pre-mangled name.  */
  register tree name;

  if (TREE_CODE (x) == OVERLOAD)
    x = OVL_CURRENT (x);
  name = DECL_NAME (x);

  if (name)
    {
      push_class_level_binding (name, x);
      if (TREE_CODE (x) == TYPE_DECL)
        set_identifier_type_value (name, TREE_TYPE (x));
    }
  else if (ANON_AGGR_TYPE_P (TREE_TYPE (x)))
    {
      tree f;

      for (f = TYPE_FIELDS (TREE_TYPE (x));
           f;
           f = TREE_CHAIN (f))
        pushdecl_class_level (f);
    }
}

/* Enter DECL into the symbol table, if that's appropriate.  Returns
   DECL, or a modified version thereof.  */

tree
maybe_push_decl (decl)
     tree decl;
{
  tree type = TREE_TYPE (decl);

  /* Add this decl to the current binding level, but not if it comes
     from another scope, e.g. a static member variable.  TEM may equal
     DECL or it may be a previous decl of the same name.  */
  if ((TREE_CODE (decl) != PARM_DECL 
       && DECL_CONTEXT (decl) != NULL_TREE 
       /* Definitions of namespace members outside their namespace are
          possible. */
       && TREE_CODE (DECL_CONTEXT (decl)) != NAMESPACE_DECL)
      || (TREE_CODE (decl) == TEMPLATE_DECL && !namespace_bindings_p ())
      || TREE_CODE (type) == UNKNOWN_TYPE
      /* The declaration of a template specialization does not affect
         the functions available for overload resolution, so we do not
         call pushdecl.  */
      || (TREE_CODE (decl) == FUNCTION_DECL
          && DECL_TEMPLATE_SPECIALIZATION (decl)))
    return decl;
  else
    return pushdecl (decl);
}

#if 0
/* This function is used to push the mangled decls for nested types into
   the appropriate scope.  Previously pushdecl_top_level was used, but that
   is incorrect for members of local classes.  */

void
pushdecl_nonclass_level (x)
     tree x;
{
  struct binding_level *b = current_binding_level;

  my_friendly_assert (b->parm_flag != 2, 180);

#if 0
  /* Get out of template binding levels */
  while (b->pseudo_global)
    b = b->level_chain;
#endif

  pushdecl_with_scope (x, b);
}
#endif

/* Make the declaration(s) of X appear in CLASS scope
   under the name NAME.  */

void
push_class_level_binding (name, x)
     tree name;
     tree x;
{
  tree binding;
  /* The class_binding_level will be NULL if x is a template 
     parameter name in a member template.  */
  if (!class_binding_level)
    return;

  /* Make sure that this new member does not have the same name
     as a template parameter.  */
  if (TYPE_BEING_DEFINED (current_class_type))
    check_template_shadow (x);

  /* If this declaration shadows a declaration from an enclosing
     class, then we will need to restore IDENTIFIER_CLASS_VALUE when
     we leave this class.  Record the shadowed declaration here.  */
  binding = IDENTIFIER_BINDING (name);
  if (binding 
      && ((TREE_CODE (x) == OVERLOAD
           && BINDING_VALUE (binding)
           && is_overloaded_fn (BINDING_VALUE (binding)))
          || INHERITED_VALUE_BINDING_P (binding)))
    {
      tree shadow;
      tree old_decl;

      /* If the old binding was from a base class, and was for a tag
         name, slide it over to make room for the new binding.  The
         old binding is still visible if explicitly qualified with a
         class-key.  */
      if (INHERITED_VALUE_BINDING_P (binding)
          && BINDING_VALUE (binding)
          && TREE_CODE (BINDING_VALUE (binding)) == TYPE_DECL
          && DECL_ARTIFICIAL (BINDING_VALUE (binding))
          && !(TREE_CODE (x) == TYPE_DECL && DECL_ARTIFICIAL (x)))
        {
          old_decl = BINDING_TYPE (binding);
          BINDING_TYPE (binding) = BINDING_VALUE (binding);
          BINDING_VALUE (binding) = NULL_TREE;
          INHERITED_VALUE_BINDING_P (binding) = 0;
        }
      else
        old_decl = BINDING_VALUE (binding);

      /* There was already a binding for X containing fewer
         functions than are named in X.  Find the previous
         declaration of X on the class-shadowed list, and update it.  */
      for (shadow = class_binding_level->class_shadowed;
           shadow;
           shadow = TREE_CHAIN (shadow))
        if (TREE_PURPOSE (shadow) == name
            && TREE_TYPE (shadow) == old_decl)
          {
            BINDING_VALUE (binding) = x;
            INHERITED_VALUE_BINDING_P (binding) = 0;
            TREE_TYPE (shadow) = x;
            return;
          }
    }

  /* If we didn't replace an existing binding, put the binding on the
     stack of bindings for the identifier, and update
     IDENTIFIER_CLASS_VALUE.  */
  if (push_class_binding (name, x))
    {
      push_cache_obstack ();
      class_binding_level->class_shadowed
        = tree_cons (name, IDENTIFIER_CLASS_VALUE (name),
                     class_binding_level->class_shadowed);
      pop_obstacks ();
      /* Record the value we are binding NAME to so that we can know
         what to pop later.  */
      TREE_TYPE (class_binding_level->class_shadowed) = x;
    }
}

/* Insert another USING_DECL into the current binding level,
   returning this declaration. If this is a redeclaration,
   do nothing and return NULL_TREE.  */

tree
push_using_decl (scope, name)
     tree scope;
     tree name;
{
  tree decl;
  
  my_friendly_assert (TREE_CODE (scope) == NAMESPACE_DECL, 383);
  my_friendly_assert (TREE_CODE (name) == IDENTIFIER_NODE, 384);
  for (decl = current_binding_level->usings; decl; decl = TREE_CHAIN (decl))
    if (DECL_INITIAL (decl) == scope && DECL_NAME (decl) == name)
      break;
  if (decl)
    return NULL_TREE;
  decl = build_lang_decl (USING_DECL, name, void_type_node);
  DECL_INITIAL (decl) = scope;
  TREE_CHAIN (decl) = current_binding_level->usings;
  current_binding_level->usings = decl;
  return decl;
}

/* Add namespace to using_directives. Return NULL_TREE if nothing was
   changed (i.e. there was already a directive), or the fresh
   TREE_LIST otherwise.  */

tree
push_using_directive (used)
     tree used;
{
  tree ud = current_binding_level->using_directives;
  tree iter, ancestor;
  
  /* Check if we already have this. */
  if (purpose_member (used, ud) != NULL_TREE)
    return NULL_TREE;

  /* Recursively add all namespaces used. */
  for (iter = DECL_NAMESPACE_USING (used); iter; iter = TREE_CHAIN (iter))
    push_using_directive (TREE_PURPOSE (iter));

  ancestor = namespace_ancestor (current_decl_namespace (), used);
  ud = current_binding_level->using_directives;
  ud = tree_cons (used, ancestor, ud);
  current_binding_level->using_directives = ud;
  return ud;
}

/* DECL is a FUNCTION_DECL for a non-member function, which may have
   other definitions already in place.  We get around this by making
   the value of the identifier point to a list of all the things that
   want to be referenced by that name.  It is then up to the users of
   that name to decide what to do with that list.

   DECL may also be a TEMPLATE_DECL, with a FUNCTION_DECL in its DECL_RESULT
   slot.  It is dealt with the same way.

   FLAGS is a bitwise-or of the following values:
     PUSH_LOCAL: Bind DECL in the current scope, rather than at
                 namespace scope.
     PUSH_USING: DECL is being pushed as the result of a using
                 declaration. 

   The value returned may be a previous declaration if we guessed wrong
   about what language DECL should belong to (C or C++).  Otherwise,
   it's always DECL (and never something that's not a _DECL).  */

tree
push_overloaded_decl (decl, flags)
     tree decl;
     int flags;
{
  tree name = DECL_NAME (decl);
  tree old;
  tree new_binding;
  int doing_global = (namespace_bindings_p () || !(flags & PUSH_LOCAL));

  if (doing_global)
    old = namespace_binding (name, DECL_CONTEXT (decl));
  else
    old = lookup_name_current_level (name);

  if (old)
    {
      if (TREE_CODE (old) == TYPE_DECL && DECL_ARTIFICIAL (old))
        {
          tree t = TREE_TYPE (old);
          if (IS_AGGR_TYPE (t) && warn_shadow
              && (! DECL_IN_SYSTEM_HEADER (decl)
                  || ! DECL_IN_SYSTEM_HEADER (old)))
            cp_warning ("`%#D' hides constructor for `%#T'", decl, t);
          old = NULL_TREE;
        }
      else if (is_overloaded_fn (old))
        {
          tree tmp;
          
          for (tmp = old; tmp; tmp = OVL_NEXT (tmp))
            {
              tree fn = OVL_CURRENT (tmp);

              if (TREE_CODE (tmp) == OVERLOAD && OVL_USED (tmp)
                  && !(flags & PUSH_USING)
                  && compparms (TYPE_ARG_TYPES (TREE_TYPE (fn)),
                                TYPE_ARG_TYPES (TREE_TYPE (decl))))
                cp_error ("`%#D' conflicts with previous using declaration `%#D'",
                          decl, fn);
              
              if (duplicate_decls (decl, fn))
                return fn;
            }
        }
      else
        {
          cp_error_at ("previous non-function declaration `%#D'", old);
          cp_error ("conflicts with function declaration `%#D'", decl);
          return decl;
        }
    }

  if (old || TREE_CODE (decl) == TEMPLATE_DECL)
    {
      if (old && TREE_CODE (old) != OVERLOAD)
        new_binding = ovl_cons (decl, ovl_cons (old, NULL_TREE));
      else
        new_binding = ovl_cons (decl, old);
      if (flags & PUSH_USING)
        OVL_USED (new_binding) = 1;
    }
  else
    /* NAME is not ambiguous.  */
    new_binding = decl;

  if (doing_global)
    set_namespace_binding (name, current_namespace, new_binding);
  else
    {
      /* We only create an OVERLOAD if there was a previous binding at
         this level, or if decl is a template. In the former case, we
         need to remove the old binding and replace it with the new
         binding.  We must also run through the NAMES on the binding
         level where the name was bound to update the chain.  */

      if (TREE_CODE (new_binding) == OVERLOAD && old)
        {
          tree *d;
          
          for (d = &BINDING_LEVEL (IDENTIFIER_BINDING (name))->names;
               *d;
               d = &TREE_CHAIN (*d))
            if (*d == old
                || (TREE_CODE (*d) == TREE_LIST
                    && TREE_VALUE (*d) == old))
              {
                if (TREE_CODE (*d) == TREE_LIST)
                  /* Just replace the old binding with the new.  */
                  TREE_VALUE (*d) = new_binding;
                else
                  /* Build a TREE_LIST to wrap the OVERLOAD.  */
                  *d = tree_cons (NULL_TREE, new_binding, 
                                  TREE_CHAIN (*d));

                /* And update the CPLUS_BINDING node.  */
                BINDING_VALUE (IDENTIFIER_BINDING (name))
                  = new_binding;
                return decl;
              }

          /* We should always find a previous binding in this case.  */
          my_friendly_abort (0);
        }

      /* Install the new binding.  */
      push_local_binding (name, new_binding, flags);
    }

  return decl;
}
\f
/* Generate an implicit declaration for identifier FUNCTIONID
   as a function of type int ().  Print a warning if appropriate.  */

tree
implicitly_declare (functionid)
     tree functionid;
{
  register tree decl;
  int temp = allocation_temporary_p ();

  push_obstacks_nochange ();

  /* Save the decl permanently so we can warn if definition follows.
     In ANSI C, warn_implicit is usually false, so the saves little space.
     But in C++, it's usually true, hence the extra code.  */
  if (temp && (! warn_implicit || toplevel_bindings_p ()))
    end_temporary_allocation ();

  /* We used to reuse an old implicit decl here,
     but this loses with inline functions because it can clobber
     the saved decl chains.  */
  decl = build_lang_decl (FUNCTION_DECL, functionid, default_function_type);

  DECL_EXTERNAL (decl) = 1;
  TREE_PUBLIC (decl) = 1;

  /* ANSI standard says implicit declarations are in the innermost block.
     So we record the decl in the standard fashion.  */
  pushdecl (decl);
  rest_of_decl_compilation (decl, NULL_PTR, 0, 0);

  if (warn_implicit
      /* Only one warning per identifier.  */
      && IDENTIFIER_IMPLICIT_DECL (functionid) == NULL_TREE)
    {
      cp_pedwarn ("implicit declaration of function `%#D'", decl);
    }

  SET_IDENTIFIER_IMPLICIT_DECL (functionid, decl);

  pop_obstacks ();

  return decl;
}

/* Return zero if the declaration NEWDECL is valid
   when the declaration OLDDECL (assumed to be for the same name)
   has already been seen.
   Otherwise return an error message format string with a %s
   where the identifier should go.  */

static const char *
redeclaration_error_message (newdecl, olddecl)
     tree newdecl, olddecl;
{
  if (TREE_CODE (newdecl) == TYPE_DECL)
    {
      /* Because C++ can put things into name space for free,
         constructs like "typedef struct foo { ... } foo"
         would look like an erroneous redeclaration.  */
      if (same_type_p (TREE_TYPE (newdecl), TREE_TYPE (olddecl)))
        return 0;
      else
        return "redefinition of `%#D'";
    }
  else if (TREE_CODE (newdecl) == FUNCTION_DECL)
    {
      /* If this is a pure function, its olddecl will actually be
         the original initialization to `0' (which we force to call
         abort()).  Don't complain about redefinition in this case.  */
      if (DECL_LANG_SPECIFIC (olddecl) && DECL_ABSTRACT_VIRTUAL_P (olddecl))
        return 0;

      /* If both functions come from different namespaces, this is not
         a redeclaration - this is a conflict with a used function. */
      if (DECL_NAMESPACE_SCOPE_P (olddecl)
          && DECL_CONTEXT (olddecl) != DECL_CONTEXT (newdecl))
        return "`%D' conflicts with used function";

      /* We'll complain about linkage mismatches in
         warn_extern_redeclared_static.  */

      /* Defining the same name twice is no good.  */
      if (DECL_INITIAL (olddecl) != NULL_TREE
          && DECL_INITIAL (newdecl) != NULL_TREE)
        {
          if (DECL_NAME (olddecl) == NULL_TREE)
            return "`%#D' not declared in class";
          else
            return "redefinition of `%#D'";
        }
      return 0;
    }
  else if (TREE_CODE (newdecl) == TEMPLATE_DECL)
    {
      if ((TREE_CODE (DECL_TEMPLATE_RESULT (newdecl)) == FUNCTION_DECL
           && DECL_INITIAL (DECL_TEMPLATE_RESULT (newdecl))
           && DECL_INITIAL (DECL_TEMPLATE_RESULT (olddecl)))
          || (TREE_CODE (DECL_TEMPLATE_RESULT (newdecl)) == TYPE_DECL
              && TYPE_SIZE (TREE_TYPE (newdecl))
              && TYPE_SIZE (TREE_TYPE (olddecl))))
        return "redefinition of `%#D'";
      return 0;
    }
  else if (toplevel_bindings_p ())
    {
      /* Objects declared at top level:  */
      /* If at least one is a reference, it's ok.  */
      if (DECL_EXTERNAL (newdecl) || DECL_EXTERNAL (olddecl))
        return 0;
      /* Reject two definitions.  */
      return "redefinition of `%#D'";
    }
  else
    {
      /* Objects declared with block scope:  */
      /* Reject two definitions, and reject a definition
         together with an external reference.  */
      if (!(DECL_EXTERNAL (newdecl) && DECL_EXTERNAL (olddecl)))
        return "redeclaration of `%#D'";
      return 0;
    }
}
\f
/* Create a new label, named ID.  */

static tree
make_label_decl (id, local_p)
     tree id;
     int local_p;
{
  tree decl;

  if (building_stmt_tree ())
    push_permanent_obstack ();
  decl = build_decl (LABEL_DECL, id, void_type_node);
  if (building_stmt_tree ())
    pop_obstacks ();
  else
    /* Make sure every label has an rtx.  */
    label_rtx (decl);

  DECL_CONTEXT (decl) = current_function_decl;
  DECL_MODE (decl) = VOIDmode;
  C_DECLARED_LABEL_FLAG (decl) = local_p;

  /* Say where one reference is to the label, for the sake of the
     error if it is not defined.  */
  DECL_SOURCE_LINE (decl) = lineno;
  DECL_SOURCE_FILE (decl) = input_filename;

  /* Record the fact that this identifier is bound to this label.  */
  SET_IDENTIFIER_LABEL_VALUE (id, decl);

  /* Record this label on the list of used labels so that we can check
     at the end of the function to see whether or not the label was
     actually defined.  */
  if ((named_label_uses == NULL || named_label_uses->label_decl != decl)
      && (named_label_uses == NULL
          || named_label_uses->names_in_scope != current_binding_level->names
          || named_label_uses->label_decl != decl))
    {
      struct named_label_list *new_ent;
      new_ent
        = (struct named_label_list*)oballoc (sizeof (struct named_label_list));
      new_ent->label_decl = decl;
      new_ent->names_in_scope = current_binding_level->names;
      new_ent->binding_level = current_binding_level;
      new_ent->lineno_o_goto = lineno;
      new_ent->filename_o_goto = input_filename;
      new_ent->next = named_label_uses;
      named_label_uses = new_ent;
    }

  return decl;
}

/* Look for a label named ID in the current function.  If one cannot
   be found, create one.  (We keep track of used, but undefined,
   labels, and complain about them at the end of a function.)  */

tree 
lookup_label (id)
     tree id;
{
  tree decl;

  /* You can't use labels at global scope.  */
  if (current_function_decl == NULL_TREE)
    {
      error ("label `%s' referenced outside of any function",
             IDENTIFIER_POINTER (id));
      return NULL_TREE;
    }
  
  /* See if we've already got this label.  */
  decl = IDENTIFIER_LABEL_VALUE (id);
  if (decl != NULL_TREE && DECL_CONTEXT (decl) == current_function_decl)
    return decl;

  /* Record this label on the list of labels used in this function.
     We do this before calling make_label_decl so that we get the
     IDENTIFIER_LABEL_VALUE before the new label is declared.  */
  named_labels = tree_cons (IDENTIFIER_LABEL_VALUE (id), NULL_TREE,
                            named_labels);
  /* We need a new label.  */
  decl = make_label_decl (id, /*local_p=*/0);
  /* Now fill in the information we didn't have before.  */
  TREE_VALUE (named_labels) = decl;

  return decl;
}

/* Declare a local label named ID.  */

tree
declare_local_label (id)
     tree id;
{
  tree decl;

  /* Add a new entry to the SHADOWED_LABELS list so that when we leave
     this scope we can restore the old value of
     IDENTIFIER_TYPE_VALUE.  */
  current_binding_level->shadowed_labels 
    = tree_cons (IDENTIFIER_LABEL_VALUE (id), NULL_TREE,
                 current_binding_level->shadowed_labels);
  /* Look for the label.  */
  decl = make_label_decl (id, /*local_p=*/1);
  /* Now fill in the information we didn't have before.  */
  TREE_VALUE (current_binding_level->shadowed_labels) = decl;
  
  return decl;
}

/* Define a label, specifying the location in the source file.
   Return the LABEL_DECL node for the label, if the definition is valid.
   Otherwise return 0.  */

tree
define_label (filename, line, name)
     char *filename;
     int line;
     tree name;
{
  tree decl = lookup_label (name);

  /* After labels, make any new cleanups go into their
     own new (temporary) binding contour.  */
  current_binding_level->more_cleanups_ok = 0;

  if (name == get_identifier ("wchar_t"))
    cp_pedwarn ("label named wchar_t");

  if (DECL_INITIAL (decl) != NULL_TREE)
    {
      cp_error ("duplicate label `%D'", decl);
      return 0;
    }
  else
    {
      struct named_label_list *uses, *prev;
      int identified = 0;
      int saw_eh = 0;

      /* Mark label as having been defined.  */
      DECL_INITIAL (decl) = error_mark_node;
      /* Say where in the source.  */
      DECL_SOURCE_FILE (decl) = filename;
      DECL_SOURCE_LINE (decl) = line;

      prev = NULL;
      uses = named_label_uses;
      while (uses != NULL)
        if (uses->label_decl == decl)
          {
            struct binding_level *b = current_binding_level;
            while (b)
              {
                tree new_decls = b->names;
                tree old_decls = (b == uses->binding_level)
                                  ? uses->names_in_scope : NULL_TREE;
                while (new_decls != old_decls)
                  {
                    if (TREE_CODE (new_decls) == VAR_DECL
                        /* Don't complain about crossing initialization
                           of internal entities.  They can't be accessed,
                           and they should be cleaned up
                           by the time we get to the label.  */
                        && ! DECL_ARTIFICIAL (new_decls)
                        && !(DECL_INITIAL (new_decls) == NULL_TREE
                             && pod_type_p (TREE_TYPE (new_decls))))
                      {
                        /* This is really only important if we're crossing
                           an initialization.  The POD stuff is just
                           pedantry; why should it matter if the class
                           contains a field of pointer to member type?  */
                        int problem = (DECL_INITIAL (new_decls)
                                       || (TYPE_NEEDS_CONSTRUCTING
                                           (TREE_TYPE (new_decls))));

                        if (! identified)
                          {
                            if (problem)
                              {
                                cp_error ("jump to label `%D'", decl);
                                error_with_file_and_line
                                  (uses->filename_o_goto,
                                   uses->lineno_o_goto, "  from here");
                              }
                            else
                              {
                                cp_pedwarn ("jump to label `%D'", decl);
                                pedwarn_with_file_and_line
                                  (uses->filename_o_goto,
                                   uses->lineno_o_goto, "  from here");
                              }
                            identified = 1;
                          }

                        if (problem)
                          cp_error_at ("  crosses initialization of `%#D'",
                                       new_decls);
                        else
                          cp_pedwarn_at ("  enters scope of non-POD `%#D'",
                                         new_decls);
                      }
                    new_decls = TREE_CHAIN (new_decls);
                  }
                if (b == uses->binding_level)
                  break;
                if (b->eh_region && ! saw_eh)
                  {
                    if (! identified)
                      {
                        cp_error ("jump to label `%D'", decl);
                        error_with_file_and_line
                          (uses->filename_o_goto,
                           uses->lineno_o_goto, "  from here");
                        identified = 1;
                      }
                    error ("  enters exception handling block");
                    saw_eh = 1;
                  }
                b = b->level_chain;
              }

            if (prev != NULL)
              prev->next = uses->next;
            else
              named_label_uses = uses->next;

            uses = uses->next;
          }
        else
          {
            prev = uses;
            uses = uses->next;
          }
      current_function_return_value = NULL_TREE;
      return decl;
    }
}

struct cp_switch
{
  struct binding_level *level;
  struct cp_switch *next;
};

static struct cp_switch *switch_stack;

void
push_switch ()
{
  struct cp_switch *p
    = (struct cp_switch *) oballoc (sizeof (struct cp_switch));
  p->level = current_binding_level;
  p->next = switch_stack;
  switch_stack = p;
}

void
pop_switch ()
{
  switch_stack = switch_stack->next;
}

/* Same, but for CASE labels.  If DECL is NULL_TREE, it's the default.  */
/* XXX Note decl is never actually used. (bpk) */

void
define_case_label ()
{
  tree cleanup = last_cleanup_this_contour ();
  struct binding_level *b = current_binding_level;
  int identified = 0;

  if (cleanup)
    {
      static int explained = 0;
      cp_warning_at ("destructor needed for `%#D'", TREE_PURPOSE (cleanup));
      warning ("where case label appears here");
      if (!explained)
        {
          warning ("(enclose actions of previous case statements requiring");
          warning ("destructors in their own binding contours.)");
          explained = 1;
        }
    }

  for (; b && b != switch_stack->level; b = b->level_chain)
    {
      tree new_decls = b->names;
      for (; new_decls; new_decls = TREE_CHAIN (new_decls))
        {
          if (TREE_CODE (new_decls) == VAR_DECL
              /* Don't complain about crossing initialization
                 of internal entities.  They can't be accessed,
                 and they should be cleaned up
                 by the time we get to the label.  */
              && ! DECL_ARTIFICIAL (new_decls)
              && ((DECL_INITIAL (new_decls) != NULL_TREE
                   && DECL_INITIAL (new_decls) != error_mark_node)
                  || TYPE_NEEDS_CONSTRUCTING (TREE_TYPE (new_decls))))
            {
              if (! identified)
                error ("jump to case label");
              identified = 1;
              cp_error_at ("  crosses initialization of `%#D'",
                           new_decls);
            }
        }
    }

  /* After labels, make any new cleanups go into their
     own new (temporary) binding contour.  */

  current_binding_level->more_cleanups_ok = 0;
  current_function_return_value = NULL_TREE;
}
\f
/* Return the list of declarations of the current level.
   Note that this list is in reverse order unless/until
   you nreverse it; and when you do nreverse it, you must
   store the result back using `storedecls' or you will lose.  */

tree
getdecls ()
{
  return current_binding_level->names;
}

/* Return the list of type-tags (for structs, etc) of the current level.  */

tree
gettags ()
{
  return current_binding_level->tags;
}

/* Store the list of declarations of the current level.
   This is done for the parameter declarations of a function being defined,
   after they are modified in the light of any missing parameters.  */

static void
storedecls (decls)
     tree decls;
{
  current_binding_level->names = decls;
}

/* Similarly, store the list of tags of the current level.  */

void
storetags (tags)
     tree tags;
{
  current_binding_level->tags = tags;
}
\f
/* Given NAME, an IDENTIFIER_NODE,
   return the structure (or union or enum) definition for that name.
   Searches binding levels from BINDING_LEVEL up to the global level.
   If THISLEVEL_ONLY is nonzero, searches only the specified context
   (but skips any tag-transparent contexts to find one that is
   meaningful for tags).
   FORM says which kind of type the caller wants;
   it is RECORD_TYPE or UNION_TYPE or ENUMERAL_TYPE.
   If the wrong kind of type is found, and it's not a template, an error is
   reported.  */

static tree
lookup_tag (form, name, binding_level, thislevel_only)
     enum tree_code form;
     tree name;
     struct binding_level *binding_level;
     int thislevel_only;
{
  register struct binding_level *level;
  /* Non-zero if, we should look past a pseudo-global level, even if
     THISLEVEL_ONLY.  */
  int allow_pseudo_global = 1;

  for (level = binding_level; level; level = level->level_chain)
    {
      register tree tail;
      if (ANON_AGGRNAME_P (name))
        for (tail = level->tags; tail; tail = TREE_CHAIN (tail))
          {
            /* There's no need for error checking here, because
               anon names are unique throughout the compilation.  */
            if (TYPE_IDENTIFIER (TREE_VALUE (tail)) == name)
              return TREE_VALUE (tail);
          }
      else if (level->namespace_p)
        /* Do namespace lookup. */
        for (tail = current_namespace; 1; tail = CP_DECL_CONTEXT (tail))
          {
            tree old = binding_for_name (name, tail);

            /* If we just skipped past a pseudo global level, even
               though THISLEVEL_ONLY, and we find a template class
               declaration, then we use the _TYPE node for the
               template.  See the example below.  */
            if (thislevel_only && !allow_pseudo_global
                && old && BINDING_VALUE (old) 
                && DECL_CLASS_TEMPLATE_P (BINDING_VALUE (old)))
              old = TREE_TYPE (BINDING_VALUE (old));
            else 
              old = BINDING_TYPE (old);

            /* If it has an original type, it is a typedef, and we
               should not return it.  */
            if (old && DECL_ORIGINAL_TYPE (TYPE_NAME (old)))
              old = NULL_TREE;
            if (old && TREE_CODE (old) != form
                && !(form != ENUMERAL_TYPE && TREE_CODE (old) == TEMPLATE_DECL))
              {
                cp_error ("`%#D' redeclared as %C", old, form);
                return NULL_TREE;
              }
            if (old)
              return old;
            if (thislevel_only || tail == global_namespace)
              return NULL_TREE;
          }
      else
        for (tail = level->tags; tail; tail = TREE_CHAIN (tail))
          {
            if (TREE_PURPOSE (tail) == name)
              {
                enum tree_code code = TREE_CODE (TREE_VALUE (tail));
                /* Should tighten this up; it'll probably permit
                   UNION_TYPE and a struct template, for example.  */
                if (code != form
                    && !(form != ENUMERAL_TYPE && code == TEMPLATE_DECL))
                  {
                    /* Definition isn't the kind we were looking for.  */
                    cp_error ("`%#D' redeclared as %C", TREE_VALUE (tail),
                              form);
                    return NULL_TREE;
                  }
                return TREE_VALUE (tail);
              }
          }
      if (thislevel_only && ! level->tag_transparent)
        {
          if (level->pseudo_global && allow_pseudo_global)
            {
              /* We must deal with cases like this:
                 
                   template <class T> struct S;
                   template <class T> struct S {};
                   
                 When looking up `S', for the second declaration, we
                 would like to find the first declaration.  But, we
                 are in the pseudo-global level created for the
                 template parameters, rather than the (surrounding)
                 namespace level.  Thus, we keep going one more level,
                 even though THISLEVEL_ONLY is non-zero.  */
              allow_pseudo_global = 0;
              continue;
            }
          else
            return NULL_TREE;
        }
    }
  return NULL_TREE;
}

#if 0
void
set_current_level_tags_transparency (tags_transparent)
     int tags_transparent;
{
  current_binding_level->tag_transparent = tags_transparent;
}
#endif

/* Given a type, find the tag that was defined for it and return the tag name.
   Otherwise return 0.  However, the value can never be 0
   in the cases in which this is used.

   C++: If NAME is non-zero, this is the new name to install.  This is
   done when replacing anonymous tags with real tag names.  */

static tree
lookup_tag_reverse (type, name)
     tree type;
     tree name;
{
  register struct binding_level *level;

  for (level = current_binding_level; level; level = level->level_chain)
    {
      register tree tail;
      for (tail = level->tags; tail; tail = TREE_CHAIN (tail))
        {
          if (TREE_VALUE (tail) == type)
            {
              if (name)
                TREE_PURPOSE (tail) = name;
              return TREE_PURPOSE (tail);
            }
        }
    }
  return NULL_TREE;
}
\f
/* Look up NAME in the NAMESPACE.  */

tree
lookup_namespace_name (namespace, name)
     tree namespace, name;
{
  tree val;
  tree template_id = NULL_TREE;

  my_friendly_assert (TREE_CODE (namespace) == NAMESPACE_DECL, 370);

  if (TREE_CODE (name) == NAMESPACE_DECL)
    /* This happens for A::B<int> when B is a namespace. */
    return name;
  else if (TREE_CODE (name) == TEMPLATE_DECL)
    {
      /* This happens for A::B where B is a template, and there are no
         template arguments.  */
      cp_error ("invalid use of `%D'", name);
      return error_mark_node;
    }

  namespace = ORIGINAL_NAMESPACE (namespace);

  if (TREE_CODE (name) == TEMPLATE_ID_EXPR)
    {
      template_id = name;
      name = TREE_OPERAND (name, 0);
      if (TREE_CODE (name) == OVERLOAD)
        name = DECL_NAME (OVL_CURRENT (name));
      else if (TREE_CODE_CLASS (TREE_CODE (name)) == 'd')
        name = DECL_NAME (name);
    }

  my_friendly_assert (TREE_CODE (name) == IDENTIFIER_NODE, 373);
  
  val = make_node (CPLUS_BINDING);
  if (!qualified_lookup_using_namespace (name, namespace, val, 0))
    return error_mark_node;

  if (BINDING_VALUE (val))
    {
      val = BINDING_VALUE (val);

      if (template_id)
        {
          if (DECL_CLASS_TEMPLATE_P (val))
            val = lookup_template_class (val, 
                                         TREE_OPERAND (template_id, 1),
                                         /*in_decl=*/NULL_TREE,
                                         /*context=*/NULL_TREE,
                                         /*entering_scope=*/0);
          else if (DECL_FUNCTION_TEMPLATE_P (val)
                   || TREE_CODE (val) == OVERLOAD)
            val = lookup_template_function (val, 
                                            TREE_OPERAND (template_id, 1));
          else
            {
              cp_error ("`%D::%D' is not a template",
                        namespace, name);
              return error_mark_node;
            }
        }

      /* If we have a single function from a using decl, pull it out.  */
      if (TREE_CODE (val) == OVERLOAD && ! really_overloaded_fn (val))
        val = OVL_FUNCTION (val);
      return val;
    }

  cp_error ("`%D' undeclared in namespace `%D'", name, namespace);
  return error_mark_node;
}

/* Hash a TYPENAME_TYPE.  K is really of type `tree'.  */

static unsigned long
typename_hash (k)
     hash_table_key k;
{
  unsigned long hash;
  tree t;

  t = (tree) k;
  hash = (((unsigned long) TYPE_CONTEXT (t))
          ^ ((unsigned long) DECL_NAME (TYPE_NAME (t))));

  return hash;
}

/* Compare two TYPENAME_TYPEs.  K1 and K2 are really of type `tree'.  */

static boolean
typename_compare (k1, k2)
     hash_table_key k1;
     hash_table_key k2;
{
  tree t1;
  tree t2;
  tree d1;
  tree d2;

  t1 = (tree) k1;
  t2 = (tree) k2;
  d1 = TYPE_NAME (t1);
  d2 = TYPE_NAME (t2);
  
  return (DECL_NAME (d1) == DECL_NAME (d2)
          && same_type_p (TYPE_CONTEXT (t1), TYPE_CONTEXT (t2))
          && ((TREE_TYPE (t1) != NULL_TREE) 
              == (TREE_TYPE (t2) != NULL_TREE))
          && same_type_p (TREE_TYPE (t1), TREE_TYPE (t2))
          && TYPENAME_TYPE_FULLNAME (t1) == TYPENAME_TYPE_FULLNAME (t2));
}

/* Build a TYPENAME_TYPE.  If the type is `typename T::t', CONTEXT is
   the type of `T', NAME is the IDENTIFIER_NODE for `t'.  If BASE_TYPE
   is non-NULL, this type is being created by the implicit typename
   extension, and BASE_TYPE is a type named `t' in some base class of
   `T' which depends on template parameters.  

   Returns the new TYPENAME_TYPE.  */

tree
build_typename_type (context, name, fullname, base_type)
     tree context;
     tree name;
     tree fullname;
     tree base_type;
{
  tree t;
  tree d;
  struct hash_entry* e;

  static struct hash_table ht;

  push_obstacks (&permanent_obstack, &permanent_obstack);

  if (!ht.table)
    {
      static struct hash_table *h = &ht;
      if (!hash_table_init (&ht, &hash_newfunc, &typename_hash, 
                            &typename_compare))
        fatal ("virtual memory exhausted");
      ggc_add_tree_hash_table_root (&h, 1);
    }

  /* Build the TYPENAME_TYPE.  */
  t = make_lang_type (TYPENAME_TYPE);
  TYPE_CONTEXT (t) = FROB_CONTEXT (context);
  TYPENAME_TYPE_FULLNAME (t) = fullname;
  TREE_TYPE (t) = base_type;

  /* Build the corresponding TYPE_DECL.  */
  d = build_decl (TYPE_DECL, name, t);
  TYPE_NAME (TREE_TYPE (d)) = d;
  TYPE_STUB_DECL (TREE_TYPE (d)) = d;
  DECL_CONTEXT (d) = FROB_CONTEXT (context);
  DECL_ARTIFICIAL (d) = 1;

  /* See if we already have this type.  */
  e = hash_lookup (&ht, t, /*create=*/false, /*copy=*/0);
  if (e)
    t = (tree) e->key;
  else
    /* Insert the type into the table.  */
    hash_lookup (&ht, t, /*create=*/true, /*copy=*/0);

  pop_obstacks ();

  return t;
}

tree
make_typename_type (context, name)
     tree context, name;
{
  tree fullname;

  if (TREE_CODE_CLASS (TREE_CODE (name)) == 't')
    {
      if (!(TYPE_LANG_SPECIFIC (name) 
            && (CLASSTYPE_IS_TEMPLATE (name) 
                || CLASSTYPE_USE_TEMPLATE (name))))
        name = TYPE_IDENTIFIER (name);
      else
        /* Create a TEMPLATE_ID_EXPR for the type.  */
        name = build_nt (TEMPLATE_ID_EXPR,
                         CLASSTYPE_TI_TEMPLATE (name),
                         CLASSTYPE_TI_ARGS (name));
    }
  else if (TREE_CODE (name) == TYPE_DECL)
    name = DECL_NAME (name);

  fullname = name;

  if (TREE_CODE (name) == TEMPLATE_ID_EXPR)
    {
      name = TREE_OPERAND (name, 0);
      if (TREE_CODE (name) == TEMPLATE_DECL)
        name = TREE_OPERAND (fullname, 0) = DECL_NAME (name);
    }
  if (TREE_CODE (name) != IDENTIFIER_NODE)
    my_friendly_abort (2000);

  if (TREE_CODE (context) == NAMESPACE_DECL)
    {
      /* We can get here from typename_sub0 in the explicit_template_type
         expansion.  Just fail.  */
      cp_error ("no class template named `%#T' in `%#T'",
                name, context);
      return error_mark_node;
    }

  if (! uses_template_parms (context)
      || currently_open_class (context))
    {
      if (TREE_CODE (fullname) == TEMPLATE_ID_EXPR)
        {
          tree tmpl = NULL_TREE;
          if (IS_AGGR_TYPE (context))
            tmpl = lookup_field (context, name, 0, 0);
          if (!tmpl || !DECL_CLASS_TEMPLATE_P (tmpl))
            {
              cp_error ("no class template named `%#T' in `%#T'",
                        name, context);
              return error_mark_node;
            }

          return lookup_template_class (tmpl, 
                                        TREE_OPERAND (fullname, 1),
                                        NULL_TREE, context, 
                                        /*entering_scope=*/0);
        }
      else
        {
          tree t;
          
          if (!IS_AGGR_TYPE (context))
            {
              cp_error ("no type named `%#T' in `%#T'", name, context);
              return error_mark_node;
            }

          t = lookup_field (context, name, 0, 1);
          if (t)
            return TREE_TYPE (t);
        }
    }

  /* If the CONTEXT is not a template type, then either the field is
     there now or its never going to be.  */
  if (!uses_template_parms (context))
    {
      cp_error ("no type named `%#T' in `%#T'", name, context);
      return error_mark_node;
    }
    
  
  return build_typename_type (context, name, fullname,  NULL_TREE);
}

/* Select the right _DECL from multiple choices. */

static tree
select_decl (binding, flags)
     tree binding;
     int flags;
{
  tree val;
  val = BINDING_VALUE (binding);
  if (LOOKUP_NAMESPACES_ONLY (flags))
    {
      /* We are not interested in types. */
      if (val && TREE_CODE (val) == NAMESPACE_DECL)
        return val;
      return NULL_TREE;
    }
  
  /* If we could have a type and
     we have nothing or we need a type and have none.  */
  if (BINDING_TYPE (binding)
      && (!val || ((flags & LOOKUP_PREFER_TYPES)
                   && TREE_CODE (val) != TYPE_DECL)))
    val = TYPE_STUB_DECL (BINDING_TYPE (binding));
  /* Don't return non-types if we really prefer types. */
  else if (val && LOOKUP_TYPES_ONLY (flags)  && TREE_CODE (val) != TYPE_DECL
           && (TREE_CODE (val) != TEMPLATE_DECL
               || !DECL_CLASS_TEMPLATE_P (val)))
    val = NULL_TREE;

  return val;
}

/* Unscoped lookup of a global: iterate over current namespaces,
   considering using-directives.  If SPACESP is non-NULL, store a list
   of the namespaces we've considered in it.  */

tree
unqualified_namespace_lookup (name, flags, spacesp)
     tree name;
     int flags;
     tree *spacesp;
{
  tree b = make_node (CPLUS_BINDING);
  tree initial = current_decl_namespace();
  tree scope = initial;
  tree siter;
  struct binding_level *level;
  tree val = NULL_TREE;

  if (spacesp)
    *spacesp = NULL_TREE;

  for (; !val; scope = CP_DECL_CONTEXT (scope))
    {
      if (spacesp)
        *spacesp = tree_cons (scope, NULL_TREE, *spacesp);
      val = binding_for_name (name, scope);

      /* Initialize binding for this context. */
      BINDING_VALUE (b) = BINDING_VALUE (val);
      BINDING_TYPE (b) = BINDING_TYPE (val);

      /* Add all _DECLs seen through local using-directives. */
      for (level = current_binding_level; 
           !level->namespace_p;
           level = level->level_chain)
        if (!lookup_using_namespace (name, b, level->using_directives,
                                     scope, flags, spacesp))
          /* Give up because of error. */
          return error_mark_node;

      /* Add all _DECLs seen through global using-directives. */
      /* XXX local and global using lists should work equally. */
      siter = initial;
      while (1)
        {
          if (!lookup_using_namespace (name, b, DECL_NAMESPACE_USING (siter), 
                                       scope, flags, spacesp))
            /* Give up because of error. */
            return error_mark_node;
          if (siter == scope) break;
          siter = CP_DECL_CONTEXT (siter);
        }

      val = select_decl (b, flags);
      if (scope == global_namespace)
        break;
    }
  return val;
}

/* Combine prefer_type and namespaces_only into flags.  */

static int
lookup_flags (prefer_type, namespaces_only)
  int prefer_type, namespaces_only;
{
  if (namespaces_only)
    return LOOKUP_PREFER_NAMESPACES;
  if (prefer_type > 1)
    return LOOKUP_PREFER_TYPES;
  if (prefer_type > 0)
    return LOOKUP_PREFER_BOTH;
  return 0;
}

/* Given a lookup that returned VAL, use FLAGS to decide if we want to
   ignore it or not.  Subroutine of lookup_name_real.  */

static tree
qualify_lookup (val, flags)
     tree val;
     int flags;
{
  if (val == NULL_TREE)
    return val;
  if ((flags & LOOKUP_PREFER_NAMESPACES) && TREE_CODE (val) == NAMESPACE_DECL)
    return val;
  if ((flags & LOOKUP_PREFER_TYPES)
      && (TREE_CODE (val) == TYPE_DECL
          || ((flags & LOOKUP_TEMPLATES_EXPECTED)
              && DECL_CLASS_TEMPLATE_P (val))))
    return val;
  if (flags & (LOOKUP_PREFER_NAMESPACES | LOOKUP_PREFER_TYPES))
    return NULL_TREE;
  return val;
}

/* Any other BINDING overrides an implicit TYPENAME.  Warn about
   that.  */

static void
warn_about_implicit_typename_lookup (typename, binding)
     tree typename;
     tree binding;
{
  tree subtype = TREE_TYPE (TREE_TYPE (typename));
  tree name = DECL_NAME (typename);

  if (! (TREE_CODE (binding) == TEMPLATE_DECL
         && CLASSTYPE_TEMPLATE_INFO (subtype)
         && CLASSTYPE_TI_TEMPLATE (subtype) == binding)
      && ! (TREE_CODE (binding) == TYPE_DECL
            && same_type_p (TREE_TYPE (binding), subtype)))
    {
      cp_warning ("lookup of `%D' finds `%#D'", 
                  name, binding);
      cp_warning ("  instead of `%D' from dependent base class",
                  typename);
      cp_warning ("  (use `typename %T::%D' if that's what you meant)",
                  constructor_name (current_class_type), name);
    }
}

/* Look up NAME in the current binding level and its superiors in the
   namespace of variables, functions and typedefs.  Return a ..._DECL
   node of some kind representing its definition if there is only one
   such declaration, or return a TREE_LIST with all the overloaded
   definitions if there are many, or return 0 if it is undefined.

   If PREFER_TYPE is > 0, we prefer TYPE_DECLs or namespaces.
   If PREFER_TYPE is > 1, we reject non-type decls (e.g. namespaces).
   If PREFER_TYPE is -2, we're being called from yylex(). (UGLY)
   Otherwise we prefer non-TYPE_DECLs.  

   If NONCLASS is non-zero, we don't look for the NAME in class scope,
   using IDENTIFIER_CLASS_VALUE.  */

static tree
lookup_name_real (name, prefer_type, nonclass, namespaces_only)
     tree name;
     int prefer_type, nonclass, namespaces_only;
{
  tree t;
  tree val = NULL_TREE;
  int yylex = 0;
  tree from_obj = NULL_TREE;
  int flags;
  int val_is_implicit_typename = 0;

  /* Hack: copy flag set by parser, if set. */
  if (only_namespace_names)
    namespaces_only = 1;

  if (prefer_type == -2)
    {
      extern int looking_for_typename;
      tree type = NULL_TREE;

      yylex = 1;
      prefer_type = looking_for_typename;

      flags = lookup_flags (prefer_type, namespaces_only);
      /* If the next thing is '<', class templates are types. */
      if (looking_for_template)
        flags |= LOOKUP_TEMPLATES_EXPECTED;

      /* std:: becomes :: for now.  */
      if (got_scope == std_node)
        got_scope = void_type_node;

      if (got_scope)
        type = got_scope;
      else if (got_object != error_mark_node)
        type = got_object;
      
      if (type)
        {
          if (type == error_mark_node)
            return error_mark_node;
          if (TREE_CODE (type) == TYPENAME_TYPE && TREE_TYPE (type))
            type = TREE_TYPE (type);

          if (TYPE_P (type))
            type = complete_type (type);

          if (TREE_CODE (type) == VOID_TYPE)
            type = global_namespace;
          if (TREE_CODE (type) == NAMESPACE_DECL)
            {
              val = make_node (CPLUS_BINDING);
              flags |= LOOKUP_COMPLAIN;
              if (!qualified_lookup_using_namespace (name, type, val, flags))
                return NULL_TREE;
              val = select_decl (val, flags);
            }
          else if (! IS_AGGR_TYPE (type)
                   || TREE_CODE (type) == TEMPLATE_TYPE_PARM
                   || TREE_CODE (type) == TEMPLATE_TEMPLATE_PARM
                   || TREE_CODE (type) == TYPENAME_TYPE)
            /* Someone else will give an error about this if needed.  */
            val = NULL_TREE;
          else if (type == current_class_type)
            val = IDENTIFIER_CLASS_VALUE (name);
          else
            val = lookup_member (type, name, 0, prefer_type);
        }
      else
        val = NULL_TREE;

      if (got_scope)
        goto done;
      else if (got_object && val)
        from_obj = val;
    }
  else
    {
      flags = lookup_flags (prefer_type, namespaces_only);
      /* If we're not parsing, we need to complain. */
      flags |= LOOKUP_COMPLAIN;
    }

  /* First, look in non-namespace scopes.  */

  if (current_class_type == NULL_TREE)
    nonclass = 1;

  for (t = IDENTIFIER_BINDING (name); t; t = TREE_CHAIN (t))
    {
      tree binding;

      if (!LOCAL_BINDING_P (t) && nonclass)
        /* We're not looking for class-scoped bindings, so keep going.  */
        continue;
      
      /* If this is the kind of thing we're looking for, we're done.  */
      if (qualify_lookup (BINDING_VALUE (t), flags))
        binding = BINDING_VALUE (t);
      else if ((flags & LOOKUP_PREFER_TYPES) 
               && qualify_lookup (BINDING_TYPE (t), flags))
        binding = BINDING_TYPE (t);
      else
        binding = NULL_TREE;

      if (binding
          && (!val || !IMPLICIT_TYPENAME_TYPE_DECL_P (binding)))
        {
          if (val_is_implicit_typename && !yylex)
            warn_about_implicit_typename_lookup (val, binding);
          val = binding;
          val_is_implicit_typename 
            = IMPLICIT_TYPENAME_TYPE_DECL_P (val);
          if (!val_is_implicit_typename)
            break;
        }
    }

  /* Now lookup in namespace scopes.  */
  if (!val || val_is_implicit_typename)
    {
      t = unqualified_namespace_lookup (name, flags, 0);
      if (t)
        {
          if (val_is_implicit_typename && !yylex)
            warn_about_implicit_typename_lookup (val, t);
          val = t;
        }
    }

 done:
  if (val)
    {
      /* This should only warn about types used in qualified-ids.  */
      if (from_obj && from_obj != val)
        {
          if (looking_for_typename && TREE_CODE (from_obj) == TYPE_DECL
              && TREE_CODE (val) == TYPE_DECL
              && TREE_TYPE (from_obj) != TREE_TYPE (val))
            {
              cp_pedwarn ("lookup of `%D' in the scope of `%#T' (`%#T')",
                          name, got_object, TREE_TYPE (from_obj));
              cp_pedwarn ("  does not match lookup in the current scope (`%#T')",
                          TREE_TYPE (val));
            }

          /* We don't change val to from_obj if got_object depends on
             template parms because that breaks implicit typename for
             destructor calls.  */
          if (! uses_template_parms (got_object))
            val = from_obj;
        }

      /* If we have a single function from a using decl, pull it out.  */
      if (TREE_CODE (val) == OVERLOAD && ! really_overloaded_fn (val))
        val = OVL_FUNCTION (val);
    }
  else if (from_obj)
    val = from_obj;

  return val;
}

tree
lookup_name_nonclass (name)
     tree name;
{
  return lookup_name_real (name, 0, 1, 0);
}

tree
lookup_function_nonclass (name, args)
     tree name;
     tree args;
{
  return lookup_arg_dependent (name, lookup_name_nonclass (name), args);
}

tree
lookup_name_namespace_only (name)
     tree name;
{
  /* type-or-namespace, nonclass, namespace_only */
  return lookup_name_real (name, 1, 1, 1);
}

tree
lookup_name (name, prefer_type)
     tree name;
     int prefer_type;
{
  return lookup_name_real (name, prefer_type, 0, 0);
}

/* Similar to `lookup_name' but look only in the innermost non-class
   binding level.  */

tree
lookup_name_current_level (name)
     tree name;
{
  struct binding_level *b;
  tree t = NULL_TREE;

  b = current_binding_level;
  while (b->parm_flag == 2)
    b = b->level_chain;

  if (b->namespace_p)
    {
      t =  IDENTIFIER_NAMESPACE_VALUE (name);

      /* extern "C" function() */
      if (t != NULL_TREE && TREE_CODE (t) == TREE_LIST)
        t = TREE_VALUE (t);
    }
  else if (IDENTIFIER_BINDING (name) 
           && LOCAL_BINDING_P (IDENTIFIER_BINDING (name)))
    {
      while (1)
        {
          if (BINDING_LEVEL (IDENTIFIER_BINDING (name)) == b)
            return IDENTIFIER_VALUE (name);
          
          if (b->keep == 2)
            b = b->level_chain;
          else
            break;
        }
    }

  return t;
}

/* Like lookup_name_current_level, but for types.  */

tree
lookup_type_current_level (name)
     tree name;
{
  register tree t = NULL_TREE;

  my_friendly_assert (! current_binding_level->namespace_p, 980716);

  if (REAL_IDENTIFIER_TYPE_VALUE (name) != NULL_TREE
      && REAL_IDENTIFIER_TYPE_VALUE (name) != global_type_node)
    {
      struct binding_level *b = current_binding_level;
      while (1)
        {
          if (purpose_member (name, b->type_shadowed))
            return REAL_IDENTIFIER_TYPE_VALUE (name);
          if (b->keep == 2)
            b = b->level_chain;
          else
            break;
        }
    }

  return t;
}

void
begin_only_namespace_names ()
{
  only_namespace_names = 1;
}

void
end_only_namespace_names ()
{
  only_namespace_names = 0;
}
\f
/* Arrange for the user to get a source line number, even when the
   compiler is going down in flames, so that she at least has a
   chance of working around problems in the compiler.  We used to
   call error(), but that let the segmentation fault continue
   through; now, it's much more passive by asking them to send the
   maintainers mail about the problem.  */

static void
signal_catch (sig)
     int sig ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED;
{
  signal (SIGSEGV, SIG_DFL);
#ifdef SIGIOT
  signal (SIGIOT, SIG_DFL);
#endif
#ifdef SIGILL
  signal (SIGILL, SIG_DFL);
#endif
#ifdef SIGABRT
  signal (SIGABRT, SIG_DFL);
#endif
#ifdef SIGBUS
  signal (SIGBUS, SIG_DFL);
#endif
  my_friendly_abort (0);
}

/* Push the declarations of builtin types into the namespace.
   RID_INDEX, if < RID_MAX is the index of the builtin type
   in the array RID_POINTERS.  NAME is the name used when looking
   up the builtin type.  TYPE is the _TYPE node for the builtin type.  */

static void
record_builtin_type (rid_index, name, type)
     enum rid rid_index;
     const char *name;
     tree type;
{
  tree rname = NULL_TREE, tname = NULL_TREE;
  tree tdecl = NULL_TREE;

  if ((int) rid_index < (int) RID_MAX)
    rname = ridpointers[(int) rid_index];
  if (name)
    tname = get_identifier (name);

  TYPE_BUILT_IN (type) = 1;
  
  if (tname)
    {
      tdecl = pushdecl (build_decl (TYPE_DECL, tname, type));
      set_identifier_type_value (tname, NULL_TREE);
      if ((int) rid_index < (int) RID_MAX)
        /* Built-in types live in the global namespace. */
        SET_IDENTIFIER_GLOBAL_VALUE (tname, tdecl);
    }
  if (rname != NULL_TREE)
    {
      if (tname != NULL_TREE)
        {
          set_identifier_type_value (rname, NULL_TREE);
          SET_IDENTIFIER_GLOBAL_VALUE (rname, tdecl);
        }
      else
        {
          tdecl = pushdecl (build_decl (TYPE_DECL, rname, type));
          set_identifier_type_value (rname, NULL_TREE);
        }
    }
}

/* Record one of the standard Java types.
 * Declare it as having the given NAME.
 * If SIZE > 0, it is the size of one of the integral types;
 * otherwise it is the negative of the size of one of the other types.  */

static tree
record_builtin_java_type (name, size)
     const char *name;
     int size;
{
  tree type, decl;
  if (size > 0)
    type = make_signed_type (size);
  else if (size > -32)
    { /* "__java_char" or ""__java_boolean". */
      type = make_unsigned_type (-size);
      /*if (size == -1) TREE_SET_CODE (type, BOOLEAN_TYPE);*/
    }
  else
    { /* "__java_float" or ""__java_double". */
      type = make_node (REAL_TYPE);
      TYPE_PRECISION (type) = - size;
      layout_type (type);
    }
  record_builtin_type (RID_MAX, name, type);
  decl = TYPE_NAME (type);

  /* Suppress generate debug symbol entries for these types,
     since for normal C++ they are just clutter.
     However, push_lang_context undoes this if extern "Java" is seen. */
  DECL_IGNORED_P (decl) = 1;

  TYPE_FOR_JAVA (type) = 1;
  return type;
}

/* Push a type into the namespace so that the back-ends ignore it. */

static void
record_unknown_type (type, name)
     tree type;
     const char *name;
{
  tree decl = pushdecl (build_decl (TYPE_DECL, get_identifier (name), type));
  /* Make sure the "unknown type" typedecl gets ignored for debug info.  */
  DECL_IGNORED_P (decl) = 1;
  TYPE_DECL_SUPPRESS_DEBUG (decl) = 1;
  TYPE_SIZE (type) = TYPE_SIZE (void_type_node);
  TYPE_ALIGN (type) = 1;
  TYPE_MODE (type) = TYPE_MODE (void_type_node);
} 

/* Push overloaded decl, in global scope, with one argument so it
   can be used as a callback from define_function.  */

static void
push_overloaded_decl_1 (x)
     tree x;
{
  push_overloaded_decl (x, PUSH_GLOBAL);
}

#ifdef __GNUC__
__inline
#endif
tree
auto_function (name, type, code)
     tree name, type;
     enum built_in_function code;
{
  return define_function
    (IDENTIFIER_POINTER (name), type, code, push_overloaded_decl_1,
     IDENTIFIER_POINTER (build_decl_overload (name, TYPE_ARG_TYPES (type),
                                              0)));
}

/* Create the predefined scalar types of C,
   and some nodes representing standard constants (0, 1, (void *)0).
   Initialize the global binding level.
   Make definitions for built-in primitive functions.  */

void
init_decl_processing ()
{
  tree fields[20];
  int wchar_type_size;
  tree array_domain_type;

  /* Have to make these distinct before we try using them.  */
  lang_name_cplusplus = get_identifier ("C++");
  lang_name_c = get_identifier ("C");
  lang_name_java = get_identifier ("Java");

  /* Let the back-end now how to save and restore language-specific
     per-function globals.  */
  init_lang_status = &push_cp_function_context;
  free_lang_status = &pop_cp_function_context;
  mark_lang_status = &mark_cp_function_context;

  cp_parse_init ();
  init_decl2 ();
  init_pt ();

  /* Create the global variables.  */
  push_to_top_level ();

  /* Enter the global namespace. */
  my_friendly_assert (global_namespace == NULL_TREE, 375);
  push_namespace (get_identifier ("::"));
  global_namespace = current_namespace;
  current_lang_name = NULL_TREE;

  if (flag_strict_prototype == 2)
    flag_strict_prototype = pedantic;
  if (! flag_permissive && ! pedantic)
    flag_pedantic_errors = 1;

  strict_prototypes_lang_c = flag_strict_prototype;

  /* Initially, C.  */
  current_lang_name = lang_name_c;

  current_function_decl = NULL_TREE;
  current_binding_level = NULL_BINDING_LEVEL;
  free_binding_level = NULL_BINDING_LEVEL;

  /* Because most segmentation signals can be traced back into user
     code, catch them and at least give the user a chance of working
     around compiler bugs.  */
  signal (SIGSEGV, signal_catch);

  /* We will also catch aborts in the back-end through signal_catch and
     give the user a chance to see where the error might be, and to defeat
     aborts in the back-end when there have been errors previously in their
     code.  */
#ifdef SIGIOT
  signal (SIGIOT, signal_catch);
#endif
#ifdef SIGILL
  signal (SIGILL, signal_catch);
#endif
#ifdef SIGABRT
  signal (SIGABRT, signal_catch);
#endif
#ifdef SIGBUS
  signal (SIGBUS, signal_catch);
#endif

  gcc_obstack_init (&decl_obstack);

  build_common_tree_nodes (flag_signed_char);

  TREE_PERMANENT (error_mark_node) = 1;
  error_mark_list = build_tree_list (error_mark_node, error_mark_node);
  TREE_TYPE (error_mark_list) = error_mark_node;

  /* Make the binding_level structure for global names.  */
  pushlevel (0);
  global_binding_level = current_binding_level;
  /* The global level is the namespace level of ::.  */
  NAMESPACE_LEVEL (global_namespace) = global_binding_level;
  declare_namespace_level ();

  this_identifier = get_identifier (THIS_NAME);
  in_charge_identifier = get_identifier (IN_CHARGE_NAME);
  ctor_identifier = get_identifier (CTOR_NAME);
  dtor_identifier = get_identifier (DTOR_NAME);
  pfn_identifier = get_identifier (VTABLE_PFN_NAME);
  index_identifier = get_identifier (VTABLE_INDEX_NAME);
  delta_identifier = get_identifier (VTABLE_DELTA_NAME);
  delta2_identifier = get_identifier (VTABLE_DELTA2_NAME);
  pfn_or_delta2_identifier = get_identifier ("__pfn_or_delta2");

  /* Define `int' and `char' first so that dbx will output them first.  */
  record_builtin_type (RID_INT, NULL_PTR, integer_type_node);
  record_builtin_type (RID_CHAR, "char", char_type_node);

  /* `signed' is the same as `int' */
  record_builtin_type (RID_SIGNED, NULL_PTR, integer_type_node);
  record_builtin_type (RID_LONG, "long int", long_integer_type_node);
  record_builtin_type (RID_UNSIGNED, "unsigned int", unsigned_type_node);
  record_builtin_type (RID_MAX, "long unsigned int", long_unsigned_type_node);
  record_builtin_type (RID_MAX, "unsigned long", long_unsigned_type_node);
  record_builtin_type (RID_MAX, "long long int", long_long_integer_type_node);
  record_builtin_type (RID_MAX, "long long unsigned int",
                       long_long_unsigned_type_node);
  record_builtin_type (RID_MAX, "long long unsigned",
                       long_long_unsigned_type_node);
  record_builtin_type (RID_SHORT, "short int", short_integer_type_node);
  record_builtin_type (RID_MAX, "short unsigned int", short_unsigned_type_node);
  record_builtin_type (RID_MAX, "unsigned short", short_unsigned_type_node);

  ptrdiff_type_node
    = TREE_TYPE (IDENTIFIER_GLOBAL_VALUE (get_identifier (PTRDIFF_TYPE)));

  /* Define both `signed char' and `unsigned char'.  */
  record_builtin_type (RID_MAX, "signed char", signed_char_type_node);
  record_builtin_type (RID_MAX, "unsigned char", unsigned_char_type_node);

  /* `unsigned long' is the standard type for sizeof.
     Note that stddef.h uses `unsigned long',
     and this must agree, even if long and int are the same size.  */
  set_sizetype
    (TREE_TYPE (IDENTIFIER_GLOBAL_VALUE (get_identifier (SIZE_TYPE))));

  /* Create the widest literal types. */
  widest_integer_literal_type_node = make_signed_type (HOST_BITS_PER_WIDE_INT * 2);
  pushdecl (build_decl (TYPE_DECL, NULL_TREE, 
                        widest_integer_literal_type_node));

  widest_unsigned_literal_type_node = make_unsigned_type (HOST_BITS_PER_WIDE_INT * 2);
  pushdecl (build_decl (TYPE_DECL, NULL_TREE, 
                        widest_unsigned_literal_type_node));

  /* These are types that type_for_size and type_for_mode use.  */
  pushdecl (build_decl (TYPE_DECL, NULL_TREE, intQI_type_node));
  pushdecl (build_decl (TYPE_DECL, NULL_TREE, intHI_type_node));
  pushdecl (build_decl (TYPE_DECL, NULL_TREE, intSI_type_node));
  pushdecl (build_decl (TYPE_DECL, NULL_TREE, intDI_type_node));
#if HOST_BITS_PER_WIDE_INT >= 64
  pushdecl (build_decl (TYPE_DECL, get_identifier ("__int128_t"), intTI_type_node));
#endif
  pushdecl (build_decl (TYPE_DECL, NULL_TREE, unsigned_intQI_type_node));
  pushdecl (build_decl (TYPE_DECL, NULL_TREE, unsigned_intHI_type_node));
  pushdecl (build_decl (TYPE_DECL, NULL_TREE, unsigned_intSI_type_node));
  pushdecl (build_decl (TYPE_DECL, NULL_TREE, unsigned_intDI_type_node));
#if HOST_BITS_PER_WIDE_INT >= 64
  pushdecl (build_decl (TYPE_DECL, get_identifier ("__uint128_t"), unsigned_intTI_type_node));
#endif

  build_common_tree_nodes_2 (flag_short_double);

  java_byte_type_node = record_builtin_java_type ("__java_byte", 8);
  java_short_type_node = record_builtin_java_type ("__java_short", 16);
  java_int_type_node = record_builtin_java_type ("__java_int", 32);
  java_long_type_node = record_builtin_java_type ("__java_long", 64);
  java_float_type_node = record_builtin_java_type ("__java_float", -32);
  java_double_type_node = record_builtin_java_type ("__java_double", -64);
  java_char_type_node = record_builtin_java_type ("__java_char", -16);
  java_boolean_type_node = record_builtin_java_type ("__java_boolean", -1);

  integer_two_node = build_int_2 (2, 0);
  TREE_TYPE (integer_two_node) = integer_type_node;
  integer_three_node = build_int_2 (3, 0);
  TREE_TYPE (integer_three_node) = integer_type_node;

  boolean_type_node = make_unsigned_type (BOOL_TYPE_SIZE);
  TREE_SET_CODE (boolean_type_node, BOOLEAN_TYPE);
  TYPE_MAX_VALUE (boolean_type_node) = build_int_2 (1, 0);
  TREE_TYPE (TYPE_MAX_VALUE (boolean_type_node)) = boolean_type_node;
  TYPE_PRECISION (boolean_type_node) = 1;
  record_builtin_type (RID_BOOL, "bool", boolean_type_node);
  boolean_false_node = build_int_2 (0, 0);
  TREE_TYPE (boolean_false_node) = boolean_type_node;
  boolean_true_node = build_int_2 (1, 0);
  TREE_TYPE (boolean_true_node) = boolean_type_node;

  signed_size_zero_node = build_int_2 (0, 0);  record_builtin_type (RID_FLOAT, NULL_PTR, float_type_node);
  record_builtin_type (RID_DOUBLE, NULL_PTR, double_type_node);
  record_builtin_type (RID_MAX, "long double", long_double_type_node);

  pushdecl (build_decl (TYPE_DECL, get_identifier ("complex int"),
                        complex_integer_type_node));
  pushdecl (build_decl (TYPE_DECL, get_identifier ("complex float"),
                        complex_float_type_node));
  pushdecl (build_decl (TYPE_DECL, get_identifier ("complex double"),
                        complex_double_type_node));
  pushdecl (build_decl (TYPE_DECL, get_identifier ("complex long double"),
                        complex_long_double_type_node));

  TREE_TYPE (signed_size_zero_node) = make_signed_type (TYPE_PRECISION (sizetype));

  record_builtin_type (RID_VOID, NULL_PTR, void_type_node);
  void_list_node = build_tree_list (NULL_TREE, void_type_node);
  TREE_PARMLIST (void_list_node) = 1;

  /* Used for expressions that do nothing, but are not errors.  */
  void_zero_node = build_int_2 (0, 0);
  TREE_TYPE (void_zero_node) = void_type_node;

  string_type_node = build_pointer_type (char_type_node);
  const_string_type_node
    = build_pointer_type (build_qualified_type (char_type_node, 
                                                TYPE_QUAL_CONST));
  empty_except_spec = build_tree_list (NULL_TREE, NULL_TREE);
#if 0
  record_builtin_type (RID_MAX, NULL_PTR, string_type_node);
#endif

  /* Make a type to be the domain of a few array types
     whose domains don't really matter.
     200 is small enough that it always fits in size_t
     and large enough that it can hold most function names for the
     initializations of __FUNCTION__ and __PRETTY_FUNCTION__.  */
  array_domain_type = build_index_type (build_int_2 (200, 0));

  /* Make a type for arrays of characters.
     With luck nothing will ever really depend on the length of this
     array type.  */
  char_array_type_node
    = build_array_type (char_type_node, array_domain_type);
  /* Likewise for arrays of ints.  */
  int_array_type_node
    = build_array_type (integer_type_node, array_domain_type);

  /* This is just some anonymous class type.  Nobody should ever
     need to look inside this envelope.  */
  class_star_type_node = build_pointer_type (make_lang_type (RECORD_TYPE));

  if (flag_huge_objects)
    delta_type_node = long_integer_type_node;
  else
    delta_type_node = short_integer_type_node;

  default_function_type
    = build_function_type (integer_type_node, NULL_TREE);

  ptr_type_node = build_pointer_type (void_type_node);
  const_ptr_type_node
    = build_pointer_type (build_qualified_type (void_type_node,
                                                TYPE_QUAL_CONST));
  c_common_nodes_and_builtins (1, flag_no_builtin, flag_no_nonansi_builtin);

  void_ftype_ptr
    = build_exception_variant (void_ftype_ptr, empty_except_spec);

  /* C++ extensions */

  unknown_type_node = make_node (UNKNOWN_TYPE);
  record_unknown_type (unknown_type_node, "unknown type");

  /* Indirecting an UNKNOWN_TYPE node yields an UNKNOWN_TYPE node.  */
  TREE_TYPE (unknown_type_node) = unknown_type_node;

  TREE_TYPE (null_node) = type_for_size (POINTER_SIZE, 0);

  /* Looking up TYPE_POINTER_TO and TYPE_REFERENCE_TO yield the same
     result.  */
  TYPE_POINTER_TO (unknown_type_node) = unknown_type_node;
  TYPE_REFERENCE_TO (unknown_type_node) = unknown_type_node;

  /* This is special for C++ so functions can be overloaded.  */
  wchar_type_node
    = TREE_TYPE (IDENTIFIER_GLOBAL_VALUE (get_identifier (WCHAR_TYPE)));
  wchar_type_size = TYPE_PRECISION (wchar_type_node);
  signed_wchar_type_node = make_signed_type (wchar_type_size);
  unsigned_wchar_type_node = make_unsigned_type (wchar_type_size);
  wchar_type_node
    = TREE_UNSIGNED (wchar_type_node)
      ? unsigned_wchar_type_node
      : signed_wchar_type_node;
  record_builtin_type (RID_WCHAR, "__wchar_t", wchar_type_node);

  /* Artificial declaration of wchar_t -- can be bashed */
  wchar_decl_node = build_decl (TYPE_DECL, get_identifier ("wchar_t"),
                                wchar_type_node);
  pushdecl (wchar_decl_node);

  /* This is for wide string constants.  */
  wchar_array_type_node
    = build_array_type (wchar_type_node, array_domain_type);

  if (flag_vtable_thunks)
    {
      /* Make sure we get a unique function type, so we can give
         its pointer type a name.  (This wins for gdb.) */
      tree vfunc_type = make_node (FUNCTION_TYPE);
      TREE_TYPE (vfunc_type) = integer_type_node;
      TYPE_ARG_TYPES (vfunc_type) = NULL_TREE;
      layout_type (vfunc_type);

      vtable_entry_type = build_pointer_type (vfunc_type);
    }
  else
    {
      vtable_entry_type = make_lang_type (RECORD_TYPE);
      fields[0] = build_lang_decl (FIELD_DECL, delta_identifier,
                                   delta_type_node);
      fields[1] = build_lang_decl (FIELD_DECL, index_identifier,
                                   delta_type_node);
      fields[2] = build_lang_decl (FIELD_DECL, pfn_identifier,
                                   ptr_type_node);
      finish_builtin_type (vtable_entry_type, VTBL_PTR_TYPE, fields, 2,
                           double_type_node);

      /* Make this part of an invisible union.  */
      fields[3] = copy_node (fields[2]);
      TREE_TYPE (fields[3]) = delta_type_node;
      DECL_NAME (fields[3]) = delta2_identifier;
      DECL_MODE (fields[3]) = TYPE_MODE (delta_type_node);
      DECL_SIZE (fields[3]) = TYPE_SIZE (delta_type_node);
      TREE_UNSIGNED (fields[3]) = 0;
      TREE_CHAIN (fields[2]) = fields[3];
      vtable_entry_type = build_qualified_type (vtable_entry_type,
                                                TYPE_QUAL_CONST);
    }
  record_builtin_type (RID_MAX, VTBL_PTR_TYPE, vtable_entry_type);

  vtbl_type_node
    = build_cplus_array_type (vtable_entry_type, NULL_TREE);
  layout_type (vtbl_type_node);
  vtbl_type_node = build_qualified_type (vtbl_type_node, TYPE_QUAL_CONST);
  record_builtin_type (RID_MAX, NULL_PTR, vtbl_type_node);
  vtbl_ptr_type_node = build_pointer_type (vtable_entry_type);
  layout_type (vtbl_ptr_type_node);
  record_builtin_type (RID_MAX, NULL_PTR, vtbl_ptr_type_node);

  std_node = build_decl (NAMESPACE_DECL, 
                         get_identifier (flag_honor_std ? "fake std":"std"),
                         void_type_node);
  pushdecl (std_node);

  global_type_node = make_node (LANG_TYPE);
  record_unknown_type (global_type_node, "global type");

  /* Now, C++.  */
  current_lang_name = lang_name_cplusplus;

  {
    tree bad_alloc_type_node, newtype, deltype;
    if (flag_honor_std)
      push_namespace (get_identifier ("std"));
    bad_alloc_type_node = xref_tag
      (class_type_node, get_identifier ("bad_alloc"), 1);
    if (flag_honor_std)
      pop_namespace ();
    newtype = build_exception_variant
      (ptr_ftype_sizetype, add_exception_specifier (NULL_TREE, bad_alloc_type_node, -1));
    deltype = build_exception_variant (void_ftype_ptr, empty_except_spec);
    auto_function (ansi_opname[(int) NEW_EXPR], newtype, NOT_BUILT_IN);
    auto_function (ansi_opname[(int) VEC_NEW_EXPR], newtype, NOT_BUILT_IN);
    global_delete_fndecl
      = auto_function (ansi_opname[(int) DELETE_EXPR], deltype, NOT_BUILT_IN);
    auto_function (ansi_opname[(int) VEC_DELETE_EXPR], deltype, NOT_BUILT_IN);
  }

  abort_fndecl
    = define_function ("__pure_virtual", void_ftype,
                       NOT_BUILT_IN, 0, 0);

  /* Perform other language dependent initializations.  */
  init_class_processing ();
  init_init_processing ();
  init_search_processing ();
  if (flag_rtti)
    init_rtti_processing ();

  if (flag_exceptions)
    init_exception_processing ();
  if (flag_no_inline)
    {
      flag_inline_functions = 0;
    }

  if (! supports_one_only ())
    flag_weak = 0;

  /* Create the global bindings for __FUNCTION__ and __PRETTY_FUNCTION__.  */
  declare_function_name ();

  /* Prepare to check format strings against argument lists.  */
  init_function_format_info ();

  /* Show we use EH for cleanups.  */
  using_eh_for_cleanups ();

  print_error_function = lang_print_error_function;
  lang_get_alias_set = &c_get_alias_set;
  valid_lang_attribute = cp_valid_lang_attribute;

  /* Maintain consistency.  Perhaps we should just complain if they
     say -fwritable-strings?  */
  if (flag_writable_strings)
    flag_const_strings = 0;

  /* Add GC roots for all of our global variables.  */
  ggc_add_tree_root (c_global_trees, sizeof c_global_trees / sizeof(tree));
  ggc_add_tree_root (cp_global_trees, sizeof cp_global_trees / sizeof(tree));
  ggc_add_tree_root (&integer_three_node, 1);
  ggc_add_tree_root (&integer_two_node, 1);
  ggc_add_tree_root (&signed_size_zero_node, 1);
  ggc_add_tree_root (&size_one_node, 1);
  ggc_add_tree_root (&size_zero_node, 1);
  ggc_add_root (&global_binding_level, 1, sizeof global_binding_level,
                mark_binding_level);
  ggc_add_root (&scope_chain, 1, sizeof scope_chain, &mark_saved_scope);
  ggc_add_tree_root (&static_ctors, 1);
  ggc_add_tree_root (&static_dtors, 1);
  ggc_add_tree_root (&lastiddecl, 1);

  ggc_add_tree_root (&enum_next_value, 1);
  ggc_add_tree_root (&last_function_parm_tags, 1);
  ggc_add_tree_root (&current_function_return_value, 1);
  ggc_add_tree_root (&current_function_parms, 1);
  ggc_add_tree_root (&current_function_parm_tags, 1);
  ggc_add_tree_root (&last_function_parms, 1);
  ggc_add_tree_root (&error_mark_list, 1);

  ggc_add_tree_root (&global_namespace, 1);
  ggc_add_tree_root (&global_type_node, 1);
  ggc_add_tree_root (&anonymous_namespace_name, 1);

  ggc_add_tree_root (&got_object, 1);
  ggc_add_tree_root (&got_scope, 1);

  ggc_add_tree_root (&current_lang_name, 1);
  ggc_add_tree_root (&static_aggregates, 1);
}

/* Function to print any language-specific context for an error message.  */

static void
lang_print_error_function (file)
     const char *file;
{
  default_print_error_function (file);
  maybe_print_template_context ();
}

/* Make a definition for a builtin function named NAME and whose data type
   is TYPE.  TYPE should be a function type with argument types.
   FUNCTION_CODE tells later passes how to compile calls to this function.
   See tree.h for its possible values.

   If LIBRARY_NAME is nonzero, use that for DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME,
   the name to be called if we can't opencode the function.  */

tree
define_function (name, type, function_code, pfn, library_name)
     const char *name;
     tree type;
     enum built_in_function function_code;
     void (*pfn) PROTO((tree));
     const char *library_name;
{
  tree decl = build_lang_decl (FUNCTION_DECL, get_identifier (name), type);
  DECL_EXTERNAL (decl) = 1;
  TREE_PUBLIC (decl) = 1;
  DECL_ARTIFICIAL (decl) = 1;

  my_friendly_assert (DECL_CONTEXT (decl) == NULL_TREE, 392);
  DECL_CONTEXT (decl) = FROB_CONTEXT (current_namespace);

  /* Since `pushdecl' relies on DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME instead of DECL_NAME,
     we cannot change DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME until we have installed this
     function in the namespace.  */
  if (pfn) (*pfn) (decl);
  if (library_name)
    DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME (decl) = get_identifier (library_name);
  make_function_rtl (decl);
  if (function_code != NOT_BUILT_IN)
    {
      DECL_BUILT_IN (decl) = 1;
      DECL_FUNCTION_CODE (decl) = function_code;
    }
  return decl;
}

tree
builtin_function (name, type, code, libname)
     const char *name;
     tree type;
     enum built_in_function code;
     const char *libname;
{
  return define_function (name, type, code, (void (*) PROTO((tree)))pushdecl, libname);
}
\f
/* When we call finish_struct for an anonymous union, we create
   default copy constructors and such.  But, an anonymous union
   shouldn't have such things; this function undoes the damage to the
   anonymous union type T.

   (The reason that we create the synthesized methods is that we don't
   distinguish `union { int i; }' from `typedef union { int i; } U'.
   The first is an anonymous union; the second is just an ordinary
   union type.)  */

void
fixup_anonymous_aggr (t)
     tree t;
{
  tree *q;

  /* Wipe out memory of synthesized methods */
  TYPE_HAS_CONSTRUCTOR (t) = 0;
  TYPE_HAS_DEFAULT_CONSTRUCTOR (t) = 0;
  TYPE_HAS_INIT_REF (t) = 0;
  TYPE_HAS_CONST_INIT_REF (t) = 0;
  TYPE_HAS_ASSIGN_REF (t) = 0;
  TYPE_HAS_CONST_ASSIGN_REF (t) = 0;

  /* Splice the implicitly generated functions out of the TYPE_METHODS
     list.  */
  q = &TYPE_METHODS (t);
  while (*q)
    {
      if (DECL_ARTIFICIAL (*q))
        *q = TREE_CHAIN (*q);
      else
        q = &TREE_CHAIN (*q);
    }

  /* ANSI C++ June 5 1992 WP 9.5.3.  Anonymous unions may not have
     function members.  */
  if (TYPE_METHODS (t))
    error ("an anonymous union cannot have function members");
}

/* Make sure that a declaration with no declarator is well-formed, i.e.
   just defines a tagged type or anonymous union.

   Returns the type defined, if any.  */

tree
check_tag_decl (declspecs)
     tree declspecs;
{
  int found_type = 0;
  tree ob_modifier = NULL_TREE;
  register tree link;
  register tree t = NULL_TREE;

  for (link = declspecs; link; link = TREE_CHAIN (link))
    {
      register tree value = TREE_VALUE (link);

      if (TYPE_P (value))
        {
          ++found_type;

          if (IS_AGGR_TYPE (value) || TREE_CODE (value) == ENUMERAL_TYPE)
            {
              my_friendly_assert (TYPE_MAIN_DECL (value) != NULL_TREE, 261);
              t = value;
            }
        }
      else if (value == ridpointers[(int) RID_FRIEND])
        {
          if (current_class_type == NULL_TREE
              || current_scope () != current_class_type)
            ob_modifier = value;
        }
      else if (value == ridpointers[(int) RID_STATIC]
               || value == ridpointers[(int) RID_EXTERN]
               || value == ridpointers[(int) RID_AUTO]
               || value == ridpointers[(int) RID_REGISTER]
               || value == ridpointers[(int) RID_INLINE]
               || value == ridpointers[(int) RID_VIRTUAL]
               || value == ridpointers[(int) RID_CONST]
               || value == ridpointers[(int) RID_VOLATILE]
               || value == ridpointers[(int) RID_EXPLICIT])
        ob_modifier = value;
    }

  if (found_type > 1)
    error ("multiple types in one declaration");

  /* Inside a class, we might be in a friend or access declaration.
     Until we have a good way of detecting the latter, don't warn.  */
  if (t == NULL_TREE && ! current_class_type)
    pedwarn ("declaration does not declare anything");

  /* Check for an anonymous union.  We're careful
     accessing TYPE_IDENTIFIER because some built-in types, like
     pointer-to-member types, do not have TYPE_NAME.  */
  else if (t && IS_AGGR_TYPE_CODE (TREE_CODE (t))
           && TYPE_NAME (t)
           && ANON_AGGRNAME_P (TYPE_IDENTIFIER (t)))
    {
      /* Anonymous unions are objects, so they can have specifiers.  */;
      SET_ANON_AGGR_TYPE_P (t);

      if (TREE_CODE (t) != UNION_TYPE && pedantic && ! in_system_header)
        pedwarn ("ISO C++ prohibits anonymous structs");
    }

  else if (ob_modifier)
    {
      if (ob_modifier == ridpointers[(int) RID_INLINE]
          || ob_modifier == ridpointers[(int) RID_VIRTUAL])
        cp_error ("`%D' can only be specified for functions", ob_modifier);
      else if (ob_modifier == ridpointers[(int) RID_FRIEND])
        cp_error ("`%D' can only be specified inside a class", ob_modifier);
      else if (ob_modifier == ridpointers[(int) RID_EXPLICIT])
        cp_error ("`%D' can only be specified for constructors",
                  ob_modifier);
      else
        cp_error ("`%D' can only be specified for objects and functions",
                  ob_modifier);
    }

  return t;
}

/* Called when a declaration is seen that contains no names to declare.
   If its type is a reference to a structure, union or enum inherited
   from a containing scope, shadow that tag name for the current scope
   with a forward reference.
   If its type defines a new named structure or union
   or defines an enum, it is valid but we need not do anything here.
   Otherwise, it is an error.

   C++: may have to grok the declspecs to learn about static,
   complain for anonymous unions.  */

void
shadow_tag (declspecs)
     tree declspecs;
{
  tree t = check_tag_decl (declspecs);

  if (t)
    maybe_process_partial_specialization (t);

  /* This is where the variables in an anonymous union are
     declared.  An anonymous union declaration looks like:
     union { ... } ;
     because there is no declarator after the union, the parser
     sends that declaration here.  */
  if (t && ANON_AGGR_TYPE_P (t))
    {
      fixup_anonymous_aggr (t);

      if (TYPE_FIELDS (t))
        {
          tree decl = grokdeclarator (NULL_TREE, declspecs, NORMAL, 0,
                                      NULL_TREE);
          finish_anon_union (decl);
        }
    }
}
\f
/* Decode a "typename", such as "int **", returning a ..._TYPE node.  */

tree
groktypename (typename)
     tree typename;
{
  if (TREE_CODE (typename) != TREE_LIST)
    return typename;
  return grokdeclarator (TREE_VALUE (typename),
                         TREE_PURPOSE (typename),
                         TYPENAME, 0, NULL_TREE);
}

/* Decode a declarator in an ordinary declaration or data definition.
   This is called as soon as the type information and variable name
   have been parsed, before parsing the initializer if any.
   Here we create the ..._DECL node, fill in its type,
   and put it on the list of decls for the current context.
   The ..._DECL node is returned as the value.

   Exception: for arrays where the length is not specified,
   the type is left null, to be filled in by `cp_finish_decl'.

   Function definitions do not come here; they go to start_function
   instead.  However, external and forward declarations of functions
   do go through here.  Structure field declarations are done by
   grokfield and not through here.  */

/* Set this to zero to debug not using the temporary obstack
   to parse initializers.  */
int debug_temp_inits = 1;

tree
start_decl (declarator, declspecs, initialized, attributes, prefix_attributes)
     tree declarator, declspecs;
     int initialized;
     tree attributes, prefix_attributes;
{
  register tree decl;
  register tree type, tem;
  tree context;
  extern int have_extern_spec;
  extern int used_extern_spec;
  tree attrlist;

#if 0
  /* See code below that used this.  */
  int init_written = initialized;
#endif

  /* This should only be done once on the top most decl.  */
  if (have_extern_spec && !used_extern_spec)
    {
      declspecs = decl_tree_cons (NULL_TREE, get_identifier ("extern"),
                                  declspecs);
      used_extern_spec = 1;
    }

  if (attributes || prefix_attributes)
    attrlist = build_scratch_list (attributes, prefix_attributes);
  else
    attrlist = NULL_TREE;

  decl = grokdeclarator (declarator, declspecs, NORMAL, initialized,
                         attrlist);
                         
  if (decl == NULL_TREE || TREE_CODE (decl) == VOID_TYPE)
    return NULL_TREE;

  type = TREE_TYPE (decl);

  if (type == error_mark_node)
    return NULL_TREE;

  /* Don't lose if destructors must be executed at file-level.  */
  if (! processing_template_decl && TREE_STATIC (decl)
      && TYPE_NEEDS_DESTRUCTOR (complete_type (type))
      && !TREE_PERMANENT (decl))
    {
      push_obstacks (&permanent_obstack, &permanent_obstack);
      decl = copy_node (decl);
      if (TREE_CODE (type) == ARRAY_TYPE)
        {
          tree itype = TYPE_DOMAIN (type);
          if (itype && ! TREE_PERMANENT (itype))
            {
              itype = build_index_type (TYPE_MAX_VALUE (itype));
              type = build_cplus_array_type (TREE_TYPE (type), itype);
              TREE_TYPE (decl) = type;
            }
        }
      pop_obstacks ();
    }

  context
    = (TREE_CODE (decl) == FUNCTION_DECL && DECL_VIRTUAL_P (decl))
      ? DECL_CLASS_CONTEXT (decl)
      : DECL_CONTEXT (decl);

  if (initialized && context && TREE_CODE (context) == NAMESPACE_DECL
      && context != current_namespace && TREE_CODE (decl) == VAR_DECL)
    {
      /* When parsing the initializer, lookup should use the object's
         namespace. */
      push_decl_namespace (context);
    }

  /* We are only interested in class contexts, later. */
  if (context && TREE_CODE (context) == NAMESPACE_DECL)
    context = NULL_TREE;

  if (initialized)
    /* Is it valid for this decl to have an initializer at all?
       If not, set INITIALIZED to zero, which will indirectly
       tell `cp_finish_decl' to ignore the initializer once it is parsed.  */
    switch (TREE_CODE (decl))
      {
      case TYPE_DECL:
        /* typedef foo = bar  means give foo the same type as bar.
           We haven't parsed bar yet, so `cp_finish_decl' will fix that up.
           Any other case of an initialization in a TYPE_DECL is an error.  */
        if (pedantic || list_length (declspecs) > 1)
          {
            cp_error ("typedef `%D' is initialized", decl);
            initialized = 0;
          }
        break;

      case FUNCTION_DECL:
        cp_error ("function `%#D' is initialized like a variable", decl);
        initialized = 0;
        break;

      default:
        break;
      }

  if (initialized)
    {
      if (! toplevel_bindings_p ()
          && DECL_EXTERNAL (decl))
        cp_warning ("declaration of `%#D' has `extern' and is initialized",
                    decl);
      DECL_EXTERNAL (decl) = 0;
      if (toplevel_bindings_p ())
        TREE_STATIC (decl) = 1;

      /* Tell `pushdecl' this is an initialized decl
         even though we don't yet have the initializer expression.
         Also tell `cp_finish_decl' it may store the real initializer.  */
      DECL_INITIAL (decl) = error_mark_node;
    }

#ifdef SET_DEFAULT_DECL_ATTRIBUTES
  SET_DEFAULT_DECL_ATTRIBUTES (decl, attributes);
#endif
  
  /* Set attributes here so if duplicate decl, will have proper attributes.  */
  cplus_decl_attributes (decl, attributes, prefix_attributes);

  if (context && TYPE_SIZE (complete_type (context)) != NULL_TREE)
    {
      push_nested_class (context, 2);

      if (TREE_CODE (decl) == VAR_DECL)
        {
          tree field = lookup_field (context, DECL_NAME (decl), 0, 0);
          if (field == NULL_TREE || TREE_CODE (field) != VAR_DECL)
            cp_error ("`%#D' is not a static member of `%#T'", decl, context);
          else
            {
              if (DECL_CONTEXT (field) != context)
                {
                  cp_pedwarn ("ANSI C++ does not permit `%T::%D' to be defined as `%T::%D'",
                              DECL_CONTEXT (field), DECL_NAME (decl),
                              context, DECL_NAME (decl));
                  DECL_CONTEXT (decl) = DECL_CONTEXT (field);
                }
              /* Static data member are tricky; an in-class initialization
                 still doesn't provide a definition, so the in-class
                 declaration will have DECL_EXTERNAL set, but will have an
                 initialization.  Thus, duplicate_decls won't warn
                 about this situation, and so we check here.  */
              if (DECL_INITIAL (decl) && DECL_INITIAL (field))
                cp_error ("duplicate initialization of %D", decl);
              if (duplicate_decls (decl, field))
                decl = field;
            }
        }
      else
        {
          tree field = check_classfn (context, decl);
          if (field && duplicate_decls (decl, field))
            decl = field;
        }

      /* cp_finish_decl sets DECL_EXTERNAL if DECL_IN_AGGR_P is set.  */
      DECL_IN_AGGR_P (decl) = 0;
      if ((DECL_LANG_SPECIFIC (decl) && DECL_USE_TEMPLATE (decl)) 
          || CLASSTYPE_USE_TEMPLATE (context))
        {
          SET_DECL_TEMPLATE_SPECIALIZATION (decl);
          /* [temp.expl.spec] An explicit specialization of a static data
             member of a template is a definition if the declaration
             includes an initializer; otherwise, it is a declaration.

             We check for processing_specialization so this only applies
             to the new specialization syntax.  */
          if (DECL_INITIAL (decl) == NULL_TREE && processing_specialization)
            DECL_EXTERNAL (decl) = 1;
        }

      if (DECL_EXTERNAL (decl) && ! DECL_TEMPLATE_SPECIALIZATION (decl))
        cp_pedwarn ("declaration of `%#D' outside of class is not definition",
                    decl);
    }

  /* Enter this declaration into the symbol table.  */
  tem = maybe_push_decl (decl);

  if (processing_template_decl)
    {
      if (at_function_scope_p ())
        push_permanent_obstack ();

      tem = push_template_decl (tem);
      /* In a a local scope, add a representation of this declaration
         to the statement tree.  */
      if (at_function_scope_p ())
        {
          add_decl_stmt (decl);
          pop_obstacks ();
        }
    }


#if ! defined (ASM_OUTPUT_BSS) && ! defined (ASM_OUTPUT_ALIGNED_BSS)
  /* Tell the back-end to use or not use .common as appropriate.  If we say
     -fconserve-space, we want this to save .data space, at the expense of
     wrong semantics.  If we say -fno-conserve-space, we want this to
     produce errors about redefs; to do this we force variables into the
     data segment.  */
  DECL_COMMON (tem) = flag_conserve_space || ! TREE_PUBLIC (tem);
#endif
  
  if (! processing_template_decl)
    start_decl_1 (tem);

  /* Corresponding pop_obstacks is done in `cp_finish_decl'.  */
  push_obstacks_nochange ();

  return tem;
}

void
start_decl_1 (decl)
     tree decl;
{
  tree type = TREE_TYPE (decl);
  int initialized = (DECL_INITIAL (decl) != NULL_TREE);

  if (type == error_mark_node)
    return;

  /* If this type of object needs a cleanup, and control may
     jump past it, make a new binding level so that it is cleaned
     up only when it is initialized first.  */
  if (TYPE_NEEDS_DESTRUCTOR (type)
      && current_binding_level->more_cleanups_ok == 0)
    pushlevel_temporary (1);

  if (initialized)
    /* Is it valid for this decl to have an initializer at all?
       If not, set INITIALIZED to zero, which will indirectly
       tell `cp_finish_decl' to ignore the initializer once it is parsed.  */
    {
      /* Don't allow initializations for incomplete types except for
         arrays which might be completed by the initialization.  */
      if (TYPE_SIZE (complete_type (type)) != NULL_TREE)
        ;                       /* A complete type is ok.  */
      else if (TREE_CODE (type) != ARRAY_TYPE)
        {
          cp_error ("variable `%#D' has initializer but incomplete type",
                    decl);
          initialized = 0;
          type = TREE_TYPE (decl) = error_mark_node;
        }
      else if (TYPE_SIZE (complete_type (TREE_TYPE (type))) == NULL_TREE)
        {
          if (DECL_LANG_SPECIFIC (decl) && DECL_TEMPLATE_INFO (decl))
            cp_error ("elements of array `%#D' have incomplete type", decl);
          /* else we already gave an error in start_decl.  */
          initialized = 0;
        }
    }

  if (!initialized
      && TREE_CODE (decl) != TYPE_DECL
      && TREE_CODE (decl) != TEMPLATE_DECL
      && IS_AGGR_TYPE (type) && ! DECL_EXTERNAL (decl))
    {
      if ((! processing_template_decl || ! uses_template_parms (type))
          && TYPE_SIZE (complete_type (type)) == NULL_TREE)
        {
          cp_error ("aggregate `%#D' has incomplete type and cannot be initialized",
                 decl);
          /* Change the type so that assemble_variable will give
             DECL an rtl we can live with: (mem (const_int 0)).  */
          type = TREE_TYPE (decl) = error_mark_node;
        }
      else
        {
          /* If any base type in the hierarchy of TYPE needs a constructor,
             then we set initialized to 1.  This way any nodes which are
             created for the purposes of initializing this aggregate
             will live as long as it does.  This is necessary for global
             aggregates which do not have their initializers processed until
             the end of the file.  */
          initialized = TYPE_NEEDS_CONSTRUCTING (type);
        }
    }

  if (! initialized)
    DECL_INITIAL (decl) = NULL_TREE;
}

/* Handle initialization of references.
   These three arguments are from `cp_finish_decl', and have the
   same meaning here that they do there.

   Quotes on semantics can be found in ARM 8.4.3.  */

static void
grok_reference_init (decl, type, init)
     tree decl, type, init;
{
  tree tmp;

  if (init == NULL_TREE)
    {
      if ((DECL_LANG_SPECIFIC (decl) == 0
           || DECL_IN_AGGR_P (decl) == 0)
          && ! DECL_THIS_EXTERN (decl))
        cp_error ("`%D' declared as reference but not initialized", decl);
      return;
    }

  if (init == error_mark_node)
    return;

  if (TREE_CODE (init) == CONSTRUCTOR)
    {
      cp_error ("ANSI C++ forbids use of initializer list to initialize reference `%D'", decl);
      return;
    }

  if (TREE_CODE (init) == TREE_LIST)
    init = build_compound_expr (init);

  if (TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (init)) == REFERENCE_TYPE)
    init = convert_from_reference (init);

  if (TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (type)) != ARRAY_TYPE
      && TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (init)) == ARRAY_TYPE)
    {
      /* Note: default conversion is only called in very special cases.  */
      init = default_conversion (init);
    }

  tmp = convert_to_reference
    (type, init, CONV_IMPLICIT,
     LOOKUP_SPECULATIVELY|LOOKUP_NORMAL|DIRECT_BIND, decl);

  if (tmp == error_mark_node)
    return;
  else if (tmp != NULL_TREE)
    {
      init = tmp;
      DECL_INITIAL (decl) = save_expr (init);
    }
  else
    {
      cp_error ("cannot initialize `%T' from `%T'", type, TREE_TYPE (init));
      return;
    }

  /* ?? Can this be optimized in some cases to
     hand back the DECL_INITIAL slot??  */
  if (TYPE_SIZE (TREE_TYPE (type)))
    init = convert_from_reference (decl);

  if (TREE_STATIC (decl) && ! TREE_CONSTANT (DECL_INITIAL (decl)))
    {
      expand_static_init (decl, DECL_INITIAL (decl));
      DECL_INITIAL (decl) = NULL_TREE;
    }
  return;
}

/* Fill in DECL_INITIAL with some magical value to prevent expand_decl from
   mucking with forces it does not comprehend (i.e. initialization with a
   constructor).  If we are at global scope and won't go into COMMON, fill
   it in with a dummy CONSTRUCTOR to force the variable into .data;
   otherwise we can use error_mark_node.  */

static tree
obscure_complex_init (decl, init)
     tree decl, init;
{
  if (! flag_no_inline && TREE_STATIC (decl))
    {
      if (extract_init (decl, init))
        return NULL_TREE;
    }

#if ! defined (ASM_OUTPUT_BSS) && ! defined (ASM_OUTPUT_ALIGNED_BSS)
  if (toplevel_bindings_p () && ! DECL_COMMON (decl))
    DECL_INITIAL (decl) = build (CONSTRUCTOR, TREE_TYPE (decl), NULL_TREE,
                                 NULL_TREE);
  else
#endif
    DECL_INITIAL (decl) = error_mark_node;

  return init;
}

/* When parsing `int a[] = {1, 2};' we don't know the size of the
   array until we finish parsing the initializer.  If that's the
   situation we're in, update DECL accordingly.  */

static void
maybe_deduce_size_from_array_init (decl, init)
     tree decl;
     tree init;
{
  tree type = TREE_TYPE (decl);

  if (TREE_CODE (type) == ARRAY_TYPE
      && TYPE_DOMAIN (type) == NULL_TREE
      && TREE_CODE (decl) != TYPE_DECL)
    {
      int do_default
        = (TREE_STATIC (decl)
           /* Even if pedantic, an external linkage array
              may have incomplete type at first.  */
           ? pedantic && ! DECL_EXTERNAL (decl)
           : !DECL_EXTERNAL (decl));
      tree initializer = init ? init : DECL_INITIAL (decl);
      int failure = complete_array_type (type, initializer, do_default);

      if (failure == 1)
        cp_error ("initializer fails to determine size of `%D'", decl);

      if (failure == 2)
        {
          if (do_default)
            cp_error ("array size missing in `%D'", decl);
          /* If a `static' var's size isn't known, make it extern as
             well as static, so it does not get allocated.  If it's not
             `static', then don't mark it extern; finish_incomplete_decl
             will give it a default size and it will get allocated.  */
          else if (!pedantic && TREE_STATIC (decl) && !TREE_PUBLIC (decl))
            DECL_EXTERNAL (decl) = 1;
        }

      if (pedantic && TYPE_DOMAIN (type) != NULL_TREE
          && tree_int_cst_lt (TYPE_MAX_VALUE (TYPE_DOMAIN (type)),
                              integer_zero_node))
        cp_error ("zero-size array `%D'", decl);

      layout_decl (decl, 0);
    }
}

/* Set DECL_SIZE, DECL_ALIGN, etc. for DECL (a VAR_DECL), and issue
   any appropriate error messages regarding the layout.  INIT is a
   the initializer for DECL; returns a modified version.  */

static tree
layout_var_decl (decl, init)
     tree decl;
     tree init;
{
  tree ttype = target_type (TREE_TYPE (decl));

  /* If we haven't already layed out this declaration, and we know its
     type, do so now.  Note that we must not call complete type for an
     external object because it's type might involve templates that we
     are not supposed to isntantiate yet.  */
  if (!DECL_EXTERNAL (decl)  
      && DECL_SIZE (decl) == NULL_TREE
      && TYPE_SIZE (complete_type (TREE_TYPE (decl))) != NULL_TREE)
    layout_decl (decl, 0);

  if (!DECL_EXTERNAL (decl) && DECL_SIZE (decl) == NULL_TREE)
    {
      /* An automatic variable with an incomplete type: that is an error.
         Don't talk about array types here, since we took care of that
         message in grokdeclarator.  */
      cp_error ("storage size of `%D' isn't known", decl);
      TREE_TYPE (decl) = error_mark_node;
    }
  else if (!DECL_EXTERNAL (decl) && IS_AGGR_TYPE (ttype))
    /* Let debugger know it should output info for this type.  */
    note_debug_info_needed (ttype);

  if (TREE_STATIC (decl) && DECL_CLASS_SCOPE_P (decl))
    note_debug_info_needed (DECL_CONTEXT (decl));

  if ((DECL_EXTERNAL (decl) || TREE_STATIC (decl))
      && DECL_SIZE (decl) != NULL_TREE
      && ! TREE_CONSTANT (DECL_SIZE (decl)))
    {
      if (TREE_CODE (DECL_SIZE (decl)) == INTEGER_CST)
        constant_expression_warning (DECL_SIZE (decl));
      else
        cp_error ("storage size of `%D' isn't constant", decl);
    }

  return init;
}

/* Return a cleanup for DECL, created on whatever obstack is
   appropriate.  */

static tree
build_cleanup_on_safe_obstack (decl)
     tree decl;
{
  tree cleanup;
  tree type;
  int need_pop;

  type = TREE_TYPE (decl);

  /* Only variables get cleaned up.  */
  if (TREE_CODE (decl) != VAR_DECL)
    return NULL_TREE;
  
  /* And only things with destructors need cleaning up.  */
  if (!TYPE_NEEDS_DESTRUCTOR (type))
    return NULL_TREE;

  if (TREE_CODE (decl) == VAR_DECL &&
      (DECL_EXTERNAL (decl) || TREE_STATIC (decl)))
    /* We don't clean up things that aren't defined in this
       translation unit, or that need a static cleanup.  The latter
       are handled by finish_file.  */
    return NULL_TREE;
  
  /* Switch to an obstack that will live until the point where the
     cleanup code is actually expanded.  */
  need_pop = suspend_momentary ();

  /* Compute the cleanup.  */
  cleanup = maybe_build_cleanup (decl);

  /* Pop back to the obstack we were on before.  */
  resume_momentary (need_pop);
  
  return cleanup;
}

/* If a local static variable is declared in an inline function, or if
   we have a weak definition, we must endeavor to create only one
   instance of the variable at link-time.  */

static void
maybe_commonize_var (decl)
     tree decl;
{
  /* Static data in a function with comdat linkage also has comdat
     linkage.  */
  if (TREE_STATIC (decl)
      /* Don't mess with __FUNCTION__.  */
      && ! TREE_ASM_WRITTEN (decl)
      && current_function_decl
      && DECL_CONTEXT (decl) == current_function_decl
      && (DECL_THIS_INLINE (current_function_decl)
          || DECL_TEMPLATE_INSTANTIATION (current_function_decl))
      && TREE_PUBLIC (current_function_decl))
    {
      /* Rather than try to get this right with inlining, we suppress
         inlining of such functions.  */
      current_function_cannot_inline
        = "function with static variable cannot be inline";

      /* If flag_weak, we don't need to mess with this, as we can just
         make the function weak, and let it refer to its unique local
         copy.  This works because we don't allow the function to be
         inlined.  */
      if (! flag_weak)
        {
          if (DECL_INTERFACE_KNOWN (current_function_decl))
            {
              TREE_PUBLIC (decl) = 1;
              DECL_EXTERNAL (decl) = DECL_EXTERNAL (current_function_decl);
            }
          else if (DECL_INITIAL (decl) == NULL_TREE
                   || DECL_INITIAL (decl) == error_mark_node)
            {
              TREE_PUBLIC (decl) = 1;
              DECL_COMMON (decl) = 1;
            }
          /* else we lose. We can only do this if we can use common,
             which we can't if it has been initialized.  */

          if (TREE_PUBLIC (decl))
            DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME (decl)
              = build_static_name (current_function_decl, DECL_NAME (decl));
          else if (! DECL_ARTIFICIAL (decl))
            {
              cp_warning_at ("sorry: semantics of inline function static data `%#D' are wrong (you'll wind up with multiple copies)", decl);
              cp_warning_at ("  you can work around this by removing the initializer", decl);
            }
        }
    }
  else if (DECL_LANG_SPECIFIC (decl) && DECL_COMDAT (decl))
    /* Set it up again; we might have set DECL_INITIAL since the last
       time.  */
    comdat_linkage (decl);
}

/* Issue an error message if DECL is an uninitialized const variable.  */

static void
check_for_uninitialized_const_var (decl)
     tree decl;
{
  tree type = TREE_TYPE (decl);

  /* ``Unless explicitly declared extern, a const object does not have
     external linkage and must be initialized. ($8.4; $12.1)'' ARM
     7.1.6 */
  if (TREE_CODE (decl) == VAR_DECL
      && TREE_CODE (type) != REFERENCE_TYPE
      && CP_TYPE_CONST_P (type)
      && !TYPE_NEEDS_CONSTRUCTING (type)
      && !DECL_INITIAL (decl))
    cp_error ("uninitialized const `%D'", decl);
}

/* Verify INIT (the initializer for DECL), and record the
   initialization in DECL_INITIAL, if appropriate.  Returns a new
   value for INIT.  */

static tree
check_initializer (decl, init)
     tree decl;
     tree init;
{
  tree type;

  if (TREE_CODE (decl) == FIELD_DECL)
    return init;

  type = TREE_TYPE (decl);

  /* If `start_decl' didn't like having an initialization, ignore it now.  */
  if (init != NULL_TREE && DECL_INITIAL (decl) == NULL_TREE)
    init = NULL_TREE;

  /* Check the initializer.  */
  if (init)
    {
      /* Things that are going to be initialized need to have complete
         type.  */
      TREE_TYPE (decl) = type = complete_type (TREE_TYPE (decl));

      if (type == error_mark_node)
        /* We will have already complained.  */
        init = NULL_TREE;
      else if (TYPE_SIZE (type) && !TREE_CONSTANT (TYPE_SIZE (type)))
        {
          cp_error ("variable-sized object `%D' may not be initialized", decl);
          init = NULL_TREE;
        }
      else if (TREE_CODE (type) == ARRAY_TYPE
               && !TYPE_SIZE (TREE_TYPE (type)))
        {
          cp_error ("elements of array `%#D' have incomplete type", decl);
          init = NULL_TREE;
        }
      else if (!TYPE_SIZE (type))
        {
          cp_error ("`%D' has incomplete type", decl);
          TREE_TYPE (decl) = error_mark_node;
          init = NULL_TREE;
        }
    }

  if (TREE_CODE (decl) == CONST_DECL)
    {
      my_friendly_assert (TREE_CODE (decl) != REFERENCE_TYPE, 148);

      DECL_INITIAL (decl) = init;

      /* This will keep us from needing to worry about our obstacks.  */
      my_friendly_assert (init != NULL_TREE, 149);
      init = NULL_TREE;
    }
  else if (!DECL_EXTERNAL (decl) && TREE_CODE (type) == REFERENCE_TYPE)
    {
      if (TREE_STATIC (decl))
        make_decl_rtl (decl, NULL_PTR, toplevel_bindings_p ());
      grok_reference_init (decl, type, init);
      init = NULL_TREE;
    }
  else if (init)
    {
      if (TYPE_HAS_CONSTRUCTOR (type) || TYPE_NEEDS_CONSTRUCTING (type))
        {
          if (TREE_CODE (type) == ARRAY_TYPE)
            init = digest_init (type, init, (tree *) 0);
          else if (TREE_CODE (init) == CONSTRUCTOR
                   && TREE_HAS_CONSTRUCTOR (init))
            {
              if (TYPE_NON_AGGREGATE_CLASS (type))
                {
                  cp_error ("`%D' must be initialized by constructor, not by `{...}'",
                            decl);
                  init = error_mark_node;
                }
              else
                goto dont_use_constructor;
            }
        }
      else
        {
        dont_use_constructor:
          if (TREE_CODE (init) != TREE_VEC)
            init = store_init_value (decl, init);
        }

      if (init)
        /* We must hide the initializer so that expand_decl
           won't try to do something it does not understand.  */
        init = obscure_complex_init (decl, init);
    }
  else if (DECL_EXTERNAL (decl))
    ;
  else if (TREE_CODE_CLASS (TREE_CODE (type)) == 't'
           && (IS_AGGR_TYPE (type) || TYPE_NEEDS_CONSTRUCTING (type)))
    {
      tree core_type = strip_array_types (type);

      if (! TYPE_NEEDS_CONSTRUCTING (core_type))
        {
          if (CLASSTYPE_READONLY_FIELDS_NEED_INIT (core_type))
            cp_error ("structure `%D' with uninitialized const members", decl);
          if (CLASSTYPE_REF_FIELDS_NEED_INIT (core_type))
            cp_error ("structure `%D' with uninitialized reference members",
                      decl);
        }

      check_for_uninitialized_const_var (decl);

      if (TYPE_SIZE (type) != NULL_TREE
          && TYPE_NEEDS_CONSTRUCTING (type))
        init = obscure_complex_init (decl, NULL_TREE);

    }
  else
    check_for_uninitialized_const_var (decl);
  
  return init;
}

/* If DECL is not a local variable, give it RTL.  */

static void
make_rtl_for_nonlocal_decl (decl, init, asmspec)
     tree decl;
     tree init;
     const char *asmspec;
{
  int toplev;
  tree type;

  type = TREE_TYPE (decl);
  toplev = toplevel_bindings_p ();
  push_obstacks_nochange ();
  if (TREE_STATIC (decl) 
      && TYPE_NEEDS_DESTRUCTOR (type)
      && allocation_temporary_p ())
    end_temporary_allocation  ();

  if (TREE_CODE (decl) == VAR_DECL && DECL_VIRTUAL_P (decl))
    make_decl_rtl (decl, NULL_PTR, toplev);
  else if (TREE_CODE (decl) == VAR_DECL
           && TREE_READONLY (decl)
           && DECL_INITIAL (decl) != NULL_TREE
           && DECL_INITIAL (decl) != error_mark_node
           && ! EMPTY_CONSTRUCTOR_P (DECL_INITIAL (decl)))
    {
      DECL_INITIAL (decl) = save_expr (DECL_INITIAL (decl));

      if (asmspec)
        DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME (decl) = get_identifier (asmspec);

      if (! toplev
          && TREE_STATIC (decl)
          && ! TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS (decl)
          && ! TREE_PUBLIC (decl)
          && ! DECL_EXTERNAL (decl)
          && ! TYPE_NEEDS_DESTRUCTOR (type)
          && DECL_MODE (decl) != BLKmode)
        {
          /* If this variable is really a constant, then fill its DECL_RTL
             slot with something which won't take up storage.
             If something later should take its address, we can always give
             it legitimate RTL at that time.  */
          DECL_RTL (decl) = gen_reg_rtx (DECL_MODE (decl));
          store_expr (DECL_INITIAL (decl), DECL_RTL (decl), 0);
          TREE_ASM_WRITTEN (decl) = 1;
        }
      else if (toplev && ! TREE_PUBLIC (decl))
        {
          /* If this is a static const, change its apparent linkage
             if it belongs to a #pragma interface.  */
          if (!interface_unknown)
            {
              TREE_PUBLIC (decl) = 1;
              DECL_EXTERNAL (decl) = interface_only;
            }
          make_decl_rtl (decl, asmspec, toplev);
        }
      else
        rest_of_decl_compilation (decl, asmspec, toplev, at_eof);
    }
  else if (TREE_CODE (decl) == VAR_DECL
           && DECL_LANG_SPECIFIC (decl)
           && DECL_IN_AGGR_P (decl))
    {
      my_friendly_assert (TREE_STATIC (decl), 19990828);

      if (init == NULL_TREE
#ifdef DEFAULT_STATIC_DEFS
          /* If this code is dead, then users must
             explicitly declare static member variables
             outside the class def'n as well.  */
          && TYPE_NEEDS_CONSTRUCTING (type)
#endif
          )
        {
          DECL_EXTERNAL (decl) = 1;
          make_decl_rtl (decl, asmspec, 1);
        }
      else
        rest_of_decl_compilation (decl, asmspec, toplev, at_eof);
    }
  else
    rest_of_decl_compilation (decl, asmspec, toplev, at_eof);

  pop_obstacks ();
}

/* The old ARM scoping rules injected variables declared in the
   initialization statement of a for-statement into the surrounding
   scope.  We support this usage, in order to be backward-compatible.
   DECL is a just-declared VAR_DECL; if necessary inject its
   declaration into the surrounding scope.  */

void
maybe_inject_for_scope_var (decl)
     tree decl;
{
  if (current_binding_level->is_for_scope)
    {
      struct binding_level *outer 
        = current_binding_level->level_chain;

      /* Check to see if the same name is already bound at the outer
         level, either because it was directly declared, or because a
         dead for-decl got preserved.  In either case, the code would
         not have been valid under the ARM scope rules, so clear
         is_for_scope for the current_binding_level.

         Otherwise, we need to preserve the temp slot for decl to last
         into the outer binding level.  */

      tree outer_binding 
        = TREE_CHAIN (IDENTIFIER_BINDING (DECL_NAME (decl)));
              
      if (outer_binding && BINDING_LEVEL (outer_binding) == outer
          && (TREE_CODE (BINDING_VALUE (outer_binding)) 
              == VAR_DECL)
          && DECL_DEAD_FOR_LOCAL (BINDING_VALUE (outer_binding)))
        {
          BINDING_VALUE (outer_binding)
            = DECL_SHADOWED_FOR_VAR (BINDING_VALUE (outer_binding));
          current_binding_level->is_for_scope = 0;
        }
      else if (DECL_IN_MEMORY_P (decl))
        preserve_temp_slots (DECL_RTL (decl));
    }
}

/* Generate code to initialize DECL (a local variable).  */

void
initialize_local_var (decl, init, flags)
     tree decl;
     tree init;
     int flags;
{
  tree type;
  tree cleanup;

  type = complete_type (TREE_TYPE (decl));

  cleanup = build_cleanup_on_safe_obstack (decl);

  if (DECL_SIZE (decl) == NULL_TREE && !TREE_STATIC (decl))
    {
      /* If we used it already as memory, it must stay in memory.  */
      DECL_INITIAL (decl) = NULL_TREE;
      TREE_ADDRESSABLE (decl) = TREE_USED (decl);
    }

  if (DECL_RTL (decl))
    /* Only a RESULT_DECL should have non-NULL RTL when arriving here.
       All other local variables are assigned RTL in this function.  */
    my_friendly_assert (TREE_CODE (decl) == RESULT_DECL, 19990828);
  else
    /* Create RTL for this variable.  */
    expand_decl (decl);

  expand_start_target_temps ();

  if (DECL_SIZE (decl) && type != error_mark_node)
    {
      int already_used;
  
      /* Compute and store the initial value.  */
      already_used = TREE_USED (decl) || TREE_USED (type);

      if (init || TYPE_NEEDS_CONSTRUCTING (type))
        {
          emit_line_note (DECL_SOURCE_FILE (decl),
                          DECL_SOURCE_LINE (decl));
          /* We call push_momentary here so that when
             finish_expr_stmt clears the momentary obstack it
             doesn't destory any momentary expressions we may
             have lying around.  Although cp_finish_decl is
             usually called at the end of a declaration
             statement, it may also be called for a temporary
             object in the middle of an expression.  */
          push_momentary ();
          finish_expr_stmt (build_aggr_init (decl, init, flags));
          pop_momentary ();
        }
      else
        expand_decl_init (decl);

      /* Set this to 0 so we can tell whether an aggregate which was
         initialized was ever used.  Don't do this if it has a
         destructor, so we don't complain about the 'resource
         allocation is initialization' idiom.  Now set
         attribute((unused)) on types so decls of that type will be
         marked used. (see TREE_USED, above.)  */
      if (TYPE_NEEDS_CONSTRUCTING (type)
          && ! already_used
          && cleanup == NULL_TREE
          && DECL_NAME (decl))
        TREE_USED (decl) = 0;
      else if (already_used)
        TREE_USED (decl) = 1;
    }

  /* Cleanup any temporaries needed for the initial value.  */
  expand_end_target_temps ();

  /* Record the cleanup required for this declaration.  */
  if (DECL_SIZE (decl) 
      && type != error_mark_node
      && cleanup
      && !expand_decl_cleanup (decl, cleanup))
    cp_error ("parser lost in parsing declaration of `%D'", decl);
}

/* Finish processing of a declaration;
   install its line number and initial value.
   If the length of an array type is not known before,
   it must be determined now, from the initial value, or it is an error.

   Call `pop_obstacks' iff NEED_POP is nonzero.

   For C++, `cp_finish_decl' must be fairly evasive:  it must keep initializers
   for aggregates that have constructors alive on the permanent obstack,
   so that the global initializing functions can be written at the end.

   INIT0 holds the value of an initializer that should be allowed to escape
   the normal rules.

   FLAGS is LOOKUP_ONLYCONVERTING is the = init syntax was used, else 0
   if the (init) syntax was used.

   For functions that take default parameters, DECL points to its
   "maximal" instantiation.  `cp_finish_decl' must then also declared its
   subsequently lower and lower forms of instantiation, checking for
   ambiguity as it goes.  This can be sped up later.  */

void
cp_finish_decl (decl, init, asmspec_tree, need_pop, flags)
     tree decl, init;
     tree asmspec_tree;
     int need_pop;
     int flags;
{
  register tree type;
  tree ttype = NULL_TREE;
  int temporary = allocation_temporary_p ();
  const char *asmspec = NULL;
  int was_readonly = 0;

  /* If this is 0, then we did not change obstacks.  */
  if (! decl)
    {
      if (init)
        error ("assignment (not initialization) in declaration");
      return;
    }

  /* If a name was specified, get the string.  */
  if (asmspec_tree)
      asmspec = TREE_STRING_POINTER (asmspec_tree);

  if (init && TREE_CODE (init) == NAMESPACE_DECL)
    {
      cp_error ("Cannot initialize `%D' to namespace `%D'",
                decl, init);
      init = NULL_TREE;
    }

  if (current_class_type
      && DECL_REAL_CONTEXT (decl) == current_class_type
      && TYPE_BEING_DEFINED (current_class_type)
      && (DECL_INITIAL (decl) || init))
    DECL_DEFINED_IN_CLASS_P (decl) = 1;

  if (TREE_CODE (decl) == VAR_DECL 
      && DECL_CONTEXT (decl)
      && TREE_CODE (DECL_CONTEXT (decl)) == NAMESPACE_DECL
      && DECL_CONTEXT (decl) != current_namespace
      && init)
    {
      /* Leave the namespace of the object. */
      pop_decl_namespace ();
    }

  type = TREE_TYPE (decl);

  if (type == error_mark_node)
    {
      if (toplevel_bindings_p () && temporary)
        end_temporary_allocation ();

      return;
    }

  if (TYPE_HAS_MUTABLE_P (type))
    TREE_READONLY (decl) = 0;
  
  if (processing_template_decl)
    {
      if (init && DECL_INITIAL (decl))
        DECL_INITIAL (decl) = init;
      goto finish_end0;
    }

  /* Parameters are handled by store_parm_decls, not cp_finish_decl.  */
  my_friendly_assert (TREE_CODE (decl) != PARM_DECL, 19990828);

  /* Take care of TYPE_DECLs up front.  */
  if (TREE_CODE (decl) == TYPE_DECL)
    {
      if (init && DECL_INITIAL (decl))
        {
          /* typedef foo = bar; store the type of bar as the type of foo.  */
          TREE_TYPE (decl) = type = TREE_TYPE (init);
          DECL_INITIAL (decl) = init = NULL_TREE;
        }
      if (type != error_mark_node
          && IS_AGGR_TYPE (type) && DECL_NAME (decl))
        {
          if (TREE_TYPE (DECL_NAME (decl)) && TREE_TYPE (decl) != type)
            cp_warning ("shadowing previous type declaration of `%#D'", decl);
          set_identifier_type_value (DECL_NAME (decl), type);
          CLASSTYPE_GOT_SEMICOLON (type) = 1;
        }
      GNU_xref_decl (current_function_decl, decl);

      /* If we have installed this as the canonical typedef for this
         type, and that type has not been defined yet, delay emitting
         the debug information for it, as we will emit it later.  */
      if (TYPE_MAIN_DECL (TREE_TYPE (decl)) == decl
          && TYPE_SIZE (TREE_TYPE (decl)) == NULL_TREE)
        TYPE_DECL_SUPPRESS_DEBUG (decl) = 1;

      rest_of_decl_compilation (decl, NULL_PTR,
                                DECL_CONTEXT (decl) == NULL_TREE, at_eof);
      goto finish_end;
    }

  if (TREE_CODE (decl) != FUNCTION_DECL)
    ttype = target_type (type);

  if (! DECL_EXTERNAL (decl) && TREE_READONLY (decl)
      && TYPE_NEEDS_CONSTRUCTING (type))
    {
      /* Currently, GNU C++ puts constants in text space, making them
         impossible to initialize.  In the future, one would hope for
         an operating system which understood the difference between
         initialization and the running of a program.  */
      was_readonly = 1;
      TREE_READONLY (decl) = 0;
    }

  if (TREE_CODE (decl) == FIELD_DECL && asmspec)
    {
      /* This must override the asm specifier which was placed by
         grokclassfn.  Lay this out fresh.  */
      DECL_RTL (TREE_TYPE (decl)) = NULL_RTX;
      DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME (decl) = get_identifier (asmspec);
      make_decl_rtl (decl, asmspec, 0);
    }

  /* Deduce size of array from initialization, if not already known.  */
  maybe_deduce_size_from_array_init (decl, init);
  init = check_initializer (decl, init);

  GNU_xref_decl (current_function_decl, decl);

  /* For top-level declaration, the initial value was read in
     the temporary obstack.  MAXINDEX, rtl, etc. to be made below
     must go in the permanent obstack; but don't discard the
     temporary data yet.  */

  if (toplevel_bindings_p () && temporary)
    end_temporary_allocation ();

  if (TREE_CODE (decl) == VAR_DECL)
    init = layout_var_decl (decl, init);

  /* Output the assembler code and/or RTL code for variables and functions,
     unless the type is an undefined structure or union.
     If not, it will get done when the type is completed.  */
  if (TREE_CODE (decl) == VAR_DECL || TREE_CODE (decl) == FUNCTION_DECL
      || TREE_CODE (decl) == RESULT_DECL)
    {
      /* ??? FIXME: What about nested classes?  */
      int toplev = toplevel_bindings_p ();

      if (TREE_CODE (decl) == VAR_DECL)
        maybe_commonize_var (decl);

      make_rtl_for_nonlocal_decl (decl, init, asmspec);

      if (TREE_CODE (type) == FUNCTION_TYPE 
          || TREE_CODE (type) == METHOD_TYPE)
        abstract_virtuals_error (decl, 
                                 strip_array_types (TREE_TYPE (type)));
      else 
        abstract_virtuals_error (decl, strip_array_types (type));

      if (TREE_CODE (decl) == FUNCTION_DECL)
        ;
      else if (DECL_EXTERNAL (decl)
               && ! (DECL_LANG_SPECIFIC (decl)
                     && DECL_NOT_REALLY_EXTERN (decl)))
        {
          if (init)
            DECL_INITIAL (decl) = init;
        }
      else if (TREE_STATIC (decl) && type != error_mark_node)
        {
          /* Cleanups for static variables are handled by `finish_file'.  */
          if (TYPE_NEEDS_CONSTRUCTING (type) || init != NULL_TREE
              || TYPE_NEEDS_DESTRUCTOR (type))
            expand_static_init (decl, init);
        }
      else if (! toplev)
        {
          /* This is a local declaration.  */
          maybe_inject_for_scope_var (decl);
          /* Initialize the local variable.  But, if we're building a
             statement-tree, we'll do the initialization when we
             expand the tree.  */
          if (!building_stmt_tree ())
            initialize_local_var (decl, init, flags);
          else if (init || DECL_INITIAL (decl) == error_mark_node)
            DECL_INITIAL (decl) = init;
        }
    finish_end0:

      /* Undo call to `pushclass' that was done in `start_decl'
         due to initialization of qualified member variable.
         I.e., Foo::x = 10;  */
      {
        tree context = DECL_REAL_CONTEXT (decl);
        if (context
            && TREE_CODE_CLASS (TREE_CODE (context)) == 't'
            && (TREE_CODE (decl) == VAR_DECL
                /* We also have a pushclass done that we need to undo here
                   if we're at top level and declare a method.  */
                || TREE_CODE (decl) == FUNCTION_DECL)
            /* If size hasn't been set, we're still defining it,
               and therefore inside the class body; don't pop
               the binding level..  */
            && TYPE_SIZE (context) != NULL_TREE
            && context == current_class_type)
          pop_nested_class ();
      }
    }

 finish_end:

  /* If requested, warn about definitions of large data objects.  */

  if (warn_larger_than
      && ! processing_template_decl
      && (TREE_CODE (decl) == VAR_DECL || TREE_CODE (decl) == PARM_DECL)
      && !DECL_EXTERNAL (decl))
    {
      register tree decl_size = DECL_SIZE (decl);

      if (decl_size && TREE_CODE (decl_size) == INTEGER_CST)
        {
          unsigned units = TREE_INT_CST_LOW (decl_size) / BITS_PER_UNIT;

          if (units > larger_than_size)
            warning_with_decl (decl, "size of `%s' is %u bytes", units);
        }
    }

  if (need_pop)
    /* Resume permanent allocation, if not within a function.  The
       corresponding push_obstacks_nochange is in start_decl,
       start_method, groktypename, and in grokfield.  */
    pop_obstacks ();

  if (was_readonly)
    TREE_READONLY (decl) = 1;
}

/* This is here for a midend callback from c-common.c */

void
finish_decl (decl, init, asmspec_tree)
     tree decl, init;
     tree asmspec_tree;
{
  cp_finish_decl (decl, init, asmspec_tree, 1, 0);
}

/* Generate code to handle the destruction of the function-scoped
   static variable DECL.  */

static void
destroy_local_static (decl)
     tree decl;
{
  tree cleanup, fcall;
  tree compound_stmt;
  int saved_flag_access_control;

  if (atexit_node == 0)
    {
      tree atexit_fndecl, PFV, pfvlist;
      /* Remember this information until end of file.  */
      push_obstacks (&permanent_obstack, &permanent_obstack);
      PFV = build_pointer_type (build_function_type
                                (void_type_node, void_list_node));

      pfvlist = tree_cons (NULL_TREE, PFV, void_list_node);

      push_lang_context (lang_name_c);
      /* Note that we do not call pushdecl for this function;
         there's no reason that this declaration should be
         accessible to anyone.  */
      atexit_fndecl
        = define_function ("atexit",
                           build_function_type (void_type_node,
                                                pfvlist),
                           NOT_BUILT_IN, 
                           /*pfn=*/0,
                           NULL_PTR);
      mark_used (atexit_fndecl);
      atexit_node = default_conversion (atexit_fndecl);
      pop_lang_context ();
      pop_obstacks ();
    }
              
  /* Call build_cleanup before we enter the anonymous function so that
     any access checks will be done relative to the current scope,
     rather than the scope of the anonymous function.  */
  build_cleanup (decl);

  /* Now start the function.  */
  cleanup = start_anon_func ();

  /* Now, recompute the cleanup.  It may contain SAVE_EXPRs that refer
     to the original function, rather than the anonymous one.  That
     will make the back-end think that nested functions are in use,
     which causes confusion.  */
  saved_flag_access_control = flag_access_control;
  flag_access_control = 0;
  fcall = build_cleanup (decl);
  flag_access_control = saved_flag_access_control;

  /* Create the body of the anonymous function.  */
  compound_stmt = begin_compound_stmt (/*has_no_scope=*/0);
  finish_expr_stmt (fcall);
  finish_compound_stmt (/*has_no_scope=*/0, compound_stmt);
  end_anon_func ();

  /* Call atexit with the cleanup function.  */
  mark_addressable (cleanup);
  cleanup = build_unary_op (ADDR_EXPR, cleanup, 0);
  fcall = build_function_call (atexit_node,
                               tree_cons (NULL_TREE, 
                                          cleanup, 
                                          NULL_TREE));
  finish_expr_stmt (fcall);
}

void
expand_static_init (decl, init)
     tree decl;
     tree init;
{
  tree oldstatic = value_member (decl, static_aggregates);

  if (oldstatic)
    {
      if (TREE_PURPOSE (oldstatic) && init != NULL_TREE)
        cp_error ("multiple initializations given for `%D'", decl);
    }
  else if (! toplevel_bindings_p ())
    {
      /* Emit code to perform this initialization but once.  */
      tree temp;
      tree if_stmt;
      tree then_clause;
      tree assignment;
      tree temp_init;

      /* Remember this information until end of file.  */
      push_obstacks (&permanent_obstack, &permanent_obstack);

      /* Emit code to perform this initialization but once.  This code
         looks like:

           static int temp = 0;
           if (!temp) {
             // Do initialization.
             temp = 1;
             // Register variable for destruction at end of program.
           }

         Note that the `temp' variable is only set to 1 *after* the
         initialization is complete.  This ensures that an exception,
         thrown during the construction, will cause the variable to
         reinitialized when we pass through this code again, as per:
         
           [stmt.dcl]

           If the initialization exits by throwing an exception, the
           initialization is not complete, so it will be tried again
           the next time control enters the declaration.

         In theory, this process should be thread-safe, too; multiple
         threads should not be able to initialize the variable more
         than once.  We don't yet attempt to ensure thread-safety.  */
      temp = get_temp_name (integer_type_node, 1);
      rest_of_decl_compilation (temp, NULL_PTR, 0, 0);

      /* Begin the conditional initialization.  */
      if_stmt = begin_if_stmt ();
      finish_if_stmt_cond (build_binary_op (EQ_EXPR, temp,
                                            integer_zero_node), 
                           if_stmt);
      then_clause = begin_compound_stmt (/*has_no_scope=*/0);

      /* Do the initialization itself.  */
      if (TYPE_NEEDS_CONSTRUCTING (TREE_TYPE (decl))
          || (init && TREE_CODE (init) == TREE_LIST))
        assignment = build_aggr_init (decl, init, 0);
      else if (init)
        /* The initialization we're doing here is just a bitwise
           copy.  */
        assignment = build (INIT_EXPR, TREE_TYPE (decl), decl, init);
      else
        assignment = NULL_TREE;

      /* Once the assignment is complete, set TEMP to 1.  Since the
         construction of the static object is complete at this point,
         we want to make sure TEMP is set to 1 even if a temporary
         constructed during the initialization throws an exception
         when it is destroyed.  So, we combine the initialization and
         the assignment to TEMP into a single expression, ensuring
         that when we call finish_expr_stmt the cleanups will not be
         run until after TEMP is set to 1.  */
      temp_init = build_modify_expr (temp, NOP_EXPR, integer_one_node);
      if (assignment)
        {
          assignment = tree_cons (NULL_TREE, assignment,
                                  build_tree_list (NULL_TREE, 
                                                   temp_init));
          assignment = build_compound_expr (assignment);
        }
      else
        assignment = temp_init;
      finish_expr_stmt (assignment);

      /* Use atexit to register a function for destroying this static
         variable.  */
      if (TYPE_NEEDS_DESTRUCTOR (TREE_TYPE (decl)))
        destroy_local_static (decl);

      finish_compound_stmt (/*has_no_scope=*/0, then_clause);
      finish_then_clause (if_stmt);
      finish_if_stmt ();

      /* Resume old (possibly temporary) allocation.  */
      pop_obstacks ();
    }
  else
    {
      /* This code takes into account memory allocation policy of
         `start_decl'.  Namely, if TYPE_NEEDS_CONSTRUCTING does not
         hold for this object, then we must make permanent the storage
         currently in the temporary obstack.  */
      if (!TYPE_NEEDS_CONSTRUCTING (TREE_TYPE (decl)))
        preserve_initializer ();
      static_aggregates = tree_cons (init, decl, static_aggregates);
    }
}

/* Finish the declaration of a catch-parameter.  */

void
start_handler_parms (declspecs, declarator)
     tree declspecs;
     tree declarator;
{
  tree decl;
  if (declspecs)
    {
      decl = grokdeclarator (declarator, declspecs, CATCHPARM,
                             1, NULL_TREE);
      if (decl == NULL_TREE)
        error ("invalid catch parameter");
    }
  else
    decl = NULL_TREE;
  expand_start_catch_block (decl);
}

\f
/* Make TYPE a complete type based on INITIAL_VALUE.
   Return 0 if successful, 1 if INITIAL_VALUE can't be deciphered,
   2 if there was no information (in which case assume 0 if DO_DEFAULT).  */

int
complete_array_type (type, initial_value, do_default)
     tree type, initial_value;
     int do_default;
{
  register tree maxindex = NULL_TREE;
  int value = 0;
  
  /* Allocate on the same obstack as TYPE.  */
  push_obstacks (TYPE_OBSTACK (type), TYPE_OBSTACK (type));
  
  if (initial_value)
    {
      /* Note MAXINDEX  is really the maximum index,
         one less than the size.  */
      if (TREE_CODE (initial_value) == STRING_CST)
        {
          int eltsize
            = int_size_in_bytes (TREE_TYPE (TREE_TYPE (initial_value)));
          maxindex = build_int_2 ((TREE_STRING_LENGTH (initial_value)
                                   / eltsize) - 1, 0);
        }
      else if (TREE_CODE (initial_value) == CONSTRUCTOR)
        {
          tree elts = CONSTRUCTOR_ELTS (initial_value);
          maxindex = size_binop (MINUS_EXPR, integer_zero_node, size_one_node);
          for (; elts; elts = TREE_CHAIN (elts))
            {
              if (TREE_PURPOSE (elts))
                maxindex = TREE_PURPOSE (elts);
              else
                maxindex = size_binop (PLUS_EXPR, maxindex, size_one_node);
            }
          maxindex = copy_node (maxindex);
        }
      else
        {
          /* Make an error message unless that happened already.  */
          if (initial_value != error_mark_node)
            value = 1;
          else
            initial_value = NULL_TREE;

          /* Prevent further error messages.  */
          maxindex = build_int_2 (0, 0);
        }
    }

  if (!maxindex)
    {
      if (do_default)
        maxindex = build_int_2 (0, 0);
      value = 2;
    }

  if (maxindex)
    {
      tree itype;
      tree domain;

      domain = build_index_type (maxindex);
      TYPE_DOMAIN (type) = domain;

      if (! TREE_TYPE (maxindex))
        TREE_TYPE (maxindex) = domain;
      if (initial_value)
        itype = TREE_TYPE (initial_value);
      else
        itype = NULL;
      if (itype && !TYPE_DOMAIN (itype))
        TYPE_DOMAIN (itype) = domain;
      /* The type of the main variant should never be used for arrays
         of different sizes.  It should only ever be completed with the
         size of the array.  */
      if (! TYPE_DOMAIN (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (type)))
        TYPE_DOMAIN (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (type)) = domain;
    }

  pop_obstacks();
  
  /* Lay out the type now that we can get the real answer.  */

  layout_type (type);

  return value;
}
\f
/* Return zero if something is declared to be a member of type
   CTYPE when in the context of CUR_TYPE.  STRING is the error
   message to print in that case.  Otherwise, quietly return 1.  */

static int
member_function_or_else (ctype, cur_type, string)
     tree ctype, cur_type;
     const char *string;
{
  if (ctype && ctype != cur_type)
    {
      error (string, TYPE_NAME_STRING (ctype));
      return 0;
    }
  return 1;
}
\f
/* Subroutine of `grokdeclarator'.  */

/* Generate errors possibly applicable for a given set of specifiers.
   This is for ARM $7.1.2.  */

static void
bad_specifiers (object, type, virtualp, quals, inlinep, friendp, raises)
     tree object;
     const char *type;
     int virtualp, quals, friendp, raises, inlinep;
{
  if (virtualp)
    cp_error ("`%D' declared as a `virtual' %s", object, type);
  if (inlinep)
    cp_error ("`%D' declared as an `inline' %s", object, type);
  if (quals)
    cp_error ("`const' and `volatile' function specifiers on `%D' invalid in %s declaration",
              object, type);
  if (friendp)
    cp_error_at ("`%D' declared as a friend", object);
  if (raises)
    cp_error_at ("`%D' declared with an exception specification", object);
}

/* CTYPE is class type, or null if non-class.
   TYPE is type this FUNCTION_DECL should have, either FUNCTION_TYPE
   or METHOD_TYPE.
   DECLARATOR is the function's name.
   VIRTUALP is truthvalue of whether the function is virtual or not.
   FLAGS are to be passed through to `grokclassfn'.
   QUALS are qualifiers indicating whether the function is `const'
   or `volatile'.
   RAISES is a list of exceptions that this function can raise.
   CHECK is 1 if we must find this method in CTYPE, 0 if we should
   not look, and -1 if we should not call `grokclassfn' at all.  

   Returns `NULL_TREE' if something goes wrong, after issuing
   applicable error messages.  */

static tree
grokfndecl (ctype, type, declarator, orig_declarator, virtualp, flags, quals,
            raises, check, friendp, publicp, inlinep, funcdef_flag,
            template_count, in_namespace)
     tree ctype, type;
     tree declarator;
     tree orig_declarator;
     int virtualp;
     enum overload_flags flags;
     tree quals, raises;
     int check, friendp, publicp, inlinep, funcdef_flag, template_count;
     tree in_namespace;
{
  tree cname, decl;
  int staticp = ctype && TREE_CODE (type) == FUNCTION_TYPE;
  int has_default_arg = 0;
  tree t;

  if (ctype)
    cname = TREE_CODE (TYPE_NAME (ctype)) == TYPE_DECL
      ? TYPE_IDENTIFIER (ctype) : TYPE_NAME (ctype);
  else
    cname = NULL_TREE;

  if (raises)
    {
      type = build_exception_variant (type, raises);
    }

  decl = build_lang_decl (FUNCTION_DECL, declarator, type);
  /* Propagate volatile out from type to decl. */
  if (TYPE_VOLATILE (type))
    TREE_THIS_VOLATILE (decl) = 1;

  /* If this decl has namespace scope, set that up.  */
  if (in_namespace)
    set_decl_namespace (decl, in_namespace, friendp);
  else if (publicp && ! ctype)
    DECL_CONTEXT (decl) = FROB_CONTEXT (current_namespace);

  /* `main' and builtins have implicit 'C' linkage.  */
  if ((MAIN_NAME_P (declarator)
       || (IDENTIFIER_LENGTH (declarator) > 10
           && IDENTIFIER_POINTER (declarator)[0] == '_'
           && IDENTIFIER_POINTER (declarator)[1] == '_'
           && strncmp (IDENTIFIER_POINTER (declarator)+2, "builtin_", 8) == 0))
      && current_lang_name == lang_name_cplusplus
      && ctype == NULL_TREE
      /* NULL_TREE means global namespace.  */
      && DECL_CONTEXT (decl) == NULL_TREE)
    DECL_LANGUAGE (decl) = lang_c;

  /* Should probably propagate const out from type to decl I bet (mrs).  */
  if (staticp)
    {
      DECL_STATIC_FUNCTION_P (decl) = 1;
      DECL_CONTEXT (decl) = ctype;
    }

  if (ctype)
    DECL_CLASS_CONTEXT (decl) = ctype;

  if (ctype == NULL_TREE && DECL_MAIN_P (decl))
    {
      if (processing_template_decl)
        error ("cannot declare `main' to be a template");
      if (inlinep)
        error ("cannot declare `main' to be inline");
      else if (! publicp)
        error ("cannot declare `main' to be static");
      inlinep = 0;
      publicp = 1;
    }

  /* Members of anonymous types and local classes have no linkage; make
     them internal.  */
  if (ctype && (ANON_AGGRNAME_P (TYPE_IDENTIFIER (ctype))
                || hack_decl_function_context (TYPE_MAIN_DECL (ctype))))
    publicp = 0;

  if (publicp)
    {
      /* [basic.link]: A name with no linkage (notably, the name of a class
         or enumeration declared in a local scope) shall not be used to
         declare an entity with linkage.

         Only check this for public decls for now.  */
      t = no_linkage_check (TREE_TYPE (decl));
      if (t)
        {
          if (ANON_AGGRNAME_P (TYPE_IDENTIFIER (t)))
            {
              if (DECL_LANGUAGE (decl) == lang_c)
                /* Allow this; it's pretty common in C.  */;
              else
                cp_pedwarn ("non-local function `%#D' uses anonymous type",
                            decl);
            }
          else
            cp_pedwarn ("non-local function `%#D' uses local type `%T'",
                        decl, t);
        }
    }

  TREE_PUBLIC (decl) = publicp;
  if (! publicp)
    {
      DECL_INTERFACE_KNOWN (decl) = 1;
      DECL_NOT_REALLY_EXTERN (decl) = 1;
    }

  if (inlinep)
    DECL_THIS_INLINE (decl) = DECL_INLINE (decl) = 1;

  DECL_EXTERNAL (decl) = 1;
  if (quals != NULL_TREE && TREE_CODE (type) == FUNCTION_TYPE)
    {
      cp_error ("%smember function `%D' cannot have `%T' method qualifier",
                (ctype ? "static " : "non-"), decl, TREE_VALUE (quals));
      quals = NULL_TREE;
    }

  if (IDENTIFIER_OPNAME_P (DECL_NAME (decl)))
    grok_op_properties (decl, virtualp, check < 0);

  if (ctype && hack_decl_function_context (decl))
    DECL_NO_STATIC_CHAIN (decl) = 1;

  for (t = TYPE_ARG_TYPES (TREE_TYPE (decl)); t; t = TREE_CHAIN (t))
    if (TREE_PURPOSE (t)
        && TREE_CODE (TREE_PURPOSE (t)) == DEFAULT_ARG)
      {
        has_default_arg = 1;
        break;
      }

  if (friendp
      && TREE_CODE (orig_declarator) == TEMPLATE_ID_EXPR)
    {
      if (funcdef_flag)
        cp_error
          ("defining explicit specialization `%D' in friend declaration",
           orig_declarator);
      else
        {
          if (PROCESSING_REAL_TEMPLATE_DECL_P ())
            {
              /* Something like `template <class T> friend void f<T>()'.  */
              cp_error ("template-id `%D' in declaration of primary template", 
                        orig_declarator);
              return NULL_TREE;
            }


          /* A friend declaration of the form friend void f<>().  Record
             the information in the TEMPLATE_ID_EXPR.  */
          SET_DECL_IMPLICIT_INSTANTIATION (decl);
          DECL_TEMPLATE_INFO (decl)
            = tree_cons (TREE_OPERAND (orig_declarator, 0),
                         TREE_OPERAND (orig_declarator, 1),
                         NULL_TREE);

          if (has_default_arg)
            {
              cp_error ("default arguments are not allowed in declaration of friend template specialization `%D'",
                        decl);
              return NULL_TREE;
            }

          if (inlinep)
            {
              cp_error ("`inline' is not allowed in declaration of friend template specialization `%D'", 
                        decl);
              return NULL_TREE;
            }
        }
    }

  if (has_default_arg)
    add_defarg_fn (decl);

  /* Plain overloading: will not be grok'd by grokclassfn.  */
  if (! ctype && ! processing_template_decl
      && DECL_LANGUAGE (decl) != lang_c
      && (! DECL_USE_TEMPLATE (decl) || name_mangling_version < 1))
    set_mangled_name_for_decl (decl);

  if (funcdef_flag)
    /* Make the init_value nonzero so pushdecl knows this is not
       tentative.  error_mark_node is replaced later with the BLOCK.  */
    DECL_INITIAL (decl) = error_mark_node;

  /* Caller will do the rest of this.  */
  if (check < 0)
    return decl;

  if (check && funcdef_flag)
    DECL_INITIAL (decl) = error_mark_node;

  if (flags == NO_SPECIAL && ctype && constructor_name (cname) == declarator)
    {
      tree tmp;
      /* Just handle constructors here.  We could do this
         inside the following if stmt, but I think
         that the code is more legible by breaking this
         case out.  See comments below for what each of
         the following calls is supposed to do.  */
      DECL_CONSTRUCTOR_P (decl) = 1;

      grokclassfn (ctype, decl, flags, quals);

      decl = check_explicit_specialization (orig_declarator, decl,
                                            template_count, 
                                            2 * (funcdef_flag != 0) + 
                                            4 * (friendp != 0));
      if (decl == error_mark_node)
        return NULL_TREE;

      if ((! TYPE_FOR_JAVA (ctype) || check_java_method (decl))
          && check)
        {
          tmp = check_classfn (ctype, decl);

          if (tmp && TREE_CODE (tmp) == TEMPLATE_DECL)
            tmp = DECL_TEMPLATE_RESULT(tmp);

          if (tmp && DECL_ARTIFICIAL (tmp))
            cp_error ("definition of implicitly-declared `%D'", tmp);
          if (tmp && duplicate_decls (decl, tmp))
            return tmp;
        }
      if (! grok_ctor_properties (ctype, decl))
        return NULL_TREE;
    }
  else
    {
      tree tmp;

      /* Function gets the ugly name, field gets the nice one.
         This call may change the type of the function (because
         of default parameters)!  */
      if (ctype != NULL_TREE)
        grokclassfn (ctype, decl, flags, quals);

      decl = check_explicit_specialization (orig_declarator, decl,
                                            template_count, 
                                            2 * (funcdef_flag != 0) + 
                                            4 * (friendp != 0));
      if (decl == error_mark_node)
        return NULL_TREE;

      if (ctype != NULL_TREE
          && (! TYPE_FOR_JAVA (ctype) || check_java_method (decl))
          && check)
        {
          tmp = check_classfn (ctype, decl);

          if (tmp && TREE_CODE (tmp) == TEMPLATE_DECL)
            tmp = DECL_TEMPLATE_RESULT (tmp);
              
          if (tmp && DECL_STATIC_FUNCTION_P (tmp)
              && TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (decl)) == METHOD_TYPE)
            {
              /* Remove the `this' parm added by grokclassfn.
                 XXX Isn't this done in start_function, too?  */
              revert_static_member_fn (&decl, NULL, NULL);
              last_function_parms = TREE_CHAIN (last_function_parms);
            }
          if (tmp && DECL_ARTIFICIAL (tmp))
            cp_error ("definition of implicitly-declared `%D'", tmp);
          if (tmp)
            {
              /* Attempt to merge the declarations.  This can fail, in
                 the case of some illegal specialization declarations.  */
              if (!duplicate_decls (decl, tmp))
                cp_error ("no `%#D' member function declared in class `%T'",
                          decl, ctype);
              return tmp;
            }
        }

      if (ctype == NULL_TREE || check)
        return decl;

      if (virtualp)
        {
          DECL_VIRTUAL_P (decl) = 1;
          if (DECL_VINDEX (decl) == NULL_TREE)
            DECL_VINDEX (decl) = error_mark_node;
          IDENTIFIER_VIRTUAL_P (DECL_NAME (decl)) = 1;
        }
    }
  return decl;
}

static tree
grokvardecl (type, declarator, specbits_in, initialized, constp, in_namespace)
     tree type;
     tree declarator;
     RID_BIT_TYPE *specbits_in;
     int initialized;
     int constp;
     tree in_namespace;
{
  tree decl;
  RID_BIT_TYPE specbits;

  specbits = *specbits_in;

  if (TREE_CODE (type) == OFFSET_TYPE)
    {
      /* If you declare a static member so that it
         can be initialized, the code will reach here.  */
      tree basetype = TYPE_OFFSET_BASETYPE (type);
      type = TREE_TYPE (type);
      decl = build_lang_decl (VAR_DECL, declarator, type);
      DECL_CONTEXT (decl) = basetype;
      DECL_CLASS_CONTEXT (decl) = basetype;
      DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME (decl) = build_static_name (basetype, declarator);
    }
  else
    {
      tree context;

      if (in_namespace)
        context = in_namespace;
      else if (namespace_bindings_p () || RIDBIT_SETP (RID_EXTERN, specbits))
        context = current_namespace;
      else
        context = NULL_TREE;

      if (processing_template_decl) 
        {
          /* If we're in a template, we need DECL_LANG_SPECIFIC so that
             we can call push_template_decl.  */
          push_permanent_obstack ();
          decl = build_lang_decl (VAR_DECL, declarator, type);
          pop_obstacks ();
        }
      else
        decl = build_decl (VAR_DECL, declarator, type);

      if (context)
        set_decl_namespace (decl, context, 0);

      context = DECL_CONTEXT (decl);
      if (declarator && context && current_lang_name != lang_name_c)
        DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME (decl) = build_static_name (context, declarator);
    }

  if (in_namespace)
    set_decl_namespace (decl, in_namespace, 0);

  if (RIDBIT_SETP (RID_EXTERN, specbits))
    {
      DECL_THIS_EXTERN (decl) = 1;
      DECL_EXTERNAL (decl) = !initialized;
    }

  /* In class context, static means one per class,
     public access, and static storage.  */
  if (DECL_CLASS_SCOPE_P (decl))
    {
      TREE_PUBLIC (decl) = 1;
      TREE_STATIC (decl) = 1;
      DECL_EXTERNAL (decl) = 0;
    }
  /* At top level, either `static' or no s.c. makes a definition
     (perhaps tentative), and absence of `static' makes it public.  */
  else if (toplevel_bindings_p ())
    {
      TREE_PUBLIC (decl) = (RIDBIT_NOTSETP (RID_STATIC, specbits)
                            && (DECL_THIS_EXTERN (decl) || ! constp));
      TREE_STATIC (decl) = ! DECL_EXTERNAL (decl);
    }
  /* Not at top level, only `static' makes a static definition.  */
  else
    {
      TREE_STATIC (decl) = !! RIDBIT_SETP (RID_STATIC, specbits);
      TREE_PUBLIC (decl) = DECL_EXTERNAL (decl);
    }

  if (TREE_PUBLIC (decl))
    {
      /* [basic.link]: A name with no linkage (notably, the name of a class
         or enumeration declared in a local scope) shall not be used to
         declare an entity with linkage.

         Only check this for public decls for now.  */
      tree t = no_linkage_check (TREE_TYPE (decl));
      if (t)
        {
          if (ANON_AGGRNAME_P (TYPE_IDENTIFIER (t)))
            /* Ignore for now; `enum { foo } e' is pretty common.  */;
          else
            cp_pedwarn ("non-local variable `%#D' uses local type `%T'",
                        decl, t);
        }
    }

  return decl;
}

/* Create and return a canonical pointer to member function type, for
   TYPE, which is a POINTER_TYPE to a METHOD_TYPE.  */

tree
build_ptrmemfunc_type (type)
     tree type;
{
  tree fields[4];
  tree t;
  tree u;
  tree unqualified_variant = NULL_TREE;

  /* If a canonical type already exists for this type, use it.  We use
     this method instead of type_hash_canon, because it only does a
     simple equality check on the list of field members.  */

  if ((t = TYPE_GET_PTRMEMFUNC_TYPE (type)))
    return t;

  /* Make sure that we always have the unqualified pointer-to-member
     type first.  */
  if (CP_TYPE_QUALS (type) != TYPE_UNQUALIFIED)
    unqualified_variant 
      = build_ptrmemfunc_type (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (type));

  push_obstacks (TYPE_OBSTACK (type), TYPE_OBSTACK (type));

  u = make_lang_type (UNION_TYPE);
  SET_IS_AGGR_TYPE (u, 0);
  fields[0] = build_lang_decl (FIELD_DECL, pfn_identifier, type);
  fields[1] = build_lang_decl (FIELD_DECL, delta2_identifier,
                               delta_type_node);
  finish_builtin_type (u, "__ptrmemfunc_type", fields, 1, ptr_type_node);
  TYPE_NAME (u) = NULL_TREE;

  t = make_lang_type (RECORD_TYPE);

  /* Let the front-end know this is a pointer to member function...  */
  TYPE_PTRMEMFUNC_FLAG (t) = 1;
  /* ... and not really an aggregate.  */
  SET_IS_AGGR_TYPE (t, 0);

  fields[0] = build_lang_decl (FIELD_DECL, delta_identifier,
                               delta_type_node);
  fields[1] = build_lang_decl (FIELD_DECL, index_identifier,
                               delta_type_node);
  fields[2] = build_lang_decl (FIELD_DECL, pfn_or_delta2_identifier, u);
  finish_builtin_type (t, "__ptrmemfunc_type", fields, 2, ptr_type_node);

  pop_obstacks ();

  /* Zap out the name so that the back-end will give us the debugging
     information for this anonymous RECORD_TYPE.  */
  TYPE_NAME (t) = NULL_TREE;

  /* If this is not the unqualified form of this pointer-to-member
     type, set the TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT for this type to be the
     unqualified type.  Since they are actually RECORD_TYPEs that are
     not variants of each other, we must do this manually.  */
  if (CP_TYPE_QUALS (type) != TYPE_UNQUALIFIED)
    {
      t = build_qualified_type (t, CP_TYPE_QUALS (type));
      TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (t) = unqualified_variant;
      TYPE_NEXT_VARIANT (t) = TYPE_NEXT_VARIANT (unqualified_variant);
      TYPE_NEXT_VARIANT (unqualified_variant) = t;
    }

  /* Cache this pointer-to-member type so that we can find it again
     later.  */
  TYPE_SET_PTRMEMFUNC_TYPE (type, t);

  /* Seems to be wanted.  */
  CLASSTYPE_GOT_SEMICOLON (t) = 1;

  return t;
}

/* DECL is a VAR_DECL defined in-class, whose TYPE is also given.
   Check to see that the definition is valid.  Issue appropriate error
   messages.  Return 1 if the definition is particularly bad, or 0
   otherwise.  */

int
check_static_variable_definition (decl, type)
     tree decl;
     tree type;
{
  /* Motion 10 at San Diego: If a static const integral data member is
     initialized with an integral constant expression, the initializer
     may appear either in the declaration (within the class), or in
     the definition, but not both.  If it appears in the class, the
     member is a member constant.  The file-scope definition is always
     required.  */
  if (CLASS_TYPE_P (type) || TREE_CODE (type) == REFERENCE_TYPE)
    {
      cp_error ("in-class initialization of static data member of non-integral type `%T'", 
                type);
      /* If we just return the declaration, crashes will sometimes
         occur.  We therefore return void_type_node, as if this was a
         friend declaration, to cause callers to completely ignore
         this declaration.  */
      return 1;
    }
  else if (!CP_TYPE_CONST_P (type))
    cp_error ("ANSI C++ forbids in-class initialization of non-const static member `%D'",
              decl);
  else if (pedantic && !INTEGRAL_TYPE_P (type))
    cp_pedwarn ("ANSI C++ forbids initialization of member constant `%D' of non-integral type `%T'", decl, type);

  return 0;
}

/* Given declspecs and a declarator,
   determine the name and type of the object declared
   and construct a ..._DECL node for it.
   (In one case we can return a ..._TYPE node instead.
    For invalid input we sometimes return 0.)

   DECLSPECS is a chain of tree_list nodes whose value fields
    are the storage classes and type specifiers.

   DECL_CONTEXT says which syntactic context this declaration is in:
     NORMAL for most contexts.  Make a VAR_DECL or FUNCTION_DECL or TYPE_DECL.
     FUNCDEF for a function definition.  Like NORMAL but a few different
      error messages in each case.  Return value may be zero meaning
      this definition is too screwy to try to parse.
     MEMFUNCDEF for a function definition.  Like FUNCDEF but prepares to
      handle member functions (which have FIELD context).
      Return value may be zero meaning this definition is too screwy to
      try to parse.
     PARM for a parameter declaration (either within a function prototype
      or before a function body).  Make a PARM_DECL, or return void_type_node.
     CATCHPARM for a parameter declaration before a catch clause.
     TYPENAME if for a typename (in a cast or sizeof).
      Don't make a DECL node; just return the ..._TYPE node.
     FIELD for a struct or union field; make a FIELD_DECL.
     BITFIELD for a field with specified width.
   INITIALIZED is 1 if the decl has an initializer.

   ATTRLIST is a TREE_LIST node with prefix attributes in TREE_VALUE and
   normal attributes in TREE_PURPOSE, or NULL_TREE.

   In the TYPENAME case, DECLARATOR is really an absolute declarator.
   It may also be so in the PARM case, for a prototype where the
   argument type is specified but not the name.

   This function is where the complicated C meanings of `static'
   and `extern' are interpreted.

   For C++, if there is any monkey business to do, the function which
   calls this one must do it, i.e., prepending instance variables,
   renaming overloaded function names, etc.

   Note that for this C++, it is an error to define a method within a class
   which does not belong to that class.

   Except in the case where SCOPE_REFs are implicitly known (such as
   methods within a class being redundantly qualified),
   declarations which involve SCOPE_REFs are returned as SCOPE_REFs
   (class_name::decl_name).  The caller must also deal with this.

   If a constructor or destructor is seen, and the context is FIELD,
   then the type gains the attribute TREE_HAS_x.  If such a declaration
   is erroneous, NULL_TREE is returned.

   QUALS is used only for FUNCDEF and MEMFUNCDEF cases.  For a member
   function, these are the qualifiers to give to the `this' pointer.

   May return void_type_node if the declarator turned out to be a friend.
   See grokfield for details.  */

enum return_types { return_normal, return_ctor, return_dtor, return_conversion };

tree
grokdeclarator (declarator, declspecs, decl_context, initialized, attrlist)
     tree declspecs;
     tree declarator;
     enum decl_context decl_context;
     int initialized;
     tree attrlist;
{
  RID_BIT_TYPE specbits;
  int nclasses = 0;
  tree spec;
  tree type = NULL_TREE;
  int longlong = 0;
  int constp;
  int restrictp;
  int volatilep;
  int type_quals;
  int virtualp, explicitp, friendp, inlinep, staticp;
  int explicit_int = 0;
  int explicit_char = 0;
  int defaulted_int = 0;
  tree typedef_decl = NULL_TREE;
  const char *name;
  tree typedef_type = NULL_TREE;
  int funcdef_flag = 0;
  enum tree_code innermost_code = ERROR_MARK;
  int bitfield = 0;
#if 0
  /* See the code below that used this.  */
  tree decl_machine_attr = NULL_TREE;
#endif
  /* Set this to error_mark_node for FIELD_DECLs we could not handle properly.
     All FIELD_DECLs we build here have `init' put into their DECL_INITIAL.  */
  tree init = NULL_TREE;

  /* Keep track of what sort of function is being processed
     so that we can warn about default return values, or explicit
     return values which do not match prescribed defaults.  */
  enum return_types return_type = return_normal;

  tree dname = NULL_TREE;
  tree ctype = current_class_type;
  tree ctor_return_type = NULL_TREE;
  enum overload_flags flags = NO_SPECIAL;
  tree quals = NULL_TREE;
  tree raises = NULL_TREE;
  int template_count = 0;
  tree in_namespace = NULL_TREE;
  tree inner_attrs;
  int ignore_attrs;

  RIDBIT_RESET_ALL (specbits);
  if (decl_context == FUNCDEF)
    funcdef_flag = 1, decl_context = NORMAL;
  else if (decl_context == MEMFUNCDEF)
    funcdef_flag = -1, decl_context = FIELD;
  else if (decl_context == BITFIELD)
    bitfield = 1, decl_context = FIELD;

  /* Look inside a declarator for the name being declared
     and get it as a string, for an error message.  */
  {
    tree *next = &declarator;
    register tree decl;
    name = NULL;

    while (next && *next)
      {
        decl = *next;
        switch (TREE_CODE (decl))
          {
          case TREE_LIST:
            /* For attributes.  */
            next = &TREE_VALUE (decl);
            break;

          case COND_EXPR:
            ctype = NULL_TREE;
            next = &TREE_OPERAND (decl, 0);
            break;

          case BIT_NOT_EXPR:    /* For C++ destructors!  */
            {
              tree name = TREE_OPERAND (decl, 0);
              tree rename = NULL_TREE;

              my_friendly_assert (flags == NO_SPECIAL, 152);
              flags = DTOR_FLAG;
              return_type = return_dtor;
              if (TREE_CODE (name) == TYPE_DECL)
                TREE_OPERAND (decl, 0) = name = constructor_name (name);
              my_friendly_assert (TREE_CODE (name) == IDENTIFIER_NODE, 153);
              if (ctype == NULL_TREE)
                {
                  if (current_class_type == NULL_TREE)
                    {
                      error ("destructors must be member functions");
                      flags = NO_SPECIAL;
                    }
                  else
                    {
                      tree t = constructor_name (current_class_name);
                      if (t != name)
                        rename = t;
                    }
                }
              else
                {
                  tree t = constructor_name (ctype);
                  if (t != name)
                    rename = t;
                }

              if (rename)
                {
                  cp_error ("destructor `%T' must match class name `%T'",
                            name, rename);
                  TREE_OPERAND (decl, 0) = rename;
                }
              next = &name;
            }
            break;

          case ADDR_EXPR:       /* C++ reference declaration */
            /* Fall through. */
          case ARRAY_REF:
          case INDIRECT_REF:
            ctype = NULL_TREE;
            innermost_code = TREE_CODE (decl);
            next = &TREE_OPERAND (decl, 0);
            break;

          case CALL_EXPR:
            if (parmlist_is_exprlist (CALL_DECLARATOR_PARMS (decl)))
              {
                /* This is actually a variable declaration using
                   constructor syntax.  We need to call start_decl and
                   cp_finish_decl so we can get the variable
                   initialized...  */

                tree attributes, prefix_attributes;

                *next = TREE_OPERAND (decl, 0);
                init = CALL_DECLARATOR_PARMS (decl);

                if (attrlist)
                  {
                    attributes = TREE_PURPOSE (attrlist);
                    prefix_attributes = TREE_VALUE (attrlist);
                  }
                else
                  {
                    attributes = NULL_TREE;
                    prefix_attributes = NULL_TREE;
                  }

                decl = start_decl (declarator, declspecs, 1,
                                   attributes, prefix_attributes);
                if (decl)
                  {
                    /* Look for __unused__ attribute */
                    if (TREE_USED (TREE_TYPE (decl)))
                      TREE_USED (decl) = 1;
                    finish_decl (decl, init, NULL_TREE);
                  }
                else
                  cp_error ("invalid declarator");
                return 0;
              }
            innermost_code = TREE_CODE (decl);
            if (decl_context == FIELD && ctype == NULL_TREE)
              ctype = current_class_type;
            if (ctype
                && TREE_OPERAND (decl, 0)
                && (TREE_CODE (TREE_OPERAND (decl, 0)) == TYPE_DECL
                    && ((DECL_NAME (TREE_OPERAND (decl, 0))
                         == constructor_name_full (ctype))
                        || (DECL_NAME (TREE_OPERAND (decl, 0))
                            == constructor_name (ctype)))))
              TREE_OPERAND (decl, 0) = constructor_name (ctype);
            next = &TREE_OPERAND (decl, 0);
            decl = *next;
            if (ctype != NULL_TREE
                && decl != NULL_TREE && flags != DTOR_FLAG
                && decl == constructor_name (ctype))
              {
                return_type = return_ctor;
                ctor_return_type = ctype;
              }
            ctype = NULL_TREE;
            break;
            
          case TEMPLATE_ID_EXPR:
              {
                tree fns = TREE_OPERAND (decl, 0);

                if (TREE_CODE (fns) == LOOKUP_EXPR)
                  fns = TREE_OPERAND (fns, 0);

                dname = fns;
                if (TREE_CODE (dname) == COMPONENT_REF)
                  dname = TREE_OPERAND (dname, 1);
                if (TREE_CODE (dname) != IDENTIFIER_NODE)
                  {
                    my_friendly_assert (is_overloaded_fn (dname),
                                        19990331);
                    dname = DECL_NAME (get_first_fn (dname));
                  }
              }
          /* Fall through. */

          case IDENTIFIER_NODE:
            if (TREE_CODE (decl) == IDENTIFIER_NODE)
              dname = decl;

            next = 0;

            if (is_rid (dname))
              {
                cp_error ("declarator-id missing; using reserved word `%D'",
                          dname);
                name = IDENTIFIER_POINTER (dname);
              }
            if (! IDENTIFIER_OPNAME_P (dname)
                /* GNU/Linux headers use '__op'.  Arrgh.  */
                || (IDENTIFIER_TYPENAME_P (dname) && ! TREE_TYPE (dname)))
              name = IDENTIFIER_POINTER (dname);
            else
              {
                if (IDENTIFIER_TYPENAME_P (dname))
                  {
                    my_friendly_assert (flags == NO_SPECIAL, 154);
                    flags = TYPENAME_FLAG;
                    ctor_return_type = TREE_TYPE (dname);
                    return_type = return_conversion;
                  }
                name = operator_name_string (dname);
              }
            break;

            /* C++ extension */
          case SCOPE_REF:
            {
              /* Perform error checking, and decide on a ctype.  */
              tree cname = TREE_OPERAND (decl, 0);
              if (cname == NULL_TREE)
                ctype = NULL_TREE;
              else if (TREE_CODE (cname) == NAMESPACE_DECL)
                {
                  ctype = NULL_TREE;
                  in_namespace = TREE_OPERAND (decl, 0);
                  TREE_OPERAND (decl, 0) = NULL_TREE;
                }
              else if (! is_aggr_type (cname, 1))
                TREE_OPERAND (decl, 0) = NULL_TREE;
              /* Must test TREE_OPERAND (decl, 1), in case user gives
                 us `typedef (class::memfunc)(int); memfunc *memfuncptr;'  */
              else if (TREE_OPERAND (decl, 1)
                       && TREE_CODE (TREE_OPERAND (decl, 1)) == INDIRECT_REF)
                ctype = cname;
              else if (TREE_CODE (cname) == TEMPLATE_TYPE_PARM
                       || TREE_CODE (cname) == TEMPLATE_TEMPLATE_PARM)
                {
                  cp_error ("`%T::%D' is not a valid declarator", cname,
                            TREE_OPERAND (decl, 1));
                  cp_error ("  perhaps you want `typename %T::%D' to make it a type",
                            cname, TREE_OPERAND (decl, 1));
                  return void_type_node;
                }
              else if (ctype == NULL_TREE)
                ctype = cname;
              else if (TREE_COMPLEXITY (decl) == current_class_depth)
                TREE_OPERAND (decl, 0) = ctype;
              else
                {
                  if (! UNIQUELY_DERIVED_FROM_P (cname, ctype))
                    {
                      cp_error ("type `%T' is not derived from type `%T'",
                                cname, ctype);
                      TREE_OPERAND (decl, 0) = NULL_TREE;
                    }
                  else
                    ctype = cname;
                }

              if (ctype && TREE_CODE (TREE_OPERAND (decl, 1)) == TYPE_DECL
                  && ((DECL_NAME (TREE_OPERAND (decl, 1))
                       == constructor_name_full (ctype))
                      || (DECL_NAME (TREE_OPERAND (decl, 1))
                          == constructor_name (ctype))))
                TREE_OPERAND (decl, 1) = constructor_name (ctype);
              next = &TREE_OPERAND (decl, 1);
              decl = *next;
              if (ctype)
                {
                  if (TREE_CODE (decl) == IDENTIFIER_NODE
                      && constructor_name (ctype) == decl)
                    {
                      return_type = return_ctor;
                      ctor_return_type = ctype;
                    }
                  else if (TREE_CODE (decl) == BIT_NOT_EXPR
                           && TREE_CODE (TREE_OPERAND (decl, 0)) == IDENTIFIER_NODE
                           && (constructor_name (ctype) == TREE_OPERAND (decl, 0)
                               || constructor_name_full (ctype) == TREE_OPERAND (decl, 0)))
                    {
                      return_type = return_dtor;
                      ctor_return_type = ctype;
                      flags = DTOR_FLAG;
                      TREE_OPERAND (decl, 0) = constructor_name (ctype);
                      next = &TREE_OPERAND (decl, 0);
                    }
                }
            }
            break;

          case ERROR_MARK:
            next = 0;
            break;

          case TYPE_DECL:
            /* Parse error puts this typespec where
               a declarator should go.  */
            cp_error ("`%T' specified as declarator-id", DECL_NAME (decl));
            if (TREE_TYPE (decl) == current_class_type)
              cp_error ("  perhaps you want `%T' for a constructor",
                        current_class_name);
            dname = DECL_NAME (decl);
            name = IDENTIFIER_POINTER (dname);

            /* Avoid giving two errors for this.  */
            IDENTIFIER_CLASS_VALUE (dname) = NULL_TREE;

            declspecs = temp_tree_cons (NULL_TREE, integer_type_node,
                                        declspecs);
            *next = dname;
            next = 0;
            break;

          default:
            cp_compiler_error ("`%D' as declarator", decl);
            return 0; /* We used to do a 155 abort here.  */
          }
      }
    if (name == NULL)
      name = "type name";
  }

  /* A function definition's declarator must have the form of
     a function declarator.  */

  if (funcdef_flag && innermost_code != CALL_EXPR)
    return 0;

  if (((dname && IDENTIFIER_OPNAME_P (dname)) || flags == TYPENAME_FLAG)
      && innermost_code != CALL_EXPR
      && ! (ctype && declspecs == NULL_TREE))
    {
      cp_error ("declaration of `%D' as non-function", dname);
      return void_type_node;
    }

  /* Anything declared one level down from the top level
     must be one of the parameters of a function
     (because the body is at least two levels down).  */

  /* This heuristic cannot be applied to C++ nodes! Fixed, however,
     by not allowing C++ class definitions to specify their parameters
     with xdecls (must be spec.d in the parmlist).

     Since we now wait to push a class scope until we are sure that
     we are in a legitimate method context, we must set oldcname
     explicitly (since current_class_name is not yet alive).

     We also want to avoid calling this a PARM if it is in a namespace.  */

  if (decl_context == NORMAL && !toplevel_bindings_p ())
    {
      struct binding_level *b = current_binding_level;
      current_binding_level = b->level_chain;
      if (current_binding_level != 0 && toplevel_bindings_p ())
        decl_context = PARM;
      current_binding_level = b;
    }

  /* Look through the decl specs and record which ones appear.
     Some typespecs are defined as built-in typenames.
     Others, the ones that are modifiers of other types,
     are represented by bits in SPECBITS: set the bits for
     the modifiers that appear.  Storage class keywords are also in SPECBITS.

     If there is a typedef name or a type, store the type in TYPE.
     This includes builtin typedefs such as `int'.

     Set EXPLICIT_INT if the type is `int' or `char' and did not
     come from a user typedef.

     Set LONGLONG if `long' is mentioned twice.

     For C++, constructors and destructors have their own fast treatment.  */

  for (spec = declspecs; spec; spec = TREE_CHAIN (spec))
    {
      register int i;
      register tree id;

      /* Certain parse errors slip through.  For example,
         `int class;' is not caught by the parser. Try
         weakly to recover here.  */
      if (TREE_CODE (spec) != TREE_LIST)
        return 0;

      id = TREE_VALUE (spec);

      if (TREE_CODE (id) == IDENTIFIER_NODE)
        {
          if (id == ridpointers[(int) RID_INT]
              || id == ridpointers[(int) RID_CHAR]
              || id == ridpointers[(int) RID_BOOL]
              || id == ridpointers[(int) RID_WCHAR])
            {
              if (type)
                {
                  if (id == ridpointers[(int) RID_BOOL])
                    error ("`bool' is now a keyword");
                  else
                    cp_error ("extraneous `%T' ignored", id);
                }
              else
                {
                  if (id == ridpointers[(int) RID_INT])
                    explicit_int = 1;
                  else if (id == ridpointers[(int) RID_CHAR])
                    explicit_char = 1;
                  type = TREE_TYPE (IDENTIFIER_GLOBAL_VALUE (id));
                }
              goto found;
            }
          /* C++ aggregate types.  */
          if (IDENTIFIER_HAS_TYPE_VALUE (id))
            {
              if (type)
                cp_error ("multiple declarations `%T' and `%T'", type, id);
              else
                type = IDENTIFIER_TYPE_VALUE (id);
              goto found;
            }

          for (i = (int) RID_FIRST_MODIFIER; i <= (int) RID_LAST_MODIFIER; i++)
            {
              if (ridpointers[i] == id)
                {
                  if (i == (int) RID_LONG && RIDBIT_SETP (i, specbits))
                    {
                      if (pedantic && ! in_system_header && warn_long_long)
                        pedwarn ("ANSI C++ does not support `long long'");
                      if (longlong)
                        error ("`long long long' is too long for GCC");
                      else
                        longlong = 1;
                    }
                  else if (RIDBIT_SETP (i, specbits))
                    pedwarn ("duplicate `%s'", IDENTIFIER_POINTER (id));
                  RIDBIT_SET (i, specbits);
                  goto found;
                }
            }
        }
      /* C++ aggregate types.  */
      else if (TREE_CODE (id) == TYPE_DECL || TREE_CODE (id) == TEMPLATE_DECL)
        {
          if (type)
            cp_error ("multiple declarations `%T' and `%T'", type,
                      TREE_TYPE (id));
          else
            {
              type = TREE_TYPE (id);
              TREE_VALUE (spec) = type;
            }
          goto found;
        }
      if (type)
        error ("two or more data types in declaration of `%s'", name);
      else if (TREE_CODE (id) == IDENTIFIER_NODE)
        {
          register tree t = lookup_name (id, 1);
          if (!t || TREE_CODE (t) != TYPE_DECL)
            error ("`%s' fails to be a typedef or built in type",
                   IDENTIFIER_POINTER (id));
          else
            {
              type = TREE_TYPE (t);
#if 0
              /* See the code below that used this.  */
              decl_machine_attr = DECL_MACHINE_ATTRIBUTES (id);
#endif
              typedef_decl = t;
            }
        }
      else if (id != error_mark_node)
        /* Can't change CLASS nodes into RECORD nodes here!  */
        type = id;

    found: ;
    }

  typedef_type = type;

  /* No type at all: default to `int', and set DEFAULTED_INT
     because it was not a user-defined typedef.  */

  if (type == NULL_TREE
      && (RIDBIT_SETP (RID_SIGNED, specbits)
          || RIDBIT_SETP (RID_UNSIGNED, specbits)
          || RIDBIT_SETP (RID_LONG, specbits)
          || RIDBIT_SETP (RID_SHORT, specbits)))
    {
      /* These imply 'int'.  */
      type = integer_type_node;
      defaulted_int = 1;
    }

  if (type == NULL_TREE)
    {
      explicit_int = -1;
      if (return_type == return_dtor)
        type = void_type_node;
      else if (return_type == return_ctor)
        type = build_pointer_type (ctor_return_type);
      else if (return_type == return_conversion)
        type = ctor_return_type;
      else
        {
          /* We handle `main' specially here, because 'main () { }' is so
             common.  With no options, it is allowed.  With -Wreturn-type,
             it is a warning.  It is only an error with -pedantic-errors.  */
          int is_main = (funcdef_flag
                         && MAIN_NAME_P (dname)
                         && ctype == NULL_TREE
                         && in_namespace == NULL_TREE
                         && current_namespace == global_namespace);

          if (in_system_header || flag_ms_extensions)
            /* Allow it, sigh.  */;
          else if (pedantic || ! is_main)
            cp_pedwarn ("ANSI C++ forbids declaration `%D' with no type",
                        dname);
          else if (warn_return_type)
            cp_warning ("ANSI C++ forbids declaration `%D' with no type",
                        dname);

          type = integer_type_node;
        }
    }
  else if (return_type == return_dtor)
    {
      error ("return type specification for destructor invalid");
      type = void_type_node;
    }
  else if (return_type == return_ctor)
    {
      error ("return type specification for constructor invalid");
      type = build_pointer_type (ctor_return_type);
    }
  else if (return_type == return_conversion)
    {
      if (!same_type_p (type, ctor_return_type))
        cp_error ("operator `%T' declared to return `%T'",
                  ctor_return_type, type);
      else
        cp_pedwarn ("return type specified for `operator %T'",
                    ctor_return_type);

      type = ctor_return_type;
    }

  ctype = NULL_TREE;

  /* Now process the modifiers that were specified
     and check for invalid combinations.  */

  /* Long double is a special combination.  */

  if (RIDBIT_SETP (RID_LONG, specbits)
      && TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (type) == double_type_node)
    {
      RIDBIT_RESET (RID_LONG, specbits);
      type = build_qualified_type (long_double_type_node, 
                                   CP_TYPE_QUALS (type));
    }

  /* Check all other uses of type modifiers.  */

  if (RIDBIT_SETP (RID_UNSIGNED, specbits)
      || RIDBIT_SETP (RID_SIGNED, specbits)
      || RIDBIT_SETP (RID_LONG, specbits)
      || RIDBIT_SETP (RID_SHORT, specbits))
    {
      int ok = 0;

      if (TREE_CODE (type) == REAL_TYPE)
        error ("short, signed or unsigned invalid for `%s'", name);
      else if (TREE_CODE (type) != INTEGER_TYPE)
        error ("long, short, signed or unsigned invalid for `%s'", name);
      else if (RIDBIT_SETP (RID_LONG, specbits)
               && RIDBIT_SETP (RID_SHORT, specbits))
        error ("long and short specified together for `%s'", name);
      else if ((RIDBIT_SETP (RID_LONG, specbits)
                || RIDBIT_SETP (RID_SHORT, specbits))
               && explicit_char)
        error ("long or short specified with char for `%s'", name);
      else if ((RIDBIT_SETP (RID_LONG, specbits)
                || RIDBIT_SETP (RID_SHORT, specbits))
               && TREE_CODE (type) == REAL_TYPE)
        error ("long or short specified with floating type for `%s'", name);
      else if (RIDBIT_SETP (RID_SIGNED, specbits)
               && RIDBIT_SETP (RID_UNSIGNED, specbits))
        error ("signed and unsigned given together for `%s'", name);
      else
        {
          ok = 1;
          if (!explicit_int && !defaulted_int && !explicit_char && pedantic)
            {
              pedwarn ("long, short, signed or unsigned used invalidly for `%s'",
                       name);
              if (flag_pedantic_errors)
                ok = 0;
            }
        }

      /* Discard the type modifiers if they are invalid.  */
      if (! ok)
        {
          RIDBIT_RESET (RID_UNSIGNED, specbits);
          RIDBIT_RESET (RID_SIGNED, specbits);
          RIDBIT_RESET (RID_LONG, specbits);
          RIDBIT_RESET (RID_SHORT, specbits);
          longlong = 0;
        }
    }

  if (RIDBIT_SETP (RID_COMPLEX, specbits)
      && TREE_CODE (type) != INTEGER_TYPE && TREE_CODE (type) != REAL_TYPE)
    {
      error ("complex invalid for `%s'", name);
      RIDBIT_RESET (RID_COMPLEX, specbits);
    }

  /* Decide whether an integer type is signed or not.
     Optionally treat bitfields as signed by default.  */
  if (RIDBIT_SETP (RID_UNSIGNED, specbits)
      /* [class.bit]

         It is implementation-defined whether a plain (neither
         explicitly signed or unsigned) char, short, int, or long
         bit-field is signed or unsigned.
             
         Naturally, we extend this to long long as well.  Note that
         this does not include wchar_t.  */
      || (bitfield && !flag_signed_bitfields
          && RIDBIT_NOTSETP (RID_SIGNED, specbits)
          /* A typedef for plain `int' without `signed' can be
             controlled just like plain `int', but a typedef for
             `signed int' cannot be so controlled.  */
          && !(typedef_decl 
               && C_TYPEDEF_EXPLICITLY_SIGNED (typedef_decl))
          && (TREE_CODE (type) == INTEGER_TYPE
              || TREE_CODE (type) == CHAR_TYPE)
          && !same_type_p (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (type), wchar_type_node)))
    {
      if (longlong)
        type = long_long_unsigned_type_node;
      else if (RIDBIT_SETP (RID_LONG, specbits))
        type = long_unsigned_type_node;
      else if (RIDBIT_SETP (RID_SHORT, specbits))
        type = short_unsigned_type_node;
      else if (type == char_type_node)
        type = unsigned_char_type_node;
      else if (typedef_decl)
        type = unsigned_type (type);
      else
        type = unsigned_type_node;
    }
  else if (RIDBIT_SETP (RID_SIGNED, specbits)
           && type == char_type_node)
    type = signed_char_type_node;
  else if (longlong)
    type = long_long_integer_type_node;
  else if (RIDBIT_SETP (RID_LONG, specbits))
    type = long_integer_type_node;
  else if (RIDBIT_SETP (RID_SHORT, specbits))
    type = short_integer_type_node;

  if (RIDBIT_SETP (RID_COMPLEX, specbits))
    {
      /* If we just have "complex", it is equivalent to
         "complex double", but if any modifiers at all are specified it is
         the complex form of TYPE.  E.g, "complex short" is
         "complex short int".  */

      if (defaulted_int && ! longlong
          && ! (RIDBIT_SETP (RID_LONG, specbits)
                || RIDBIT_SETP (RID_SHORT, specbits)
                || RIDBIT_SETP (RID_SIGNED, specbits)
                || RIDBIT_SETP (RID_UNSIGNED, specbits)))
        type = complex_double_type_node;
      else if (type == integer_type_node)
        type = complex_integer_type_node;
      else if (type == float_type_node)
        type = complex_float_type_node;
      else if (type == double_type_node)
        type = complex_double_type_node;
      else if (type == long_double_type_node)
        type = complex_long_double_type_node;
      else
        type = build_complex_type (type);
    }

  if (return_type == return_conversion 
      && (RIDBIT_SETP (RID_CONST, specbits)
          || RIDBIT_SETP (RID_VOLATILE, specbits)
          || RIDBIT_SETP (RID_RESTRICT, specbits)))
    cp_error ("qualifiers are not allowed on declaration of `operator %T'",
              ctor_return_type);

  /* Set CONSTP if this declaration is `const', whether by
     explicit specification or via a typedef.
     Likewise for VOLATILEP.  */

  constp = !! RIDBIT_SETP (RID_CONST, specbits) + CP_TYPE_CONST_P (type);
  restrictp = 
    !! RIDBIT_SETP (RID_RESTRICT, specbits) + CP_TYPE_RESTRICT_P (type);
  volatilep = 
    !! RIDBIT_SETP (RID_VOLATILE, specbits) + CP_TYPE_VOLATILE_P (type);
  type_quals = ((constp ? TYPE_QUAL_CONST : 0)
                | (restrictp ? TYPE_QUAL_RESTRICT : 0)
                | (volatilep ? TYPE_QUAL_VOLATILE : 0));
  type = cp_build_qualified_type (type, type_quals);
  staticp = 0;
  inlinep = !! RIDBIT_SETP (RID_INLINE, specbits);
  virtualp = RIDBIT_SETP (RID_VIRTUAL, specbits);
  RIDBIT_RESET (RID_VIRTUAL, specbits);
  explicitp = RIDBIT_SETP (RID_EXPLICIT, specbits) != 0;
  RIDBIT_RESET (RID_EXPLICIT, specbits);

  if (RIDBIT_SETP (RID_STATIC, specbits))
    staticp = 1 + (decl_context == FIELD);

  if (virtualp && staticp == 2)
    {
      cp_error ("member `%D' cannot be declared both virtual and static",
                dname);
      staticp = 0;
    }
  friendp = RIDBIT_SETP (RID_FRIEND, specbits);
  RIDBIT_RESET (RID_FRIEND, specbits);

  /* $7.1.2, Function specifiers */
  if (friendp && explicitp)
    error ("only declarations of constructors can be `explicit'");

  if (RIDBIT_SETP (RID_MUTABLE, specbits))
    {
      if (decl_context == PARM)
        {
          error ("non-member `%s' cannot be declared `mutable'", name);
          RIDBIT_RESET (RID_MUTABLE, specbits);
        }
      else if (friendp || decl_context == TYPENAME)
        {
          error ("non-object member `%s' cannot be declared `mutable'", name);
          RIDBIT_RESET (RID_MUTABLE, specbits);
        }
    }

  /* Warn if two storage classes are given. Default to `auto'.  */

  if (RIDBIT_ANY_SET (specbits))
    {
      if (RIDBIT_SETP (RID_STATIC, specbits)) nclasses++;
      if (RIDBIT_SETP (RID_EXTERN, specbits)) nclasses++;
      if (decl_context == PARM && nclasses > 0)
        error ("storage class specifiers invalid in parameter declarations");
      if (RIDBIT_SETP (RID_TYPEDEF, specbits))
        {
          if (decl_context == PARM)
            error ("typedef declaration invalid in parameter declaration");
          nclasses++;
        }
      if (RIDBIT_SETP (RID_AUTO, specbits)) nclasses++;
      if (RIDBIT_SETP (RID_REGISTER, specbits)) nclasses++;
    }

  /* Give error if `virtual' is used outside of class declaration.  */
  if (virtualp
      && (current_class_name == NULL_TREE || decl_context != FIELD))
    {
      error ("virtual outside class declaration");
      virtualp = 0;
    }
  if (current_class_name == NULL_TREE && RIDBIT_SETP (RID_MUTABLE, specbits))
    {
      error ("only members can be declared mutable");
      RIDBIT_RESET (RID_MUTABLE, specbits);
    }

  /* Static anonymous unions are dealt with here.  */
  if (staticp && decl_context == TYPENAME
      && TREE_CODE (declspecs) == TREE_LIST
      && ANON_AGGR_TYPE_P (TREE_VALUE (declspecs)))
    decl_context = FIELD;

  /* Warn about storage classes that are invalid for certain
     kinds of declarations (parameters, typenames, etc.).  */

  if (nclasses > 1)
    error ("multiple storage classes in declaration of `%s'", name);
  else if (decl_context != NORMAL && nclasses > 0)
    {
      if ((decl_context == PARM || decl_context == CATCHPARM)
          && (RIDBIT_SETP (RID_REGISTER, specbits)
              || RIDBIT_SETP (RID_AUTO, specbits)))
        ;
      else if (RIDBIT_SETP (RID_TYPEDEF, specbits))
        ;
      else if (decl_context == FIELD
               /* C++ allows static class elements  */
               && RIDBIT_SETP (RID_STATIC, specbits))
        /* C++ also allows inlines and signed and unsigned elements,
           but in those cases we don't come in here.  */
        ;
      else
        {
          if (decl_context == FIELD)
            {
              tree tmp = NULL_TREE;
              register int op = 0;

              if (declarator)
                {
                  /* Avoid trying to get an operand off an identifier node.  */ 
                  if (TREE_CODE (declarator) == IDENTIFIER_NODE)
                    tmp = declarator;
                  else
                    tmp = TREE_OPERAND (declarator, 0);
                  op = IDENTIFIER_OPNAME_P (tmp);
                }
              error ("storage class specified for %s `%s'",
                     op ? "member operator" : "field",
                     op ? operator_name_string (tmp) : name);
            }
          else
            error (((decl_context == PARM || decl_context == CATCHPARM)
                    ? "storage class specified for parameter `%s'"
                    : "storage class specified for typename"), name);
          RIDBIT_RESET (RID_REGISTER, specbits);
          RIDBIT_RESET (RID_AUTO, specbits);
          RIDBIT_RESET (RID_EXTERN, specbits);
        }
    }
  else if (RIDBIT_SETP (RID_EXTERN, specbits) && initialized && !funcdef_flag)
    {
      if (toplevel_bindings_p ())
        {
          /* It's common practice (and completely valid) to have a const
             be initialized and declared extern.  */
          if (!(type_quals & TYPE_QUAL_CONST))
            warning ("`%s' initialized and declared `extern'", name);
        }
      else
        error ("`%s' has both `extern' and initializer", name);
    }
  else if (RIDBIT_SETP (RID_EXTERN, specbits) && funcdef_flag
           && ! toplevel_bindings_p ())
    error ("nested function `%s' declared `extern'", name);
  else if (toplevel_bindings_p ())
    {
      if (RIDBIT_SETP (RID_AUTO, specbits))
        error ("top-level declaration of `%s' specifies `auto'", name);
    }

  if (nclasses > 0 && friendp)
    error ("storage class specifiers invalid in friend function declarations");

  /* Now figure out the structure of the declarator proper.
     Descend through it, creating more complex types, until we reach
     the declared identifier (or NULL_TREE, in an absolute declarator).  */

  inner_attrs = NULL_TREE;
  ignore_attrs = 0;  

  while (declarator && TREE_CODE (declarator) != IDENTIFIER_NODE
         && TREE_CODE (declarator) != TEMPLATE_ID_EXPR)
    {
      /* Each level of DECLARATOR is either an ARRAY_REF (for ...[..]),
         an INDIRECT_REF (for *...),
         a CALL_EXPR (for ...(...)),
         an identifier (for the name being declared)
         or a null pointer (for the place in an absolute declarator
         where the name was omitted).
         For the last two cases, we have just exited the loop.

         For C++ it could also be
         a SCOPE_REF (for class :: ...).  In this case, we have converted
         sensible names to types, and those are the values we use to
         qualify the member name.
         an ADDR_EXPR (for &...),
         a BIT_NOT_EXPR (for destructors)

         At this point, TYPE is the type of elements of an array,
         or for a function to return, or for a pointer to point to.
         After this sequence of ifs, TYPE is the type of the
         array or function or pointer, and DECLARATOR has had its
         outermost layer removed.  */

      if (type == error_mark_node)
        {
          if (TREE_CODE (declarator) == SCOPE_REF)
            declarator = TREE_OPERAND (declarator, 1);
          else
            declarator = TREE_OPERAND (declarator, 0);
          continue;
        }
      if (quals != NULL_TREE
          && (declarator == NULL_TREE
              || TREE_CODE (declarator) != SCOPE_REF))
        {
          if (ctype == NULL_TREE && TREE_CODE (type) == METHOD_TYPE)
            ctype = TYPE_METHOD_BASETYPE (type);
          if (ctype != NULL_TREE)
            {
              tree dummy = build_decl (TYPE_DECL, NULL_TREE, type);
              ctype = grok_method_quals (ctype, dummy, quals);
              type = TREE_TYPE (dummy);
              quals = NULL_TREE;
            }
        }

      /* See the comment for the TREE_LIST case, below.  */
      if (ignore_attrs)
        ignore_attrs = 0;
      else if (inner_attrs)
        {
          decl_attributes (type, inner_attrs, NULL_TREE);
          inner_attrs = NULL_TREE;
        }

      switch (TREE_CODE (declarator))
        {
        case TREE_LIST:
          {
            /* We encode a declarator with embedded attributes using
               a TREE_LIST.  The attributes apply to the declarator
               directly inside them, so we have to skip an iteration
               before applying them to the type.  If the declarator just
               inside is the declarator-id, we apply the attrs to the
               decl itself.  */
            inner_attrs = TREE_PURPOSE (declarator);
            ignore_attrs = 1;
            declarator = TREE_VALUE (declarator);
          }
          break;

        case ARRAY_REF:
          {
            register tree itype = NULL_TREE;
            register tree size = TREE_OPERAND (declarator, 1);
            /* The index is a signed object `sizetype' bits wide.  */
            tree index_type = signed_type (sizetype);

            declarator = TREE_OPERAND (declarator, 0);

            /* Check for some types that there cannot be arrays of.  */

            if (TREE_CODE (type) == VOID_TYPE)
              {
                cp_error ("declaration of `%D' as array of voids", dname);
                type = error_mark_node;
              }

            if (TREE_CODE (type) == FUNCTION_TYPE)
              {
                cp_error ("declaration of `%D' as array of functions", dname);
                type = error_mark_node;
              }

            /* ARM $8.4.3: Since you can't have a pointer to a reference,
               you can't have arrays of references.  If we allowed them,
               then we'd be saying x[i] is valid for an array x, but
               then you'd have to ask: what does `*(x + i)' mean?  */
            if (TREE_CODE (type) == REFERENCE_TYPE)
              {
                if (decl_context == TYPENAME)
                  cp_error ("cannot make arrays of references");
                else
                  cp_error ("declaration of `%D' as array of references",
                            dname);
                type = error_mark_node;
              }

            if (TREE_CODE (type) == OFFSET_TYPE)
              {
                  cp_error ("declaration of `%D' as array of data members",
                            dname);
                type = error_mark_node;
              }

            if (TREE_CODE (type) == METHOD_TYPE)
              {
                cp_error ("declaration of `%D' as array of function members",
                          dname);
                type = error_mark_node;
              }

            if (size == error_mark_node)
              type = error_mark_node;
            else if (TREE_CODE (type) == ARRAY_TYPE && !TYPE_DOMAIN (type))
              {
                /* [dcl.array]

                   the constant expressions that specify the bounds of
                   the arrays can be omitted only for the first member
                   of the sequence.  */
                cp_error ("declaration of `%D' as multidimensional array",
                          dname);
                cp_error ("must have bounds for all dimensions except the first");
                type = error_mark_node;
              }

            if (type == error_mark_node)
              continue;

            /* VC++ spells a zero-sized array with [].  */
            if (size == NULL_TREE && decl_context == FIELD && ! staticp
                && ! RIDBIT_SETP (RID_TYPEDEF, specbits))
              size = integer_zero_node;

            if (size)
              {
                /* Must suspend_momentary here because the index
                   type may need to live until the end of the function.
                   For example, it is used in the declaration of a
                   variable which requires destructing at the end of
                   the function; then build_vec_delete will need this
                   value.  */
                int yes = suspend_momentary ();
                /* Might be a cast. */
                if (TREE_CODE (size) == NOP_EXPR
                    && TREE_TYPE (size) == TREE_TYPE (TREE_OPERAND (size, 0)))
                  size = TREE_OPERAND (size, 0);
                if (TREE_READONLY_DECL_P (size))
                  size = decl_constant_value (size);

                /* If this involves a template parameter, it will be a
                   constant at instantiation time, but we don't know
                   what the value is yet.  Even if no template
                   parameters are involved, we may an expression that
                   is not a constant; we don't even simplify `1 + 2'
                   when processing a template.  */
                if (processing_template_decl)
                  {
                    /* Resolve a qualified reference to an enumerator or
                       static const data member of ours.  */
                    if (TREE_CODE (size) == SCOPE_REF
                        && TREE_OPERAND (size, 0) == current_class_type)
                      {
                        tree t = lookup_field (current_class_type,
                                               TREE_OPERAND (size, 1), 0, 0);
                        if (t)
                          size = t;
                      }

                    itype = build_index_type (build_min
                      (MINUS_EXPR, sizetype, size, integer_one_node));
                    goto dont_grok_size;
                  }

                if (TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (size)) != INTEGER_TYPE
                    && TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (size)) != ENUMERAL_TYPE
                    && TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (size)) != BOOLEAN_TYPE)
                  {
                    cp_error ("size of array `%D' has non-integer type",
                              dname);
                    size = integer_one_node;
                  }
                if (pedantic && integer_zerop (size))
                  cp_pedwarn ("ANSI C++ forbids zero-size array `%D'", dname);
                if (TREE_CONSTANT (size))
                  {
                    int old_flag_pedantic_errors = flag_pedantic_errors;
                    int old_pedantic = pedantic;
                    pedantic = flag_pedantic_errors = 1;
                    /* Always give overflow errors on array subscripts.  */
                    constant_expression_warning (size);
                    pedantic = old_pedantic;
                    flag_pedantic_errors = old_flag_pedantic_errors;
                    if (INT_CST_LT (size, integer_zero_node))
                      {
                        cp_error ("size of array `%D' is negative", dname);
                        size = integer_one_node;
                      }
                  }
                else
                  {
                    if (pedantic)
                      {
                        if (dname)
                          cp_pedwarn ("ANSI C++ forbids variable-size array `%D'",
                                      dname);
                        else
                          cp_pedwarn ("ANSI C++ forbids variable-size array");
                      }
                  }

                itype
                  = fold (build_binary_op (MINUS_EXPR,
                                           cp_convert (index_type, size),
                                           cp_convert (index_type,
                                                       integer_one_node)));
                if (! TREE_CONSTANT (itype))
                  itype = variable_size (itype);
                else if (TREE_OVERFLOW (itype))
                  {
                    error ("overflow in array dimension");
                    TREE_OVERFLOW (itype) = 0;
                  }

                /* If we're a parm, we need to have a permanent type so
                   mangling checks for re-use will work right.  If both the
                   element and index types are permanent, the array type
                   will be, too.  */
                if (decl_context == PARM
                    && allocation_temporary_p () && TREE_PERMANENT (type))
                  {
                    push_obstacks (&permanent_obstack, &permanent_obstack);
                    itype = build_index_type (itype);
                    pop_obstacks ();
                  }
                else
                  itype = build_index_type (itype);

              dont_grok_size:
                resume_momentary (yes);
              }

            type = build_cplus_array_type (type, itype);
            ctype = NULL_TREE;
          }
          break;

        case CALL_EXPR:
          {
            tree arg_types;
            int funcdecl_p;
            tree inner_parms = CALL_DECLARATOR_PARMS (declarator);
            tree inner_decl = TREE_OPERAND (declarator, 0);

            /* Declaring a function type.
               Make sure we have a valid type for the function to return.  */

            /* We now know that the TYPE_QUALS don't apply to the
               decl, but to its return type.  */
            type_quals = TYPE_UNQUALIFIED;

            /* Warn about some types functions can't return.  */

            if (TREE_CODE (type) == FUNCTION_TYPE)
              {
                error ("`%s' declared as function returning a function", name);
                type = integer_type_node;
              }
            if (TREE_CODE (type) == ARRAY_TYPE)
              {
                error ("`%s' declared as function returning an array", name);
                type = integer_type_node;
              }

            if (inner_decl && TREE_CODE (inner_decl) == SCOPE_REF)
              inner_decl = TREE_OPERAND (inner_decl, 1);

            if (inner_decl && TREE_CODE (inner_decl) == TEMPLATE_ID_EXPR) 
              inner_decl = dname;

            /* Pick up type qualifiers which should be applied to `this'.  */
            quals = CALL_DECLARATOR_QUALS (declarator);

            /* Pick up the exception specifications.  */
            raises = CALL_DECLARATOR_EXCEPTION_SPEC (declarator);

            /* Say it's a definition only for the CALL_EXPR
               closest to the identifier.  */
            funcdecl_p
              = inner_decl 
              && (TREE_CODE (inner_decl) == IDENTIFIER_NODE
                  || TREE_CODE (inner_decl) == TEMPLATE_ID_EXPR 
                  || TREE_CODE (inner_decl) == BIT_NOT_EXPR);
            
            if (ctype == NULL_TREE
                && decl_context == FIELD
                && funcdecl_p
                && (friendp == 0 || dname == current_class_name))
              ctype = current_class_type;

            if (ctype && return_type == return_conversion)
              TYPE_HAS_CONVERSION (ctype) = 1;
            if (ctype && constructor_name (ctype) == dname)
              {
                /* We are within a class's scope. If our declarator name
                   is the same as the class name, and we are defining
                   a function, then it is a constructor/destructor, and
                   therefore returns a void type.  */

                if (flags == DTOR_FLAG)
                  {
                    /* ANSI C++ June 5 1992 WP 12.4.1.  A destructor may
                       not be declared const or volatile.  A destructor
                       may not be static.  */
                    if (staticp == 2)
                      error ("destructor cannot be static member function");
                    if (quals)
                      {
                        cp_error ("destructors may not be `%s'",
                                  IDENTIFIER_POINTER (TREE_VALUE (quals)));
                        quals = NULL_TREE;
                      }
                    if (decl_context == FIELD)
                      {
                        if (! member_function_or_else (ctype, current_class_type,
                                                       "destructor for alien class `%s' cannot be a member"))
                          return void_type_node;
                      }
                  }
                else            /* It's a constructor.  */
                  {
                    if (explicitp == 1)
                      explicitp = 2;
                    /* ANSI C++ June 5 1992 WP 12.1.2.  A constructor may
                       not be declared const or volatile.  A constructor may
                       not be virtual.  A constructor may not be static.  */
                    if (staticp == 2)
                      error ("constructor cannot be static member function");
                    if (virtualp)
                      {
                        pedwarn ("constructors cannot be declared virtual");
                        virtualp = 0;
                      }
                    if (quals)
                      {
                        cp_error ("constructors may not be `%s'",
                                  IDENTIFIER_POINTER (TREE_VALUE (quals)));
                        quals = NULL_TREE;
                      }
                    {
                      RID_BIT_TYPE tmp_bits;
                      bcopy ((void*)&specbits, (void*)&tmp_bits, sizeof (RID_BIT_TYPE));
                      RIDBIT_RESET (RID_INLINE, tmp_bits);
                      RIDBIT_RESET (RID_STATIC, tmp_bits);
                      if (RIDBIT_ANY_SET (tmp_bits))
                        error ("return value type specifier for constructor ignored");
                    }
                    type = build_pointer_type (ctype);
                    if (decl_context == FIELD)
                      {
                        if (! member_function_or_else (ctype, current_class_type,
                                                       "constructor for alien class `%s' cannot be member"))
                          return void_type_node;
                        TYPE_HAS_CONSTRUCTOR (ctype) = 1;
                        if (return_type != return_ctor)
                          return NULL_TREE;
                      }
                  }
                if (decl_context == FIELD)
                  staticp = 0;
              }
            else if (friendp)
              {
                if (initialized)
                  error ("can't initialize friend function `%s'", name);
                if (virtualp)
                  {
                    /* Cannot be both friend and virtual.  */
                    error ("virtual functions cannot be friends");
                    RIDBIT_RESET (RID_FRIEND, specbits);
                    friendp = 0;
                  }
                if (decl_context == NORMAL)
                  error ("friend declaration not in class definition");
                if (current_function_decl && funcdef_flag)
                  cp_error ("can't define friend function `%s' in a local class definition",
                            name);
              }

            /* Construct the function type and go to the next
               inner layer of declarator.  */

            declarator = TREE_OPERAND (declarator, 0);

            /* FIXME: This is where default args should be fully
               processed.  */

            arg_types = grokparms (inner_parms, funcdecl_p ? funcdef_flag : 0);

            if (declarator && flags == DTOR_FLAG)
              {
                /* A destructor declared in the body of a class will
                   be represented as a BIT_NOT_EXPR.  But, we just
                   want the underlying IDENTIFIER.  */
                if (TREE_CODE (declarator) == BIT_NOT_EXPR)
                  declarator = TREE_OPERAND (declarator, 0);
                
                if (strict_prototype == 0 && arg_types == NULL_TREE)
                  arg_types = void_list_node;
                else if (arg_types == NULL_TREE
                         || arg_types != void_list_node)
                  {
                    cp_error ("destructors may not have parameters");
                    arg_types = void_list_node;
                    last_function_parms = NULL_TREE;
                  }
              }

            /* ANSI says that `const int foo ();'
               does not make the function foo const.  */
            type = build_function_type (type, arg_types);

            {
              tree t;
              for (t = arg_types; t; t = TREE_CHAIN (t))
                if (TREE_PURPOSE (t)
                    && TREE_CODE (TREE_PURPOSE (t)) == DEFAULT_ARG)
                  {
                    add_defarg_fn (type);
                    break;
                  }
            }
          }
          break;

        case ADDR_EXPR:
        case INDIRECT_REF:
          /* Filter out pointers-to-references and references-to-references.
             We can get these if a TYPE_DECL is used.  */

          if (TREE_CODE (type) == REFERENCE_TYPE)
            {
              error ("cannot declare %s to references",
                     TREE_CODE (declarator) == ADDR_EXPR
                     ? "references" : "pointers");
              declarator = TREE_OPERAND (declarator, 0);
              continue;
            }

          if (TREE_CODE (type) == OFFSET_TYPE
              && (TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (type)) == VOID_TYPE
                  || TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (type)) == REFERENCE_TYPE))
            {
              cp_error ("cannot declare pointer to `%#T' member",
                        TREE_TYPE (type));
              type = TREE_TYPE (type);
            }

          /* Merge any constancy or volatility into the target type
             for the pointer.  */

          /* We now know that the TYPE_QUALS don't apply to the decl,
             but to the target of the pointer.  */
          type_quals = TYPE_UNQUALIFIED;

          if (TREE_CODE (declarator) == ADDR_EXPR)
            {
              if (TREE_CODE (type) == VOID_TYPE)
                error ("invalid type: `void &'");
              else
                type = build_reference_type (type);
            }
          else if (TREE_CODE (type) == METHOD_TYPE)
            type = build_ptrmemfunc_type (build_pointer_type (type));
          else
            type = build_pointer_type (type);

          /* Process a list of type modifier keywords (such as
             const or volatile) that were given inside the `*' or `&'.  */

          if (TREE_TYPE (declarator))
            {
              register tree typemodlist;
              int erred = 0;

              constp = 0;
              volatilep = 0;
              restrictp = 0;
              for (typemodlist = TREE_TYPE (declarator); typemodlist;
                   typemodlist = TREE_CHAIN (typemodlist))
                {
                  tree qualifier = TREE_VALUE (typemodlist);

                  if (qualifier == ridpointers[(int) RID_CONST])
                    constp++;
                  else if (qualifier == ridpointers[(int) RID_VOLATILE])
                    volatilep++;
                  else if (qualifier == ridpointers[(int) RID_RESTRICT])
                    restrictp++;
                  else if (!erred)
                    {
                      erred = 1;
                      error ("invalid type modifier within pointer declarator");
                    }
                }
              if (constp > 1)
                pedwarn ("duplicate `const'");
              if (volatilep > 1)
                pedwarn ("duplicate `volatile'");
              if (restrictp > 1)
                pedwarn ("duplicate `restrict'");

              type_quals = ((constp ? TYPE_QUAL_CONST : 0)
                            | (restrictp ? TYPE_QUAL_RESTRICT : 0)
                            | (volatilep ? TYPE_QUAL_VOLATILE : 0));
              if (TREE_CODE (declarator) == ADDR_EXPR
                  && (constp || volatilep))
                {
                  if (constp)
                    pedwarn ("discarding `const' applied to a reference");
                  if (volatilep)
                    pedwarn ("discarding `volatile' applied to a reference");
                  type_quals &= ~(TYPE_QUAL_CONST | TYPE_QUAL_VOLATILE);
                }
              type = cp_build_qualified_type (type, type_quals);
            }
          declarator = TREE_OPERAND (declarator, 0);
          ctype = NULL_TREE;
          break;

        case SCOPE_REF:
          {
            /* We have converted type names to NULL_TREE if the
               name was bogus, or to a _TYPE node, if not.

               The variable CTYPE holds the type we will ultimately
               resolve to.  The code here just needs to build
               up appropriate member types.  */
            tree sname = TREE_OPERAND (declarator, 1);
            tree t;

            /* Destructors can have their visibilities changed as well.  */
            if (TREE_CODE (sname) == BIT_NOT_EXPR)
              sname = TREE_OPERAND (sname, 0);

            if (TREE_COMPLEXITY (declarator) == 0)
              /* This needs to be here, in case we are called
                 multiple times.  */ ;
            else if (TREE_COMPLEXITY (declarator) == -1)
              /* Namespace member. */
              pop_decl_namespace ();
            else if (friendp && (TREE_COMPLEXITY (declarator) < 2))
              /* Don't fall out into global scope. Hides real bug? --eichin */ ;
            else if (! IS_AGGR_TYPE_CODE
                     (TREE_CODE (TREE_OPERAND (declarator, 0))))
              ;
            else if (TREE_COMPLEXITY (declarator) == current_class_depth)
              {
                /* Resolve any TYPENAME_TYPEs from the decl-specifier-seq
                   that refer to ctype.  They couldn't be resolved earlier
                   because we hadn't pushed into the class yet.
                   Example: resolve 'B<T>::type' in
                   'B<typename B<T>::type> B<T>::f () { }'.  */
                if (current_template_parms
                    && uses_template_parms (type)
                    && uses_template_parms (current_class_type))
                  {
                    tree args = current_template_args ();
                    type = tsubst (type, args, /*complain=*/1, NULL_TREE);
                  }

                /* This pop_nested_class corresponds to the
                   push_nested_class used to push into class scope for
                   parsing the argument list of a function decl, in
                   qualified_id.  */
                pop_nested_class ();
                TREE_COMPLEXITY (declarator) = current_class_depth;
              }
            else
              my_friendly_abort (16);

            if (TREE_OPERAND (declarator, 0) == NULL_TREE)
              {
                /* We had a reference to a global decl, or
                   perhaps we were given a non-aggregate typedef,
                   in which case we cleared this out, and should just
                   keep going as though it wasn't there.  */
                declarator = sname;
                continue;
              }
            ctype = TREE_OPERAND (declarator, 0);

            t = ctype;
            while (t != NULL_TREE && CLASS_TYPE_P (t)) 
              {
                if (CLASSTYPE_TEMPLATE_INFO (t) &&
                    !CLASSTYPE_TEMPLATE_SPECIALIZATION (t))
                  template_count += 1;
                t = TYPE_MAIN_DECL (t);
                if (DECL_LANG_SPECIFIC (t))
                  t = DECL_CLASS_CONTEXT (t);
                else
                  t = NULL_TREE;
              }

            if (sname == NULL_TREE)
              goto done_scoping;

            if (TREE_CODE (sname) == IDENTIFIER_NODE)
              {
                /* This is the `standard' use of the scoping operator:
                   basetype :: member .  */

                if (ctype == current_class_type)
                  {
                    /* class A {
                         void A::f ();
                       };

                       Is this ill-formed?  */

                    if (pedantic)
                      cp_pedwarn ("extra qualification `%T::' on member `%s' ignored",
                                  ctype, name);
                  }
                else if (TREE_CODE (type) == FUNCTION_TYPE)
                  {
                    if (current_class_type == NULL_TREE
                        || friendp)
                      type = build_cplus_method_type (ctype, TREE_TYPE (type),
                                                      TYPE_ARG_TYPES (type));
                    else
                      {
                        cp_error ("cannot declare member function `%T::%s' within `%T'",
                                  ctype, name, current_class_type);
                        return void_type_node;
                      }
                  }
                else if (RIDBIT_SETP (RID_TYPEDEF, specbits)
                         || TYPE_SIZE (complete_type (ctype)) != NULL_TREE)
                  {
                    /* Have to move this code elsewhere in this function.
                       this code is used for i.e., typedef int A::M; M *pm;

                       It is?  How? jason 10/2/94 */

                    if (current_class_type)
                      {
                        cp_error ("cannot declare member `%T::%s' within `%T'",
                                  ctype, name, current_class_type);
                        return void_type_node;
                      }
                    type = build_offset_type (ctype, type);
                  }
                else if (uses_template_parms (ctype))
                  {
                    if (TREE_CODE (type) == FUNCTION_TYPE)
                      type
                        = build_cplus_method_type (ctype, TREE_TYPE (type),
                                                   TYPE_ARG_TYPES (type));
                  }
                else
                  {
                    cp_error ("structure `%T' not yet defined", ctype);
                    return error_mark_node;
                  }

                declarator = sname;
              }
            else if (TREE_CODE (sname) == SCOPE_REF)
              my_friendly_abort (17);
            else
              {
              done_scoping:
                declarator = TREE_OPERAND (declarator, 1);
                if (declarator && TREE_CODE (declarator) == CALL_EXPR)
                  /* In this case, we will deal with it later.  */
                  ;
                else
                  {
                    if (TREE_CODE (type) == FUNCTION_TYPE)
                      type = build_cplus_method_type (ctype, TREE_TYPE (type),
                                                      TYPE_ARG_TYPES (type));
                    else
                      type = build_offset_type (ctype, type);
                  }
              }
          }
          break;

        case BIT_NOT_EXPR:
          declarator = TREE_OPERAND (declarator, 0);
          break;

        case RECORD_TYPE:
        case UNION_TYPE:
        case ENUMERAL_TYPE:
          declarator = NULL_TREE;
          break;

        case ERROR_MARK:
          declarator = NULL_TREE;
          break;

        default:
          my_friendly_abort (158);
        }
    }

  /* See the comment for the TREE_LIST case, above.  */
  if (inner_attrs)
    {
      if (! ignore_attrs)
        decl_attributes (type, inner_attrs, NULL_TREE);
      else if (attrlist)
        TREE_VALUE (attrlist) = chainon (inner_attrs, TREE_VALUE (attrlist));
      else
        attrlist = build_decl_list (NULL_TREE, inner_attrs);
    }

  /* Now TYPE has the actual type.  */

  if (explicitp == 1)
    {
      error ("only constructors can be declared `explicit'");
      explicitp = 0;
    }

  if (RIDBIT_SETP (RID_MUTABLE, specbits))
    {
      if (type_quals & TYPE_QUAL_CONST)
        {
          error ("const `%s' cannot be declared `mutable'", name);
          RIDBIT_RESET (RID_MUTABLE, specbits);
        }
      else if (staticp)
        {
          error ("static `%s' cannot be declared `mutable'", name);
          RIDBIT_RESET (RID_MUTABLE, specbits);
        }
    }

  if (declarator == NULL_TREE
      || TREE_CODE (declarator) == IDENTIFIER_NODE
      || (TREE_CODE (declarator) == TEMPLATE_ID_EXPR
          && (TREE_CODE (type) == FUNCTION_TYPE
              || TREE_CODE (type) == METHOD_TYPE)))
    /* OK */;
  else if (TREE_CODE (declarator) == TEMPLATE_ID_EXPR)
    {
      cp_error ("template-id `%D' used as a declarator", declarator);
      declarator = dname;
    }
  else
    /* Unexpected declarator format.  */
    my_friendly_abort (990210);

  /* If this is declaring a typedef name, return a TYPE_DECL.  */

  if (RIDBIT_SETP (RID_TYPEDEF, specbits) && decl_context != TYPENAME)
    {
      tree decl;

      /* Note that the grammar rejects storage classes
         in typenames, fields or parameters.  */
      if (current_lang_name == lang_name_java)
        TYPE_FOR_JAVA (type) = 1;

      if (decl_context == FIELD)
        {
          if (declarator == constructor_name (current_class_type))
            cp_pedwarn ("ANSI C++ forbids nested type `%D' with same name as enclosing class",
                        declarator);
          decl = build_lang_decl (TYPE_DECL, declarator, type);
        }
      else
        {
          /* Make sure this typedef lives as long as its type,
             since it might be used as a template parameter. */
          if (type != error_mark_node)
            push_obstacks (TYPE_OBSTACK (type), TYPE_OBSTACK (type));
          if (processing_template_decl)
            decl = build_lang_decl (TYPE_DECL, declarator, type);
          else
            decl = build_decl (TYPE_DECL, declarator, type);
          if (type != error_mark_node)
            pop_obstacks ();
        }

      /* If the user declares "typedef struct {...} foo" then the
         struct will have an anonymous name.  Fill that name in now.
         Nothing can refer to it, so nothing needs know about the name
         change.  */
      if (type != error_mark_node
          && TYPE_NAME (type)
          && TREE_CODE (TYPE_NAME (type)) == TYPE_DECL
          && ANON_AGGRNAME_P (TYPE_IDENTIFIER (type))
          && CP_TYPE_QUALS (type) == TYPE_UNQUALIFIED)
        {
          tree oldname = TYPE_NAME (type);
          tree t;

          /* Replace the anonymous name with the real name everywhere.  */
          lookup_tag_reverse (type, declarator);
          for (t = TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (type); t; t = TYPE_NEXT_VARIANT (t))
            if (TYPE_NAME (t) == oldname)
              TYPE_NAME (t) = decl;

          if (TYPE_LANG_SPECIFIC (type))
            TYPE_WAS_ANONYMOUS (type) = 1;

          /* If this is a typedef within a template class, the nested
             type is a (non-primary) template.  The name for the
             template needs updating as well.  */
          if (TYPE_LANG_SPECIFIC (type) && CLASSTYPE_TEMPLATE_INFO (type))
            DECL_NAME (CLASSTYPE_TI_TEMPLATE (type)) 
              = TYPE_IDENTIFIER (type);

          /* XXX Temporarily set the scope. 
             When returning, start_decl expects it as NULL_TREE,
             and will then then set it using pushdecl. */
          my_friendly_assert (DECL_CONTEXT (decl) == NULL_TREE, 980404);
          if (current_class_type)
            DECL_CONTEXT (decl) = current_class_type;
          else
            DECL_CONTEXT (decl) = FROB_CONTEXT (current_namespace);

          DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME (decl) = DECL_NAME (decl);
          DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME (decl)
            = get_identifier (build_overload_name (type, 1, 1));
          DECL_CONTEXT (decl) = NULL_TREE;

          /* FIXME remangle member functions; member functions of a
             type with external linkage have external linkage.  */
        }

      if (TREE_CODE (type) == OFFSET_TYPE || TREE_CODE (type) == METHOD_TYPE)
        {
          cp_error_at ("typedef name may not be class-qualified", decl);
          return NULL_TREE;
        }
      else if (quals)
        {
          if (ctype == NULL_TREE)
            {
              if (TREE_CODE (type) != METHOD_TYPE)
                cp_error_at ("invalid type qualifier for non-method type", decl);
              else
                ctype = TYPE_METHOD_BASETYPE (type);
            }
          if (ctype != NULL_TREE)
            grok_method_quals (ctype, decl, quals);
        }

      if (RIDBIT_SETP (RID_SIGNED, specbits)
          || (typedef_decl && C_TYPEDEF_EXPLICITLY_SIGNED (typedef_decl)))
        C_TYPEDEF_EXPLICITLY_SIGNED (decl) = 1;

      if (RIDBIT_SETP (RID_MUTABLE, specbits))
        error ("non-object member `%s' cannot be declared mutable", name);

      bad_specifiers (decl, "type", virtualp, quals != NULL_TREE,
                      inlinep, friendp, raises != NULL_TREE);

      if (initialized)
        error ("typedef declaration includes an initializer");

      return decl;
    }

  /* Detect the case of an array type of unspecified size
     which came, as such, direct from a typedef name.
     We must copy the type, so that each identifier gets
     a distinct type, so that each identifier's size can be
     controlled separately by its own initializer.  */

  if (type == typedef_type && TREE_CODE (type) == ARRAY_TYPE
      && TYPE_DOMAIN (type) == NULL_TREE)
    {
      type = build_cplus_array_type (TREE_TYPE (type), TYPE_DOMAIN (type));
    }

  /* If this is a type name (such as, in a cast or sizeof),
     compute the type and return it now.  */

  if (decl_context == TYPENAME)
    {
      /* Note that the grammar rejects storage classes
         in typenames, fields or parameters.  */
      if (type_quals != TYPE_UNQUALIFIED)
        type_quals = TYPE_UNQUALIFIED;

      /* Special case: "friend class foo" looks like a TYPENAME context.  */
      if (friendp)
        {
          if (type_quals != TYPE_UNQUALIFIED)
            {
              cp_error ("type qualifiers specified for friend class declaration");
              type_quals = TYPE_UNQUALIFIED;
            }
          if (inlinep)
            {
              cp_error ("`inline' specified for friend class declaration");
              inlinep = 0;
            }

          /* Only try to do this stuff if we didn't already give up.  */
          if (type != integer_type_node)
            {
              /* A friendly class?  */
              if (current_class_type)
                make_friend_class (current_class_type, TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (type));
              else
                error ("trying to make class `%s' a friend of global scope",
                       TYPE_NAME_STRING (type));
              type = void_type_node;
            }
        }
      else if (quals)
        {
          tree dummy = build_decl (TYPE_DECL, declarator, type);
          if (ctype == NULL_TREE)
            {
              my_friendly_assert (TREE_CODE (type) == METHOD_TYPE, 159);
              ctype = TYPE_METHOD_BASETYPE (type);
            }
          grok_method_quals (ctype, dummy, quals);
          type = TREE_TYPE (dummy);
        }

      return type;
    }
  else if (declarator == NULL_TREE && decl_context != PARM
           && decl_context != CATCHPARM
           && TREE_CODE (type) != UNION_TYPE
           && ! bitfield)
    {
      cp_error ("abstract declarator `%T' used as declaration", type);
      declarator = make_anon_name ();
    }

  /* `void' at top level (not within pointer)
     is allowed only in typedefs or type names.
     We don't complain about parms either, but that is because
     a better error message can be made later.  */

  if (TREE_CODE (type) == VOID_TYPE && decl_context != PARM)
    {
      if (! declarator)
        error ("unnamed variable or field declared void");
      else if (TREE_CODE (declarator) == IDENTIFIER_NODE)
        {
          if (IDENTIFIER_OPNAME_P (declarator))
            my_friendly_abort (356);
          else
            error ("variable or field `%s' declared void", name);
        }
      else
        error ("variable or field declared void");
      type = integer_type_node;
    }

  /* Now create the decl, which may be a VAR_DECL, a PARM_DECL
     or a FUNCTION_DECL, depending on DECL_CONTEXT and TYPE.  */

  if (decl_context == PARM || decl_context == CATCHPARM)
    {
      if (ctype || in_namespace)
        error ("cannot use `::' in parameter declaration");

      /* A parameter declared as an array of T is really a pointer to T.
         One declared as a function is really a pointer to a function.
         One declared as a member is really a pointer to member.  */

      if (TREE_CODE (type) == ARRAY_TYPE)
        {
          /* Transfer const-ness of array into that of type pointed to.  */
          type = build_pointer_type (TREE_TYPE (type));
          type_quals = TYPE_UNQUALIFIED;
        }
      else if (TREE_CODE (type) == FUNCTION_TYPE)
        type = build_pointer_type (type);
      else if (TREE_CODE (type) == OFFSET_TYPE)
        type = build_pointer_type (type);
      else if (TREE_CODE (type) == VOID_TYPE && declarator)
        {
          error ("declaration of `%s' as void", name);
          return NULL_TREE;
        }
    }
  
  {
    register tree decl;

    if (decl_context == PARM)
      {
        decl = build_decl (PARM_DECL, declarator, type);

        bad_specifiers (decl, "parameter", virtualp, quals != NULL_TREE,
                        inlinep, friendp, raises != NULL_TREE);

        /* Compute the type actually passed in the parmlist,
           for the case where there is no prototype.
           (For example, shorts and chars are passed as ints.)
           When there is a prototype, this is overridden later.  */

        DECL_ARG_TYPE (decl) = type_promotes_to (type);
      }
    else if (decl_context == FIELD)
      {
        if (type == error_mark_node)
          {
            /* Happens when declaring arrays of sizes which
               are error_mark_node, for example.  */
            decl = NULL_TREE;
          }
        else if (in_namespace && !friendp)
          {
            /* Something like struct S { int N::j; };  */
            cp_error ("invalid use of `::'");
            decl = NULL_TREE;
          }
        else if (TREE_CODE (type) == FUNCTION_TYPE)
          {
            int publicp = 0;
            tree function_context;

            /* We catch the others as conflicts with the builtin
               typedefs.  */
            if (friendp && declarator == ridpointers[(int) RID_SIGNED])
              {
                cp_error ("function `%D' cannot be declared friend",
                          declarator);
                friendp = 0;
              }

            if (friendp == 0)
              {
                if (ctype == NULL_TREE)
                  ctype = current_class_type;

                if (ctype == NULL_TREE)
                  {
                    cp_error ("can't make `%D' into a method -- not in a class",
                              declarator);
                    return void_type_node;
                  }

                /* ``A union may [ ... ] not [ have ] virtual functions.''
                   ARM 9.5 */
                if (virtualp && TREE_CODE (ctype) == UNION_TYPE)
                  {
                    cp_error ("function `%D' declared virtual inside a union",
                              declarator);
                    return void_type_node;
                  }

                if (declarator == ansi_opname[(int) NEW_EXPR]
                    || declarator == ansi_opname[(int) VEC_NEW_EXPR]
                    || declarator == ansi_opname[(int) DELETE_EXPR]
                    || declarator == ansi_opname[(int) VEC_DELETE_EXPR])
                  {
                    if (virtualp)
                      {
                        cp_error ("`%D' cannot be declared virtual, since it is always static",
                                  declarator);
                        virtualp = 0;
                      }
                  }
                else if (staticp < 2)
                  type = build_cplus_method_type (ctype, TREE_TYPE (type),
                                                  TYPE_ARG_TYPES (type));
              }

            /* Tell grokfndecl if it needs to set TREE_PUBLIC on the node.  */
            function_context = (ctype != NULL_TREE) ? 
              hack_decl_function_context (TYPE_MAIN_DECL (ctype)) : NULL_TREE;
            publicp = (! friendp || ! staticp)
              && function_context == NULL_TREE;
            decl = grokfndecl (ctype, type, 
                               TREE_CODE (declarator) != TEMPLATE_ID_EXPR
                               ? declarator : dname,
                               declarator,
                               virtualp, flags, quals, raises,
                               friendp ? -1 : 0, friendp, publicp, inlinep,
                               funcdef_flag, template_count, in_namespace);
            if (decl == NULL_TREE)
              return decl;
#if 0
            /* This clobbers the attrs stored in `decl' from `attrlist'.  */
            /* The decl and setting of decl_machine_attr is also turned off.  */
            decl = build_decl_attribute_variant (decl, decl_machine_attr);
#endif

            /* [class.conv.ctor]

               A constructor declared without the function-specifier
               explicit that can be called with a single parameter
               specifies a conversion from the type of its first
               parameter to the type of its class.  Such a constructor
               is called a converting constructor.  */
            if (explicitp == 2)
              DECL_NONCONVERTING_P (decl) = 1;
            else if (DECL_CONSTRUCTOR_P (decl))
              {
                /* The constructor can be called with exactly one
                   parameter if there is at least one parameter, and
                   any subsequent parameters have default arguments.
                   We don't look at the first parameter, which is
                   really just the `this' parameter for the new
                   object.  */
                tree arg_types = 
                  TREE_CHAIN (TYPE_ARG_TYPES (TREE_TYPE (decl)));

                /* Skip the `in_chrg' argument too, if present.  */
                if (TYPE_USES_VIRTUAL_BASECLASSES (DECL_CONTEXT (decl)))
                  arg_types = TREE_CHAIN (arg_types);

                if (arg_types == void_list_node
                    || (arg_types 
                        && TREE_CHAIN (arg_types) 
                        && TREE_CHAIN (arg_types) != void_list_node
                        && !TREE_PURPOSE (TREE_CHAIN (arg_types))))
                  DECL_NONCONVERTING_P (decl) = 1;
              }
          }
        else if (TREE_CODE (type) == METHOD_TYPE)
          {
            /* We only get here for friend declarations of
               members of other classes.  */
            /* All method decls are public, so tell grokfndecl to set
               TREE_PUBLIC, also.  */
            decl = grokfndecl (ctype, type, declarator, declarator,
                               virtualp, flags, quals, raises,
                               friendp ? -1 : 0, friendp, 1, 0, funcdef_flag,
                               template_count, in_namespace);
            if (decl == NULL_TREE)
              return NULL_TREE;
          }
        else if (!staticp && ! processing_template_decl
                 && TYPE_SIZE (complete_type (type)) == NULL_TREE
                 && (TREE_CODE (type) != ARRAY_TYPE || initialized == 0))
          {
            if (declarator)
              cp_error ("field `%D' has incomplete type", declarator);
            else
              cp_error ("name `%T' has incomplete type", type);

            /* If we're instantiating a template, tell them which
               instantiation made the field's type be incomplete.  */
            if (current_class_type
                && TYPE_NAME (current_class_type)
                && IDENTIFIER_TEMPLATE (TYPE_IDENTIFIER (current_class_type))
                && declspecs && TREE_VALUE (declspecs)
                && TREE_TYPE (TREE_VALUE (declspecs)) == type)
              cp_error ("  in instantiation of template `%T'",
                        current_class_type);

            type = error_mark_node;
            decl = NULL_TREE;
          }
        else
          {
            if (friendp)
              {
                error ("`%s' is neither function nor method; cannot be declared friend",
                       IDENTIFIER_POINTER (declarator));
                friendp = 0;
              }
            decl = NULL_TREE;
          }

        if (friendp)
          {
            /* Friends are treated specially.  */
            if (ctype == current_class_type)
              warning ("member functions are implicitly friends of their class");
            else
              {
                tree t = NULL_TREE;
                if (decl && DECL_NAME (decl))
                  {
                    if (template_class_depth (current_class_type) == 0)
                      {
                        decl 
                          = check_explicit_specialization 
                          (declarator, decl,
                           template_count, 2 * (funcdef_flag != 0) + 4);
                        if (decl == error_mark_node)
                          return error_mark_node;
                      }

                    t = do_friend (ctype, declarator, decl,
                                   last_function_parms, attrlist, flags, quals,
                                   funcdef_flag);
                  }
                if (t && funcdef_flag)
                  return t;
                
                return void_type_node;
              }
          }

        /* Structure field.  It may not be a function, except for C++ */

        if (decl == NULL_TREE)
          {
            if (initialized)
              {
                if (!staticp)
                  {
                    /* An attempt is being made to initialize a non-static
                       member.  But, from [class.mem]:
                       
                       4 A member-declarator can contain a
                       constant-initializer only if it declares a static
                       member (_class.static_) of integral or enumeration
                       type, see _class.static.data_.  

                       This used to be relatively common practice, but
                       the rest of the compiler does not correctly
                       handle the initialization unless the member is
                       static so we make it static below.  */
                    cp_pedwarn ("ANSI C++ forbids initialization of member `%D'",
                                declarator);
                    cp_pedwarn ("making `%D' static", declarator);
                    staticp = 1;
                  }

                if (uses_template_parms (type))
                  /* We'll check at instantiation time.  */
                  ;
                else if (check_static_variable_definition (declarator,
                                                           type))
                  /* If we just return the declaration, crashes
                     will sometimes occur.  We therefore return
                     void_type_node, as if this was a friend
                     declaration, to cause callers to completely
                     ignore this declaration.  */
                  return void_type_node;
              }

            /* 9.2p13 [class.mem] */
            if (declarator == constructor_name (current_class_type)
                /* Divergence from the standard:  In extern "C", we
                   allow non-static data members here, because C does
                   and /usr/include/netinet/in.h uses that.  */
                && (staticp || ! in_system_header))
              cp_pedwarn ("ANSI C++ forbids data member `%D' with same name as enclosing class",
                          declarator);

            if (staticp)
              {
                /* C++ allows static class members.  All other work
                   for this is done by grokfield.  */
                decl = build_lang_decl (VAR_DECL, declarator, type);
                TREE_STATIC (decl) = 1;
                /* In class context, 'static' means public access.  */
                TREE_PUBLIC (decl) = DECL_EXTERNAL (decl) = 1;
              }
            else
              {
                decl = build_lang_decl (FIELD_DECL, declarator, type);
                if (RIDBIT_SETP (RID_MUTABLE, specbits))
                  {
                    DECL_MUTABLE_P (decl) = 1;
                    RIDBIT_RESET (RID_MUTABLE, specbits);
                  }
              }

            bad_specifiers (decl, "field", virtualp, quals != NULL_TREE,
                            inlinep, friendp, raises != NULL_TREE);
          }
      }
    else if (TREE_CODE (type) == FUNCTION_TYPE || TREE_CODE (type) == METHOD_TYPE)
      {
        tree original_name;
        int publicp = 0;

        if (! declarator)
          return NULL_TREE;

        if (TREE_CODE (declarator) == TEMPLATE_ID_EXPR)
          original_name = dname;
        else
          original_name = declarator;

        if (RIDBIT_SETP (RID_AUTO, specbits))
          error ("storage class `auto' invalid for function `%s'", name);
        else if (RIDBIT_SETP (RID_REGISTER, specbits))
          error ("storage class `register' invalid for function `%s'", name);

        /* Function declaration not at top level.
           Storage classes other than `extern' are not allowed
           and `extern' makes no difference.  */
        if (! toplevel_bindings_p ()
            && (RIDBIT_SETP (RID_STATIC, specbits)
                || RIDBIT_SETP (RID_INLINE, specbits))
            && pedantic)
          {
            if (RIDBIT_SETP (RID_STATIC, specbits))
              pedwarn ("storage class `static' invalid for function `%s' declared out of global scope", name);
            else
              pedwarn ("storage class `inline' invalid for function `%s' declared out of global scope", name);
          }
        
        if (ctype == NULL_TREE)
          {
            if (virtualp)
              {
                error ("virtual non-class function `%s'", name);
                virtualp = 0;
              }
          }
        else if (TREE_CODE (type) == FUNCTION_TYPE && staticp < 2)
          type = build_cplus_method_type (ctype, TREE_TYPE (type),
                                          TYPE_ARG_TYPES (type));

        /* Record presence of `static'.  */
        publicp = (ctype != NULL_TREE
                   || RIDBIT_SETP (RID_EXTERN, specbits)
                   || !RIDBIT_SETP (RID_STATIC, specbits));

        decl = grokfndecl (ctype, type, original_name, declarator,
                           virtualp, flags, quals, raises,
                           1, friendp,
                           publicp, inlinep, funcdef_flag, 
                           template_count, in_namespace);
        if (decl == NULL_TREE)
          return NULL_TREE;

        if (staticp == 1)
          {
            int illegal_static = 0;

            /* Don't allow a static member function in a class, and forbid
               declaring main to be static.  */
            if (TREE_CODE (type) == METHOD_TYPE)
              {
                cp_pedwarn ("cannot declare member function `%D' to have static linkage", decl);
                illegal_static = 1;
              }
            else if (current_function_decl)
              {
                /* FIXME need arm citation */
                error ("cannot declare static function inside another function");
                illegal_static = 1;
              }

            if (illegal_static)
              {
                staticp = 0;
                RIDBIT_RESET (RID_STATIC, specbits);
              }
          }
      }
    else
      {
        /* It's a variable.  */

        /* An uninitialized decl with `extern' is a reference.  */
        decl = grokvardecl (type, declarator, &specbits, 
                            initialized, 
                            (type_quals & TYPE_QUAL_CONST) != 0, 
                            in_namespace);
        bad_specifiers (decl, "variable", virtualp, quals != NULL_TREE,
                        inlinep, friendp, raises != NULL_TREE);

        if (ctype)
          {
            DECL_CONTEXT (decl) = ctype;
            if (staticp == 1)
              {
                cp_pedwarn ("static member `%D' re-declared as static", decl);
                staticp = 0;
                RIDBIT_RESET (RID_STATIC, specbits);
              }
            if (RIDBIT_SETP (RID_REGISTER, specbits) && TREE_STATIC (decl))
              {
                cp_error ("static member `%D' declared `register'", decl);
                RIDBIT_RESET (RID_REGISTER, specbits);
              }
            if (RIDBIT_SETP (RID_EXTERN, specbits) && pedantic)
              {
                cp_pedwarn ("cannot explicitly declare member `%#D' to have extern linkage",
                            decl);
                RIDBIT_RESET (RID_EXTERN, specbits);
              }
          }
      }

    if (RIDBIT_SETP (RID_MUTABLE, specbits))
      {
        error ("`%s' cannot be declared mutable", name);
      }

    /* Record `register' declaration for warnings on &
       and in case doing stupid register allocation.  */

    if (RIDBIT_SETP (RID_REGISTER, specbits))
      DECL_REGISTER (decl) = 1;

    if (RIDBIT_SETP (RID_EXTERN, specbits))
      DECL_THIS_EXTERN (decl) = 1;

    if (RIDBIT_SETP (RID_STATIC, specbits))
      DECL_THIS_STATIC (decl) = 1;

    /* Record constancy and volatility.  There's no need to do this
       when processing a template; we'll do this for the instantiated
       declaration based on the type of DECL.  */
    if (!processing_template_decl)
      c_apply_type_quals_to_decl (type_quals, decl);

    return decl;
  }
}
\f
/* Tell if a parmlist/exprlist looks like an exprlist or a parmlist.
   An empty exprlist is a parmlist.  An exprlist which
   contains only identifiers at the global level
   is a parmlist.  Otherwise, it is an exprlist.  */

int
parmlist_is_exprlist (exprs)
     tree exprs;
{
  if (exprs == NULL_TREE || TREE_PARMLIST (exprs))
    return 0;

  if (toplevel_bindings_p ())
    {
      /* At the global level, if these are all identifiers,
         then it is a parmlist.  */
      while (exprs)
        {
          if (TREE_CODE (TREE_VALUE (exprs)) != IDENTIFIER_NODE)
            return 1;
          exprs = TREE_CHAIN (exprs);
        }
      return 0;
    }
  return 1;
}

/* Subroutine of start_function.  Ensure that each of the parameter
   types (as listed in PARMS) is complete, as is required for a
   function definition.  */

static void
require_complete_types_for_parms (parms)
     tree parms;
{
  while (parms)
    {
      tree type = TREE_TYPE (parms);
      if (TYPE_SIZE (complete_type (type)) == NULL_TREE)
        {
          if (DECL_NAME (parms))
            error ("parameter `%s' has incomplete type",
                   IDENTIFIER_POINTER (DECL_NAME (parms)));
          else
            error ("parameter has incomplete type");
          TREE_TYPE (parms) = error_mark_node;
        }
      else
        layout_decl (parms, 0);

      parms = TREE_CHAIN (parms);
    }
}

/* Returns DECL if DECL is a local variable (or parameter).  Returns
   NULL_TREE otherwise.  */

static tree
local_variable_p (t)
     tree t;
{
  if ((TREE_CODE (t) == VAR_DECL 
       /* A VAR_DECL with a context that is a _TYPE is a static data
          member.  */
       && !TYPE_P (CP_DECL_CONTEXT (t))
       /* Any other non-local variable must be at namespace scope.  */
       && TREE_CODE (CP_DECL_CONTEXT (t)) != NAMESPACE_DECL)
      || (TREE_CODE (t) == PARM_DECL))
    return t;

  return NULL_TREE;
}

/* Check that ARG, which is a default-argument expression for a
   parameter DECL, is legal.  Returns ARG, or ERROR_MARK_NODE, if
   something goes wrong.  DECL may also be a _TYPE node, rather than a
   DECL, if there is no DECL available.  */

tree
check_default_argument (decl, arg)
     tree decl;
     tree arg;
{
  tree var;
  tree decl_type;

  if (TREE_CODE (arg) == DEFAULT_ARG)
    /* We get a DEFAULT_ARG when looking at an in-class declaration
       with a default argument.  Ignore the argument for now; we'll
       deal with it after the class is complete.  */
    return arg;

  if (processing_template_decl || uses_template_parms (arg))
    /* We don't do anything checking until instantiation-time.  Note
       that there may be uninstantiated arguments even for an
       instantiated function, since default arguments are not
       instantiated until they are needed.  */
    return arg;

  if (TYPE_P (decl))
    {
      decl_type = decl;
      decl = NULL_TREE;
    }
  else
    decl_type = TREE_TYPE (decl);

  if (arg == error_mark_node 
      || decl == error_mark_node
      || TREE_TYPE (arg) == error_mark_node
      || decl_type == error_mark_node)
    /* Something already went wrong.  There's no need to check
       further.  */
    return error_mark_node;

  /* [dcl.fct.default]
     
     A default argument expression is implicitly converted to the
     parameter type.  */
  if (!TREE_TYPE (arg)
      || !can_convert_arg (decl_type, TREE_TYPE (arg), arg))
    {
      if (decl)
        cp_error ("default argument for `%#D' has type `%T'", 
                  decl, TREE_TYPE (arg));
      else
        cp_error ("default argument for parameter of type `%T' has type `%T'",
                  decl_type, TREE_TYPE (arg));

      return error_mark_node;
    }

  /* [dcl.fct.default]

     Local variables shall not be used in default argument
     expressions. 

     The keyword `this' shall not be used in a default argument of a
     member function.  */
  var = search_tree (arg, local_variable_p);
  if (var)
    {
      cp_error ("default argument `%E' uses local variable `%D'",
                arg, var);
      return error_mark_node;
    }

  /* All is well.  */
  return arg;
}

/* Decode the list of parameter types for a function type.
   Given the list of things declared inside the parens,
   return a list of types.

   The list we receive can have three kinds of elements:
   an IDENTIFIER_NODE for names given without types,
   a TREE_LIST node for arguments given as typespecs or names with typespecs,
   or void_type_node, to mark the end of an argument list
   when additional arguments are not permitted (... was not used).

   FUNCDEF_FLAG is nonzero for a function definition, 0 for
   a mere declaration.  A nonempty identifier-list gets an error message
   when FUNCDEF_FLAG is zero.
   If FUNCDEF_FLAG is 1, then parameter types must be complete.
   If FUNCDEF_FLAG is -1, then parameter types may be incomplete.

   If all elements of the input list contain types,
   we return a list of the types.
   If all elements contain no type (except perhaps a void_type_node
   at the end), we return a null list.
   If some have types and some do not, it is an error, and we
   return a null list.

   Also set last_function_parms to either
   a list of names (IDENTIFIER_NODEs) or a chain of PARM_DECLs.
   A list of names is converted to a chain of PARM_DECLs
   by store_parm_decls so that ultimately it is always a chain of decls.

   Note that in C++, parameters can take default values.  These default
   values are in the TREE_PURPOSE field of the TREE_LIST.  It is
   an error to specify default values which are followed by parameters
   that have no default values, or an ELLIPSES.  For simplicities sake,
   only parameters which are specified with their types can take on
   default values.  */

static tree
grokparms (first_parm, funcdef_flag)
     tree first_parm;
     int funcdef_flag;
{
  tree result = NULL_TREE;
  tree decls = NULL_TREE;

  if (first_parm != NULL_TREE
      && TREE_CODE (TREE_VALUE (first_parm)) == IDENTIFIER_NODE)
    {
      if (! funcdef_flag)
        pedwarn ("parameter names (without types) in function declaration");
      last_function_parms = first_parm;
      return NULL_TREE;
    }
  else if (first_parm != NULL_TREE
           && TREE_CODE (TREE_VALUE (first_parm)) != TREE_LIST
           && TREE_CODE (TREE_VALUE (first_parm)) != VOID_TYPE)
    my_friendly_abort (145);
  else
    {
      /* Types were specified.  This is a list of declarators
         each represented as a TREE_LIST node.  */
      register tree parm, chain;
      int any_init = 0, any_error = 0;

      if (first_parm != NULL_TREE)
        {
          tree last_result = NULL_TREE;
          tree last_decl = NULL_TREE;

          for (parm = first_parm; parm != NULL_TREE; parm = chain)
            {
              tree type = NULL_TREE, list_node = parm;
              register tree decl = TREE_VALUE (parm);
              tree init = TREE_PURPOSE (parm);

              chain = TREE_CHAIN (parm);
              /* @@ weak defense against parse errors.  */
              if (TREE_CODE (decl) != VOID_TYPE 
                  && TREE_CODE (decl) != TREE_LIST)
                {
                  /* Give various messages as the need arises.  */
                  if (TREE_CODE (decl) == STRING_CST)
                    cp_error ("invalid string constant `%E'", decl);
                  else if (TREE_CODE (decl) == INTEGER_CST)
                    error ("invalid integer constant in parameter list, did you forget to give parameter name?");
                  continue;
                }

              if (TREE_CODE (decl) != VOID_TYPE)
                {
                  decl = grokdeclarator (TREE_VALUE (decl),
                                         TREE_PURPOSE (decl),
                                         PARM, init != NULL_TREE,
                                         NULL_TREE);
                  if (! decl || TREE_TYPE (decl) == error_mark_node)
                    continue;

                  /* Top-level qualifiers on the parameters are
                     ignored for function types.  */
                  type = TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (TREE_TYPE (decl));

                  if (TREE_CODE (type) == VOID_TYPE)
                    decl = void_type_node;
                  else if (TREE_CODE (type) == METHOD_TYPE)
                    {
                      if (DECL_NAME (decl))
                        /* Cannot use the decl here because
                           we don't have DECL_CONTEXT set up yet.  */
                        cp_error ("parameter `%D' invalidly declared method type",
                                  DECL_NAME (decl));
                      else
                        error ("parameter invalidly declared method type");
                      type = build_pointer_type (type);
                      TREE_TYPE (decl) = type;
                    }
                  else if (TREE_CODE (type) == OFFSET_TYPE)
                    {
                      if (DECL_NAME (decl))
                        cp_error ("parameter `%D' invalidly declared offset type",
                                  DECL_NAME (decl));
                      else
                        error ("parameter invalidly declared offset type");
                      type = build_pointer_type (type);
                      TREE_TYPE (decl) = type;
                    }
                  else if (abstract_virtuals_error (decl, type))
                    any_error = 1;  /* Seems like a good idea. */
                  else if (POINTER_TYPE_P (type))
                    {
                      tree t = type;
                      while (POINTER_TYPE_P (t)
                             || (TREE_CODE (t) == ARRAY_TYPE
                                 && TYPE_DOMAIN (t) != NULL_TREE))
                        t = TREE_TYPE (t);
                      if (TREE_CODE (t) == ARRAY_TYPE)
                        cp_error ("parameter type `%T' includes %s to array of unknown bound",
                                  type,
                                  TYPE_PTR_P (type) ? "pointer" : "reference");
                    }
                }

              if (TREE_CODE (decl) == VOID_TYPE)
                {
                  if (result == NULL_TREE)
                    {
                      result = void_list_node;
                      last_result = result;
                    }
                  else
                    {
                      TREE_CHAIN (last_result) = void_list_node;
                      last_result = void_list_node;
                    }
                  if (chain
                      && (chain != void_list_node || TREE_CHAIN (chain)))
                    error ("`void' in parameter list must be entire list");
                  break;
                }

              /* Since there is a prototype, args are passed in their own types.  */
              DECL_ARG_TYPE (decl) = TREE_TYPE (decl);
              if (PROMOTE_PROTOTYPES
                  && (TREE_CODE (type) == INTEGER_TYPE
                      || TREE_CODE (type) == ENUMERAL_TYPE)
                  && TYPE_PRECISION (type) < TYPE_PRECISION (integer_type_node))
                DECL_ARG_TYPE (decl) = integer_type_node;
              if (!any_error && init)
                {
                  any_init++;
                  init = check_default_argument (decl, init);
                }
              else
                init = NULL_TREE;

              if (decls == NULL_TREE)
                {
                  decls = decl;
                  last_decl = decls;
                }
              else
                {
                  TREE_CHAIN (last_decl) = decl;
                  last_decl = decl;
                }
              if (! current_function_decl && TREE_PERMANENT (list_node))
                {
                  TREE_PURPOSE (list_node) = init;
                  TREE_VALUE (list_node) = type;
                  TREE_CHAIN (list_node) = NULL_TREE;
                }
              else
                list_node = tree_cons (init, type, NULL_TREE);
              if (result == NULL_TREE)
                {
                  result = list_node;
                  last_result = result;
                }
              else
                {
                  TREE_CHAIN (last_result) = list_node;
                  last_result = list_node;
                }
            }
          if (last_result)
            TREE_CHAIN (last_result) = NULL_TREE;
          /* If there are no parameters, and the function does not end
             with `...', then last_decl will be NULL_TREE.  */
          if (last_decl != NULL_TREE)
            TREE_CHAIN (last_decl) = NULL_TREE;
        }
    }

  last_function_parms = decls;

  return result;
}

/* Called from the parser to update an element of TYPE_ARG_TYPES for some
   FUNCTION_TYPE with the newly parsed version of its default argument, which
   was previously digested as text.  See snarf_defarg et al in lex.c.  */

void
replace_defarg (arg, init)
     tree arg, init;
{
  if (! processing_template_decl
      && ! can_convert_arg (TREE_VALUE (arg), TREE_TYPE (init), init))
    cp_pedwarn ("invalid type `%T' for default argument to `%T'",
                TREE_TYPE (init), TREE_VALUE (arg));
  TREE_PURPOSE (arg) = init;
}
\f
int
copy_args_p (d)
     tree d;
{
  tree t = FUNCTION_ARG_CHAIN (d);
  if (DECL_CONSTRUCTOR_P (d)
      && TYPE_USES_VIRTUAL_BASECLASSES (DECL_CONTEXT (d)))
    t = TREE_CHAIN (t);
  if (t && TREE_CODE (TREE_VALUE (t)) == REFERENCE_TYPE
      && (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (TREE_TYPE (TREE_VALUE (t)))
          == DECL_CLASS_CONTEXT (d))
      && (TREE_CHAIN (t) == NULL_TREE
          || TREE_CHAIN (t) == void_list_node
          || TREE_PURPOSE (TREE_CHAIN (t))))
    return 1;
  return 0;
}

/* These memoizing functions keep track of special properties which
   a class may have.  `grok_ctor_properties' notices whether a class
   has a constructor of the form X(X&), and also complains
   if the class has a constructor of the form X(X).
   `grok_op_properties' takes notice of the various forms of
   operator= which are defined, as well as what sorts of type conversion
   may apply.  Both functions take a FUNCTION_DECL as an argument.  */

int
grok_ctor_properties (ctype, decl)
     tree ctype, decl;
{
  tree parmtypes = FUNCTION_ARG_CHAIN (decl);
  tree parmtype = parmtypes ? TREE_VALUE (parmtypes) : void_type_node;

  /* When a type has virtual baseclasses, a magical first int argument is
     added to any ctor so we can tell if the class has been initialized
     yet.  This could screw things up in this function, so we deliberately
     ignore the leading int if we're in that situation.  */
  if (TYPE_USES_VIRTUAL_BASECLASSES (ctype))
    {
      my_friendly_assert (parmtypes
                          && TREE_VALUE (parmtypes) == integer_type_node,
                          980529);
      parmtypes = TREE_CHAIN (parmtypes);
      parmtype = TREE_VALUE (parmtypes);
    }

  /* [class.copy]

     A non-template constructor for class X is a copy constructor if
     its first parameter is of type X&, const X&, volatile X& or const
     volatile X&, and either there are no other parameters or else all
     other parameters have default arguments.  */
  if (TREE_CODE (parmtype) == REFERENCE_TYPE
      && TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (TREE_TYPE (parmtype)) == ctype
      && (TREE_CHAIN (parmtypes) == NULL_TREE
          || TREE_CHAIN (parmtypes) == void_list_node
          || TREE_PURPOSE (TREE_CHAIN (parmtypes)))
      && !(DECL_TEMPLATE_INSTANTIATION (decl)
           && is_member_template (DECL_TI_TEMPLATE (decl))))
    {
      TYPE_HAS_INIT_REF (ctype) = 1;
      if (CP_TYPE_CONST_P (TREE_TYPE (parmtype)))
        TYPE_HAS_CONST_INIT_REF (ctype) = 1;
    }
  /* [class.copy]

     A declaration of a constructor for a class X is ill-formed if its
     first parameter is of type (optionally cv-qualified) X and either
     there are no other parameters or else all other parameters have
     default arguments.  

     We *don't* complain about member template instantiations that
     have this form, though; they can occur as we try to decide what
     constructor to use during overload resolution.  Since overload
     resolution will never prefer such a constructor to the
     non-template copy constructor (which is either explicitly or
     implicitly defined), there's no need to worry about their
     existence.  Theoretically, they should never even be
     instantiated, but that's hard to forestall.  */
  else if (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (parmtype) == ctype
           && (TREE_CHAIN (parmtypes) == NULL_TREE
               || TREE_CHAIN (parmtypes) == void_list_node
               || TREE_PURPOSE (TREE_CHAIN (parmtypes)))
           && !(DECL_TEMPLATE_INSTANTIATION (decl)
                && is_member_template (DECL_TI_TEMPLATE (decl))))
    {
      cp_error ("invalid constructor; you probably meant `%T (const %T&)'",
                ctype, ctype);
      SET_IDENTIFIER_ERROR_LOCUS (DECL_NAME (decl), ctype);
      return 0;
    }
  else if (TREE_CODE (parmtype) == VOID_TYPE
           || TREE_PURPOSE (parmtypes) != NULL_TREE)
    TYPE_HAS_DEFAULT_CONSTRUCTOR (ctype) = 1;

  return 1;
}

/* An operator with this name can be either unary or binary.  */

static int
ambi_op_p (name)
     tree name;
{
  return (name == ansi_opname [(int) INDIRECT_REF]
          || name == ansi_opname [(int) ADDR_EXPR]
          || name == ansi_opname [(int) NEGATE_EXPR]
          || name == ansi_opname[(int) POSTINCREMENT_EXPR]
          || name == ansi_opname[(int) POSTDECREMENT_EXPR]
          || name == ansi_opname [(int) CONVERT_EXPR]);
}

/* An operator with this name can only be unary.  */

static int
unary_op_p (name)
     tree name;
{
  return (name == ansi_opname [(int) TRUTH_NOT_EXPR]
          || name == ansi_opname [(int) BIT_NOT_EXPR]
          || name == ansi_opname [(int) COMPONENT_REF]
          || IDENTIFIER_TYPENAME_P (name));
}

/* Do a little sanity-checking on how they declared their operator.  */

void
grok_op_properties (decl, virtualp, friendp)
     tree decl;
     int virtualp, friendp;
{
  tree argtypes = TYPE_ARG_TYPES (TREE_TYPE (decl));
  int methodp = (TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (decl)) == METHOD_TYPE);
  tree name = DECL_NAME (decl);

  if (current_class_type == NULL_TREE)
    friendp = 1;

  if (! friendp)
    {
      /* [class.copy]

         A user-declared copy assignment operator X::operator= is a
         non-static non-template member function of class X with
         exactly one parameter of type X, X&, const X&, volatile X& or
         const volatile X&.  */
      if (name == ansi_opname[(int) MODIFY_EXPR]
          && !(DECL_TEMPLATE_INSTANTIATION (decl)
               && is_member_template (DECL_TI_TEMPLATE (decl))))
        ;
      else if (name == ansi_opname[(int) CALL_EXPR])
        TYPE_OVERLOADS_CALL_EXPR (current_class_type) = 1;
      else if (name == ansi_opname[(int) ARRAY_REF])
        TYPE_OVERLOADS_ARRAY_REF (current_class_type) = 1;
      else if (name == ansi_opname[(int) COMPONENT_REF]
               || name == ansi_opname[(int) MEMBER_REF])
        TYPE_OVERLOADS_ARROW (current_class_type) = 1;
      else if (name == ansi_opname[(int) NEW_EXPR])
        TYPE_GETS_NEW (current_class_type) |= 1;
      else if (name == ansi_opname[(int) DELETE_EXPR])
        TYPE_GETS_DELETE (current_class_type) |= 1;
      else if (name == ansi_opname[(int) VEC_NEW_EXPR])
        TYPE_GETS_NEW (current_class_type) |= 2;
      else if (name == ansi_opname[(int) VEC_DELETE_EXPR])
        TYPE_GETS_DELETE (current_class_type) |= 2;
    }

  if (name == ansi_opname[(int) NEW_EXPR]
      || name == ansi_opname[(int) VEC_NEW_EXPR])
    {
      /* When the compiler encounters the definition of A::operator new, it
         doesn't look at the class declaration to find out if it's static.  */
      if (methodp)
        revert_static_member_fn (&decl, NULL, NULL);
     
      /* Take care of function decl if we had syntax errors.  */
      if (argtypes == NULL_TREE)
        TREE_TYPE (decl)
          = build_function_type (ptr_type_node,
                                 hash_tree_chain (integer_type_node,
                                                  void_list_node));
      else
        TREE_TYPE (decl) = coerce_new_type (TREE_TYPE (decl));
    }
  else if (name == ansi_opname[(int) DELETE_EXPR]
           || name == ansi_opname[(int) VEC_DELETE_EXPR])
    {
      if (methodp)
        revert_static_member_fn (&decl, NULL, NULL);
     
      if (argtypes == NULL_TREE)
        TREE_TYPE (decl)
          = build_function_type (void_type_node,
                                 hash_tree_chain (ptr_type_node,
                                                  void_list_node));
      else
        {
          TREE_TYPE (decl) = coerce_delete_type (TREE_TYPE (decl));

          if (! friendp && name == ansi_opname[(int) VEC_DELETE_EXPR]
              && (TREE_CHAIN (TYPE_ARG_TYPES (TREE_TYPE (decl)))
                  != void_list_node))
            TYPE_VEC_DELETE_TAKES_SIZE (current_class_type) = 1;
        }
    }
  else
    {
      /* An operator function must either be a non-static member function
         or have at least one parameter of a class, a reference to a class,
         an enumeration, or a reference to an enumeration.  13.4.0.6 */
      if (! methodp || DECL_STATIC_FUNCTION_P (decl))
        {
          if (IDENTIFIER_TYPENAME_P (name)
              || name == ansi_opname[(int) CALL_EXPR]
              || name == ansi_opname[(int) MODIFY_EXPR]
              || name == ansi_opname[(int) COMPONENT_REF]
              || name == ansi_opname[(int) ARRAY_REF])
            cp_error ("`%D' must be a nonstatic member function", decl);
          else
            {
              tree p = argtypes;

              if (DECL_STATIC_FUNCTION_P (decl))
                cp_error ("`%D' must be either a non-static member function or a non-member function", decl);

              if (p)
                for (; TREE_CODE (TREE_VALUE (p)) != VOID_TYPE ; p = TREE_CHAIN (p))
                  {
                    tree arg = TREE_VALUE (p);
                    if (TREE_CODE (arg) == REFERENCE_TYPE)
                      arg = TREE_TYPE (arg);

                    /* This lets bad template code slip through.  */
                    if (IS_AGGR_TYPE (arg)
                        || TREE_CODE (arg) == ENUMERAL_TYPE
                        || TREE_CODE (arg) == TEMPLATE_TYPE_PARM
                        || TREE_CODE (arg) == TEMPLATE_TEMPLATE_PARM)
                      goto foundaggr;
                  }
              cp_error
                ("`%D' must have an argument of class or enumerated type",
                 decl);
            foundaggr:
              ;
            }
        }
      
      if (name == ansi_opname[(int) CALL_EXPR])
        return;                 /* No restrictions on args. */

      if (IDENTIFIER_TYPENAME_P (name) && ! DECL_TEMPLATE_INFO (decl))
        {
          tree t = TREE_TYPE (name);
          if (TREE_CODE (t) == VOID_TYPE)
            pedwarn ("void is not a valid type conversion operator");
          else if (! friendp)
            {
              int ref = (TREE_CODE (t) == REFERENCE_TYPE);
              const char *what = 0;
              if (ref)
                t = TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (TREE_TYPE (t));

              if (t == current_class_type)
                what = "the same type";
              /* Don't force t to be complete here.  */
              else if (IS_AGGR_TYPE (t)
                       && TYPE_SIZE (t)
                       && DERIVED_FROM_P (t, current_class_type))
                what = "a base class";

              if (what)
                warning ("conversion to %s%s will never use a type conversion operator",
                         ref ? "a reference to " : "", what);
            }
        }

      if (name == ansi_opname[(int) MODIFY_EXPR])
        {
          tree parmtype;

          if (list_length (argtypes) != 3 && methodp)
            {
              cp_error ("`%D' must take exactly one argument", decl);
              return;
            }
          parmtype = TREE_VALUE (TREE_CHAIN (argtypes));

          if (copy_assignment_arg_p (parmtype, virtualp)
              && ! friendp)
            {
              TYPE_HAS_ASSIGN_REF (current_class_type) = 1;
              if (TREE_CODE (parmtype) != REFERENCE_TYPE
                  || CP_TYPE_CONST_P (TREE_TYPE (parmtype)))
                TYPE_HAS_CONST_ASSIGN_REF (current_class_type) = 1;
            }
        }
      else if (name == ansi_opname[(int) COND_EXPR])
        {
          /* 13.4.0.3 */
          cp_error ("ANSI C++ prohibits overloading operator ?:");
        }         
      else if (ambi_op_p (name))
        {
          if (list_length (argtypes) == 2)
            /* prefix */;
          else if (list_length (argtypes) == 3)
            {
              if ((name == ansi_opname[(int) POSTINCREMENT_EXPR]
                   || name == ansi_opname[(int) POSTDECREMENT_EXPR])
                  && ! processing_template_decl
                  && ! same_type_p (TREE_VALUE (TREE_CHAIN (argtypes)), integer_type_node))
                {
                  if (methodp)
                    cp_error ("postfix `%D' must take `int' as its argument",
                              decl);
                  else
                    cp_error
                      ("postfix `%D' must take `int' as its second argument",
                       decl);
                }
            }
          else
            {
              if (methodp)
                cp_error ("`%D' must take either zero or one argument", decl);
              else
                cp_error ("`%D' must take either one or two arguments", decl);
            }

          /* More Effective C++ rule 6.  */
          if (warn_ecpp
              && (name == ansi_opname[(int) POSTINCREMENT_EXPR]
                  || name == ansi_opname[(int) POSTDECREMENT_EXPR]))
            {
              tree arg = TREE_VALUE (argtypes);
              tree ret = TREE_TYPE (TREE_TYPE (decl));
              if (methodp || TREE_CODE (arg) == REFERENCE_TYPE)
                arg = TREE_TYPE (arg);
              arg = TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (arg);
              if (list_length (argtypes) == 2)
                {
                  if (TREE_CODE (ret) != REFERENCE_TYPE
                      || !same_type_p (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (TREE_TYPE (ret)),
                                       arg))
                    cp_warning ("prefix `%D' should return `%T'", decl,
                                build_reference_type (arg));
                }
              else
                {
                  if (!same_type_p (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (ret), arg))
                    cp_warning ("postfix `%D' should return `%T'", decl, arg);
                }
            }
        }
      else if (unary_op_p (name))
        {
          if (list_length (argtypes) != 2)
            {
              if (methodp)
                cp_error ("`%D' must take `void'", decl);
              else
                cp_error ("`%D' must take exactly one argument", decl);
            }
        }
      else /* if (binary_op_p (name)) */
        {
          if (list_length (argtypes) != 3)
            {
              if (methodp)
                cp_error ("`%D' must take exactly one argument", decl);
              else
                cp_error ("`%D' must take exactly two arguments", decl);
            }

          /* More Effective C++ rule 7.  */
          if (warn_ecpp
              && (name == ansi_opname [TRUTH_ANDIF_EXPR]
                  || name == ansi_opname [TRUTH_ORIF_EXPR]
                  || name == ansi_opname [COMPOUND_EXPR]))
            cp_warning ("user-defined `%D' always evaluates both arguments",
                        decl);
        }

      /* Effective C++ rule 23.  */
      if (warn_ecpp
          && list_length (argtypes) == 3
          && (name == ansi_opname [PLUS_EXPR]
              || name == ansi_opname [MINUS_EXPR]
              || name == ansi_opname [TRUNC_DIV_EXPR]
              || name == ansi_opname [MULT_EXPR])
          && TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (TREE_TYPE (decl))) == REFERENCE_TYPE)
        cp_warning ("`%D' should return by value", decl);

      /* 13.4.0.8 */
      if (argtypes)
        for (; argtypes != void_list_node ; argtypes = TREE_CHAIN (argtypes))
          if (TREE_PURPOSE (argtypes))
            {
              TREE_PURPOSE (argtypes) = NULL_TREE;
              if (name == ansi_opname[(int) POSTINCREMENT_EXPR]
                  || name == ansi_opname[(int) POSTDECREMENT_EXPR])
                {
                  if (pedantic)
                    cp_pedwarn ("`%D' cannot have default arguments", decl);
                }
              else
                cp_error ("`%D' cannot have default arguments", decl);
            }
    }
}
\f
static const char *
tag_name (code)
     enum tag_types code;
{
  switch (code)
    {
    case record_type:
      return "struct";
    case class_type:
      return "class";
    case union_type:
      return "union ";
    case enum_type:
      return "enum";
    default:
      my_friendly_abort (981122);
    }
}

/* Get the struct, enum or union (CODE says which) with tag NAME.
   Define the tag as a forward-reference if it is not defined.

   C++: If a class derivation is given, process it here, and report
   an error if multiple derivation declarations are not identical.

   If this is a definition, come in through xref_tag and only look in
   the current frame for the name (since C++ allows new names in any
   scope.)  */

tree
xref_tag (code_type_node, name, globalize)
     tree code_type_node;
     tree name;
     int globalize;
{
  enum tag_types tag_code;
  enum tree_code code;
  int temp = 0;
  register tree ref, t;
  struct binding_level *b = current_binding_level;
  int got_type = 0;
  tree attributes = NULL_TREE;
  tree context = NULL_TREE;

  /* If we are called from the parser, code_type_node will sometimes be a
     TREE_LIST.  This indicates that the user wrote
     "class __attribute__ ((foo)) bar".  Extract the attributes so we can
     use them later.  */
  if (TREE_CODE (code_type_node) == TREE_LIST)
    {
      attributes = TREE_PURPOSE (code_type_node);
      code_type_node = TREE_VALUE (code_type_node);
    }

  tag_code = (enum tag_types) TREE_INT_CST_LOW (code_type_node);
  switch (tag_code)
    {
    case record_type:
    case class_type:
      code = RECORD_TYPE;
      break;
    case union_type:
      code = UNION_TYPE;
      break;
    case enum_type:
      code = ENUMERAL_TYPE;
      break;
    default:
      my_friendly_abort (18);
    }

  /* If a cross reference is requested, look up the type
     already defined for this tag and return it.  */
  if (TREE_CODE_CLASS (TREE_CODE (name)) == 't')
    {
      t = name;
      name = TYPE_IDENTIFIER (t);
      got_type = 1;
    }
  else
    t = IDENTIFIER_TYPE_VALUE (name);

  if (t && TREE_CODE (t) != code && TREE_CODE (t) != TEMPLATE_TYPE_PARM
      && TREE_CODE (t) != TEMPLATE_TEMPLATE_PARM)
    t = NULL_TREE;

  if (! globalize)
    {
      /* If we know we are defining this tag, only look it up in
         this scope and don't try to find it as a type.  */
      ref = lookup_tag (code, name, b, 1);
    }
  else
    {
      if (t)
        {
          /* [dcl.type.elab] If the identifier resolves to a
             typedef-name or a template type-parameter, the
             elaborated-type-specifier is ill-formed.  */
          if (t != TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (t)
              || (CLASS_TYPE_P (t) && TYPE_WAS_ANONYMOUS (t)))
            cp_pedwarn ("using typedef-name `%D' after `%s'",
                        TYPE_NAME (t), tag_name (tag_code));
          else if (TREE_CODE (t) == TEMPLATE_TYPE_PARM)
            cp_error ("using template type parameter `%T' after `%s'",
                      t, tag_name (tag_code));

          ref = t;
        }
      else
        ref = lookup_tag (code, name, b, 0);
          
      if (! ref)
        {
          /* Try finding it as a type declaration.  If that wins,
             use it.  */ 
          ref = lookup_name (name, 1);

          if (ref != NULL_TREE
              && processing_template_decl
              && DECL_CLASS_TEMPLATE_P (ref)
              && template_class_depth (current_class_type) == 0)
            /* Since GLOBALIZE is true, we're declaring a global
               template, so we want this type.  */
            ref = DECL_RESULT (ref);

          if (ref && TREE_CODE (ref) == TYPE_DECL
              && TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (ref)) == code)
            ref = TREE_TYPE (ref);
          else
            ref = NULL_TREE;
        }

      if (ref && current_class_type 
          && template_class_depth (current_class_type) 
          && PROCESSING_REAL_TEMPLATE_DECL_P ()) 
        {
          /* Since GLOBALIZE is non-zero, we are not looking at a
             definition of this tag.  Since, in addition, we are currently
             processing a (member) template declaration of a template
             class, we must be very careful; consider:

               template <class X>
               struct S1

               template <class U>
               struct S2
               { template <class V>
               friend struct S1; };

             Here, the S2::S1 declaration should not be confused with the
             outer declaration.  In particular, the inner version should
             have a template parameter of level 2, not level 1.  This
             would be particularly important if the member declaration
             were instead:

               template <class V = U> friend struct S1;

             say, when we should tsubst into `U' when instantiating
             S2.  On the other hand, when presented with:

                 template <class T>
                 struct S1 {
                   template <class U>
                   struct S2 {};
                   template <class U>
                   friend struct S2;
                 };

              we must find the inner binding eventually.  We
              accomplish this by making sure that the new type we
              create to represent this declaration has the right
              TYPE_CONTEXT.  */
          context = TYPE_CONTEXT (ref);
          ref = NULL_TREE;
        }
    }

  push_obstacks_nochange ();

  if (! ref)
    {
      /* If no such tag is yet defined, create a forward-reference node
         and record it as the "definition".
         When a real declaration of this type is found,
         the forward-reference will be altered into a real type.  */

      /* In C++, since these migrate into the global scope, we must
         build them on the permanent obstack.  */

      temp = allocation_temporary_p ();
      if (temp)
        end_temporary_allocation ();

      if (code == ENUMERAL_TYPE)
        {
          cp_error ("use of enum `%#D' without previous declaration", name);

          ref = make_node (ENUMERAL_TYPE);

          /* Give the type a default layout like unsigned int
             to avoid crashing if it does not get defined.  */
          TYPE_MODE (ref) = TYPE_MODE (unsigned_type_node);
          TYPE_ALIGN (ref) = TYPE_ALIGN (unsigned_type_node);
          TREE_UNSIGNED (ref) = 1;
          TYPE_PRECISION (ref) = TYPE_PRECISION (unsigned_type_node);
          TYPE_MIN_VALUE (ref) = TYPE_MIN_VALUE (unsigned_type_node);
          TYPE_MAX_VALUE (ref) = TYPE_MAX_VALUE (unsigned_type_node);

          /* Enable us to recognize when a type is created in class context.
             To do nested classes correctly, this should probably be cleared
             out when we leave this classes scope.  Currently this in only
             done in `start_enum'.  */

          pushtag (name, ref, globalize);
        }
      else
        {
          struct binding_level *old_b = class_binding_level;

          ref = make_lang_type (code);
          TYPE_CONTEXT (ref) = context;

#ifdef NONNESTED_CLASSES
          /* Class types don't nest the way enums do.  */
          class_binding_level = (struct binding_level *)0;
#endif
          pushtag (name, ref, globalize);
          class_binding_level = old_b;
        }
    }
  else
    {
      /* If it no longer looks like a nested type, make sure it's
         in global scope.  
         If it is not an IDENTIFIER, this is not a declaration */
      if (b->namespace_p && !class_binding_level
          && TREE_CODE (name) == IDENTIFIER_NODE)
        {
          if (IDENTIFIER_NAMESPACE_VALUE (name) == NULL_TREE)
            SET_IDENTIFIER_NAMESPACE_VALUE (name, TYPE_NAME (ref));
        }

      if (!globalize && processing_template_decl && IS_AGGR_TYPE (ref))
        redeclare_class_template (ref, current_template_parms);
    }

  /* Until the type is defined, tentatively accept whatever
     structure tag the user hands us.  */
  if (TYPE_SIZE (ref) == NULL_TREE
      && ref != current_class_type
      /* Have to check this, in case we have contradictory tag info.  */
      && IS_AGGR_TYPE_CODE (TREE_CODE (ref)))
    {
      if (tag_code == class_type)
        CLASSTYPE_DECLARED_CLASS (ref) = 1;
      else if (tag_code == record_type)
        CLASSTYPE_DECLARED_CLASS (ref) = 0;
    }

  pop_obstacks ();

  TREE_TYPE (ref) = attributes;

  return ref;
}

tree
xref_tag_from_type (old, id, globalize)
     tree old, id;
     int globalize;
{
  tree code_type_node;

  if (TREE_CODE (old) == RECORD_TYPE)
    code_type_node = (CLASSTYPE_DECLARED_CLASS (old)
                      ? class_type_node : record_type_node);
  else
    code_type_node = union_type_node;

  if (id == NULL_TREE)
    id = TYPE_IDENTIFIER (old);

  return xref_tag (code_type_node, id, globalize);
}

/* REF is a type (named NAME), for which we have just seen some
   baseclasses.  BINFO is a list of those baseclasses; the
   TREE_PURPOSE is an access_* node, and the TREE_VALUE is the type of
   the base-class.  CODE_TYPE_NODE indicates whether REF is a class,
   struct, or union.  */

void
xref_basetypes (code_type_node, name, ref, binfo)
     tree code_type_node;
     tree name, ref;
     tree binfo;
{
  /* In the declaration `A : X, Y, ... Z' we mark all the types
     (A, X, Y, ..., Z) so we can check for duplicates.  */
  tree binfos;
  tree base;

  int i, len;
  enum tag_types tag_code = (enum tag_types) TREE_INT_CST_LOW (code_type_node);

  if (tag_code == union_type)
    {
      cp_error ("derived union `%T' invalid", ref);
      return;
    }

  len = list_length (binfo);
  push_obstacks (TYPE_OBSTACK (ref), TYPE_OBSTACK (ref));

  /* First, make sure that any templates in base-classes are
     instantiated.  This ensures that if we call ourselves recursively
     we do not get confused about which classes are marked and which
     are not.  */
  for (base = binfo; base; base = TREE_CHAIN (base))
    complete_type (TREE_VALUE (base));

  SET_CLASSTYPE_MARKED (ref);
  BINFO_BASETYPES (TYPE_BINFO (ref)) = binfos = make_tree_vec (len);

  for (i = 0; binfo; binfo = TREE_CHAIN (binfo))
    {
      /* The base of a derived struct is public by default.  */
      int via_public
        = (TREE_PURPOSE (binfo) == access_public_node
           || TREE_PURPOSE (binfo) == access_public_virtual_node
           || (tag_code != class_type
               && (TREE_PURPOSE (binfo) == access_default_node
                   || TREE_PURPOSE (binfo) == access_default_virtual_node)));
      int via_protected
        = (TREE_PURPOSE (binfo) == access_protected_node
           || TREE_PURPOSE (binfo) == access_protected_virtual_node);
      int via_virtual
        = (TREE_PURPOSE (binfo) == access_private_virtual_node
           || TREE_PURPOSE (binfo) == access_protected_virtual_node
           || TREE_PURPOSE (binfo) == access_public_virtual_node
           || TREE_PURPOSE (binfo) == access_default_virtual_node);
      tree basetype = TREE_VALUE (binfo);
      tree base_binfo;

      if (basetype && TREE_CODE (basetype) == TYPE_DECL)
        basetype = TREE_TYPE (basetype);
      if (!basetype
          || (TREE_CODE (basetype) != RECORD_TYPE
              && TREE_CODE (basetype) != TYPENAME_TYPE
              && TREE_CODE (basetype) != TEMPLATE_TYPE_PARM
              && TREE_CODE (basetype) != TEMPLATE_TEMPLATE_PARM))
        {
          cp_error ("base type `%T' fails to be a struct or class type",
                    TREE_VALUE (binfo));
          continue;
        }

      GNU_xref_hier (name, basetype, via_public, via_virtual, 0);

      /* This code replaces similar code in layout_basetypes.
         We put the complete_type first for implicit `typename'.  */
      if (TYPE_SIZE (basetype) == NULL_TREE
          && ! (current_template_parms && uses_template_parms (basetype)))
        {
          cp_error ("base class `%T' has incomplete type", basetype);
          continue;
        }
      else
        {
          if (CLASSTYPE_MARKED (basetype))
            {
              if (basetype == ref)
                cp_error ("recursive type `%T' undefined", basetype);
              else
                cp_error ("duplicate base type `%T' invalid", basetype);
              continue;
            }

          if (TYPE_FOR_JAVA (basetype)
              && (current_lang_stack 
                  == &VARRAY_TREE (current_lang_base, 0)))
            TYPE_FOR_JAVA (ref) = 1;

          /* Note that the BINFO records which describe individual
             inheritances are *not* shared in the lattice!  They
             cannot be shared because a given baseclass may be
             inherited with different `accessibility' by different
             derived classes.  (Each BINFO record describing an
             individual inheritance contains flags which say what
             the `accessibility' of that particular inheritance is.)  */
  
          base_binfo 
            = make_binfo (integer_zero_node, basetype,
                          CLASS_TYPE_P (basetype)
                          ? TYPE_BINFO_VTABLE (basetype) : NULL_TREE,
                          CLASS_TYPE_P (basetype)
                          ? TYPE_BINFO_VIRTUALS (basetype) : NULL_TREE);
 
          TREE_VEC_ELT (binfos, i) = base_binfo;
          TREE_VIA_PUBLIC (base_binfo) = via_public;
          TREE_VIA_PROTECTED (base_binfo) = via_protected;
          TREE_VIA_VIRTUAL (base_binfo) = via_virtual;
          BINFO_INHERITANCE_CHAIN (base_binfo) = TYPE_BINFO (ref);

          /* We need to unshare the binfos now so that lookups during class
             definition work.  */
          unshare_base_binfos (base_binfo);

          SET_CLASSTYPE_MARKED (basetype);

          /* We are free to modify these bits because they are meaningless
             at top level, and BASETYPE is a top-level type.  */
          if (via_virtual || TYPE_USES_VIRTUAL_BASECLASSES (basetype))
            {
              TYPE_USES_VIRTUAL_BASECLASSES (ref) = 1;
              TYPE_USES_COMPLEX_INHERITANCE (ref) = 1;
            }

          if (CLASS_TYPE_P (basetype))
            {
              TYPE_GETS_NEW (ref) |= TYPE_GETS_NEW (basetype);
              TYPE_GETS_DELETE (ref) |= TYPE_GETS_DELETE (basetype);
            }

          i += 1;
        }
    }
  if (i)
    TREE_VEC_LENGTH (binfos) = i;
  else
    BINFO_BASETYPES (TYPE_BINFO (ref)) = NULL_TREE;

  if (i > 1)
    TYPE_USES_MULTIPLE_INHERITANCE (ref) = 1;
  else if (i == 1)
    {
      tree basetype = BINFO_TYPE (TREE_VEC_ELT (binfos, 0));
      
      if (CLASS_TYPE_P (basetype))
        TYPE_USES_MULTIPLE_INHERITANCE (ref)
          = TYPE_USES_MULTIPLE_INHERITANCE (basetype);
    }

  if (TYPE_USES_MULTIPLE_INHERITANCE (ref))
    TYPE_USES_COMPLEX_INHERITANCE (ref) = 1;

  /* Unmark all the types.  */
  while (--i >= 0)
    CLEAR_CLASSTYPE_MARKED (BINFO_TYPE (TREE_VEC_ELT (binfos, i)));
  CLEAR_CLASSTYPE_MARKED (ref);

  /* Now that we know all the base-classes, set up the list of virtual
     bases.  */
  CLASSTYPE_VBASECLASSES (ref) = get_vbase_types (ref);

  pop_obstacks ();
}
  
\f
/* Begin compiling the definition of an enumeration type.
   NAME is its name (or null if anonymous).
   Returns the type object, as yet incomplete.
   Also records info about it so that build_enumerator
   may be used to declare the individual values as they are read.  */

tree
start_enum (name)
     tree name;
{
  register tree enumtype = NULL_TREE;
  struct binding_level *b = current_binding_level;

  /* We are wasting space here and putting these on the permanent_obstack so
     that typeid(local enum) will work correctly. */
  push_obstacks (&permanent_obstack, &permanent_obstack);

  /* If this is the real definition for a previous forward reference,
     fill in the contents in the same object that used to be the
     forward reference.  */

  if (name != NULL_TREE)
    enumtype = lookup_tag (ENUMERAL_TYPE, name, b, 1);

  if (enumtype != NULL_TREE && TREE_CODE (enumtype) == ENUMERAL_TYPE)
    {
      cp_error ("multiple definition of `%#T'", enumtype);
      cp_error_at ("previous definition here", enumtype);
    }
  else
    {
      enumtype = make_node (ENUMERAL_TYPE);
      pushtag (name, enumtype, 0);
    }

  if (current_class_type)
    TREE_ADDRESSABLE (b->tags) = 1;

  /* We don't copy this value because build_enumerator needs to do it.  */
  enum_next_value = integer_zero_node;
  enum_overflow = 0;

  GNU_xref_decl (current_function_decl, enumtype);
  return enumtype;
}

/* After processing and defining all the values of an enumeration type,
   install their decls in the enumeration type and finish it off.
   ENUMTYPE is the type object and VALUES a list of name-value pairs.
   Returns ENUMTYPE.  */

tree
finish_enum (enumtype)
     tree enumtype;
{
  register tree minnode = NULL_TREE, maxnode = NULL_TREE;
  /* Calculate the maximum value of any enumerator in this type.  */

  tree values = TYPE_VALUES (enumtype);
  if (values)
    {
      tree pair;

      for (pair = values; pair; pair = TREE_CHAIN (pair))
        {
          tree decl;
          tree value;

          /* The TREE_VALUE is a CONST_DECL for this enumeration
             constant.  */
          decl = TREE_VALUE (pair);

          /* The DECL_INITIAL will be NULL if we are processing a
             template declaration and this enumeration constant had no
             explicit initializer.  */
          value = DECL_INITIAL (decl);
          if (value && !processing_template_decl)
            {
              /* Set the TREE_TYPE for the VALUE as well.  That's so
                 that when we call decl_constant_value we get an
                 entity of the right type (but with the constant
                 value).  Since we shouldn't ever call
                 decl_constant_value on a template type, there's no
                 reason to do that when processing_template_decl.
                 And, if the expression is something like a
                 TEMPLATE_PARM_INDEX or a CAST_EXPR doing so will
                 wreak havoc on the intended type of the expression.  

                 Of course, there's also no point in trying to compute
                 minimum or maximum values if we're in a template.  */
              TREE_TYPE (value) = enumtype;

              if (!minnode)
                minnode = maxnode = value;
              else if (tree_int_cst_lt (maxnode, value))
                maxnode = value;
              else if (tree_int_cst_lt (value, minnode))
                minnode = value;
            }

          if (processing_template_decl) 
            /* If this is just a template, leave the CONST_DECL
               alone.  That way tsubst_copy will find CONST_DECLs for
               CONST_DECLs, and not INTEGER_CSTs.  */
            ;
          else
            /* In the list we're building up, we want the enumeration
               values, not the CONST_DECLs.  */
            TREE_VALUE (pair) = value;
        }
    }
  else
    maxnode = minnode = integer_zero_node;

  TYPE_VALUES (enumtype) = nreverse (values);

  if (processing_template_decl)
    {
      tree scope = current_scope ();
      if (scope && TREE_CODE (scope) == FUNCTION_DECL)
        add_tree (build_min (TAG_DEFN, enumtype));
    }
  else
    {
      int unsignedp = tree_int_cst_sgn (minnode) >= 0;
      int lowprec = min_precision (minnode, unsignedp);
      int highprec = min_precision (maxnode, unsignedp);
      int precision = MAX (lowprec, highprec);
      tree tem;

      TYPE_SIZE (enumtype) = NULL_TREE;

      /* Set TYPE_MIN_VALUE and TYPE_MAX_VALUE according to `precision'.  */

      TYPE_PRECISION (enumtype) = precision;
      if (unsignedp)
        fixup_unsigned_type (enumtype);
      else
        fixup_signed_type (enumtype);

      if (flag_short_enums || (precision > TYPE_PRECISION (integer_type_node)))
        /* Use the width of the narrowest normal C type which is wide
           enough.  */ 
        TYPE_PRECISION (enumtype) = TYPE_PRECISION (type_for_size
                                                    (precision, 1));
      else
        TYPE_PRECISION (enumtype) = TYPE_PRECISION (integer_type_node);

      TYPE_SIZE (enumtype) = 0;
      layout_type (enumtype);
    
      /* Fix up all variant types of this enum type.  */
      for (tem = TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (enumtype); tem;
           tem = TYPE_NEXT_VARIANT (tem))
        {
          TYPE_VALUES (tem) = TYPE_VALUES (enumtype);
          TYPE_MIN_VALUE (tem) = TYPE_MIN_VALUE (enumtype);
          TYPE_MAX_VALUE (tem) = TYPE_MAX_VALUE (enumtype);
          TYPE_SIZE (tem) = TYPE_SIZE (enumtype);
          TYPE_SIZE_UNIT (tem) = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT (enumtype);
          TYPE_MODE (tem) = TYPE_MODE (enumtype);
          TYPE_PRECISION (tem) = TYPE_PRECISION (enumtype);
          TYPE_ALIGN (tem) = TYPE_ALIGN (enumtype);
          TREE_UNSIGNED (tem) = TREE_UNSIGNED (enumtype);
        }

      /* Finish debugging output for this type.  */
      rest_of_type_compilation (enumtype, namespace_bindings_p ());
    }

  /* In start_enum we pushed obstacks.  Here, we must pop them.  */
  pop_obstacks ();

  return enumtype;
}

/* Build and install a CONST_DECL for an enumeration constant of the
   enumeration type TYPE whose NAME and VALUE (if any) are provided.
   Assignment of sequential values by default is handled here.  */

tree
build_enumerator (name, value, type)
     tree name;
     tree value;
     tree type;
{
  tree decl, result;
  tree context;

  /* Remove no-op casts from the value.  */
  if (value)
    STRIP_TYPE_NOPS (value);

 if (! processing_template_decl)
   {
     /* Validate and default VALUE.  */
     if (value != NULL_TREE)
       {
         if (TREE_READONLY_DECL_P (value))
           value = decl_constant_value (value);

         if (TREE_CODE (value) == INTEGER_CST)
           {
             value = default_conversion (value);
             constant_expression_warning (value);
           }
         else
           {
             cp_error ("enumerator value for `%D' not integer constant", name);
             value = NULL_TREE;
           }
       }

     /* Default based on previous value.  */
     if (value == NULL_TREE && ! processing_template_decl)
       {
         value = enum_next_value;
         if (enum_overflow)
           cp_error ("overflow in enumeration values at `%D'", name);
       }

     /* Remove no-op casts from the value.  */
     if (value)
       STRIP_TYPE_NOPS (value);
#if 0
     /* To fix MAX_VAL enum consts. (bkoz)  */
     TREE_TYPE (value) = integer_type_node;
#endif
   }

 /* We always have to copy here; not all INTEGER_CSTs are unshared.
    Even in other cases, we will later (in finish_enum) be setting the
    type of VALUE.  */
 if (value != NULL_TREE)
   value = copy_node (value);

  /* C++ associates enums with global, function, or class declarations.  */
 
 context = current_scope ();
 if (context && context == current_class_type)
   /* This enum declaration is local to the class.  */
   decl = build_lang_decl (CONST_DECL, name, type);
 else
   /* It's a global enum, or it's local to a function.  (Note local to
      a function could mean local to a class method.  */
   decl = build_decl (CONST_DECL, name, type);

 DECL_CONTEXT (decl) = FROB_CONTEXT (context);
 DECL_INITIAL (decl) = value;
 TREE_READONLY (decl) = 1;

 if (context && context == current_class_type)
   /* In something like `struct S { enum E { i = 7 }; };' we put `i'
      on the TYPE_FIELDS list for `S'.  (That's so that you can say
      things like `S::i' later.)  */
   finish_member_declaration (decl);
 else
   {
     pushdecl (decl);
     GNU_xref_decl (current_function_decl, decl);
   }

 if (! processing_template_decl)
   {
     /* Set basis for default for next value.  */
     enum_next_value = build_binary_op_nodefault (PLUS_EXPR, value,
                                                  integer_one_node, PLUS_EXPR);
     enum_overflow = tree_int_cst_lt (enum_next_value, value);
   }

  result = tree_cons (name, decl, NULL_TREE);
  return result;
}

\f
static int function_depth;

/* We're defining DECL.  Make sure that it's type is OK.  */

static void
check_function_type (decl)
     tree decl;
{
  tree fntype = TREE_TYPE (decl);

  /* In a function definition, arg types must be complete.  */
  require_complete_types_for_parms (current_function_parms);

  if (TYPE_SIZE (complete_type (TREE_TYPE (fntype))) == NULL_TREE)
    {
      cp_error ("return type `%#T' is incomplete", TREE_TYPE (fntype));

      /* Make it return void instead, but don't change the
         type of the DECL_RESULT, in case we have a named return value.  */
      if (TREE_CODE (fntype) == METHOD_TYPE)
        {
          tree ctype = TREE_TYPE (TREE_VALUE (TYPE_ARG_TYPES (fntype)));
          TREE_TYPE (decl)
            = build_cplus_method_type (ctype,
                                       void_type_node,
                                       FUNCTION_ARG_CHAIN (decl));
        }
      else
        TREE_TYPE (decl)
          = build_function_type (void_type_node,
                                 TYPE_ARG_TYPES (TREE_TYPE (decl)));
      TREE_TYPE (decl) 
        = build_exception_variant (fntype,
                                   TYPE_RAISES_EXCEPTIONS (fntype));
    }
  else
    abstract_virtuals_error (decl, TREE_TYPE (fntype));
}

/* Create the FUNCTION_DECL for a function definition.
   DECLSPECS and DECLARATOR are the parts of the declaration;
   they describe the function's name and the type it returns,
   but twisted together in a fashion that parallels the syntax of C.

   FLAGS is a bitwise or of SF_PRE_PARSED (indicating that the
   DECLARATOR is really the DECL for the function we are about to
   process and that DECLSPECS should be ignored), SF_INCLASS_INLINE
   indicating that the function is an inline defined in-class, and
   SF_EXPAND indicating that we should generate RTL for this
   function.  
   
   This function creates a binding context for the function body
   as well as setting up the FUNCTION_DECL in current_function_decl.

   Returns 1 on success.  If the DECLARATOR is not suitable for a function
   (it defines a datum instead), we return 0, which tells
   yyparse to report a parse error.

   For C++, we must first check whether that datum makes any sense.
   For example, "class A local_a(1,2);" means that variable local_a
   is an aggregate of type A, which should have a constructor
   applied to it with the argument list [1, 2].  */

int
start_function (declspecs, declarator, attrs, flags)
     tree declspecs, declarator, attrs;
     int flags;
{
  tree decl1;
  tree ctype = NULL_TREE;
  tree fntype;
  tree restype;
  extern int have_extern_spec;
  extern int used_extern_spec;
  int doing_friend = 0;
  struct binding_level *bl;

  /* Sanity check.  */
  my_friendly_assert (TREE_CODE (TREE_VALUE (void_list_node)) == VOID_TYPE, 160);
  my_friendly_assert (TREE_CHAIN (void_list_node) == NULL_TREE, 161);

  /* This should only be done once on the top most decl.  */
  if (have_extern_spec && !used_extern_spec)
    {
      declspecs = decl_tree_cons (NULL_TREE, get_identifier ("extern"), declspecs);
      used_extern_spec = 1;
    }

  if (flags & SF_PRE_PARSED)
    {
      decl1 = declarator;

      fntype = TREE_TYPE (decl1);
      if (TREE_CODE (fntype) == METHOD_TYPE)
        ctype = TYPE_METHOD_BASETYPE (fntype);

      /* ANSI C++ June 5 1992 WP 11.4.5.  A friend function defined in a
         class is in the (lexical) scope of the class in which it is
         defined.  */
      if (!ctype && DECL_FRIEND_P (decl1))
        {
          ctype = DECL_CLASS_CONTEXT (decl1);

          /* CTYPE could be null here if we're dealing with a template;
             for example, `inline friend float foo()' inside a template
             will have no CTYPE set.  */
          if (ctype && TREE_CODE (ctype) != RECORD_TYPE)
            ctype = NULL_TREE;
          else
            doing_friend = 1;
        }

      last_function_parms = DECL_ARGUMENTS (decl1);
      last_function_parm_tags = NULL_TREE;
    }
  else
    {
      decl1 = grokdeclarator (declarator, declspecs, FUNCDEF, 1, NULL_TREE);
      /* If the declarator is not suitable for a function definition,
         cause a syntax error.  */
      if (decl1 == NULL_TREE || TREE_CODE (decl1) != FUNCTION_DECL) return 0;

      fntype = TREE_TYPE (decl1);

      restype = TREE_TYPE (fntype);
      if (CLASS_TYPE_P (restype) && !CLASSTYPE_GOT_SEMICOLON (restype))
        {
          cp_error ("semicolon missing after declaration of `%#T'", restype);
          shadow_tag (build_expr_list (NULL_TREE, restype));
          CLASSTYPE_GOT_SEMICOLON (restype) = 1;
          if (TREE_CODE (fntype) == FUNCTION_TYPE)
            fntype = build_function_type (integer_type_node,
                                          TYPE_ARG_TYPES (fntype));
          else
            fntype = build_cplus_method_type (build_type_variant (TYPE_METHOD_BASETYPE (fntype), TREE_READONLY (decl1), TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS (decl1)),
                                              integer_type_node,
                                              TYPE_ARG_TYPES (fntype));
          TREE_TYPE (decl1) = fntype;
        }

      if (TREE_CODE (fntype) == METHOD_TYPE)
        ctype = TYPE_METHOD_BASETYPE (fntype);
      else if (DECL_MAIN_P (decl1))
        {
          /* If this doesn't return integer_type, complain.  */
          if (TREE_TYPE (TREE_TYPE (decl1)) != integer_type_node)
            {
              if (pedantic || warn_return_type)
                pedwarn ("return type for `main' changed to `int'");
              TREE_TYPE (decl1) = fntype = default_function_type;
            }
        }
    }

  /* Warn if function was previously implicitly declared
     (but not if we warned then).  */
  if (! warn_implicit
      && IDENTIFIER_IMPLICIT_DECL (DECL_NAME (decl1)) != NULL_TREE)
    cp_warning_at ("`%D' implicitly declared before its definition", IDENTIFIER_IMPLICIT_DECL (DECL_NAME (decl1)));

  /* Set up current_class_type, and enter the scope of the class, if
     appropriate.  */
  if (ctype)
    push_nested_class (ctype, 1);
  else if (DECL_STATIC_FUNCTION_P (decl1))
    push_nested_class (DECL_CONTEXT (decl1), 2);

  /* Now that we have entered the scope of the class, we must restore
     the bindings for any template parameters surrounding DECL1, if it
     is an inline member template.  (Order is important; consider the
     case where a template parameter has the same name as a field of
     the class.)  It is not until after this point that
     PROCESSING_TEMPLATE_DECL is guaranteed to be set up correctly.  */
  if (flags & SF_INCLASS_INLINE)
    maybe_begin_member_template_processing (decl1);

  /* Effective C++ rule 15.  See also c_expand_return.  */
  if (warn_ecpp
      && DECL_NAME (decl1) == ansi_opname[(int) MODIFY_EXPR]
      && TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (fntype)) == VOID_TYPE)
    cp_warning ("`operator=' should return a reference to `*this'");

  /* Make the init_value nonzero so pushdecl knows this is not tentative.
     error_mark_node is replaced below (in poplevel) with the BLOCK.  */
  DECL_INITIAL (decl1) = error_mark_node;

#ifdef SET_DEFAULT_DECL_ATTRIBUTES
  SET_DEFAULT_DECL_ATTRIBUTES (decl1, attrs);
#endif
  
  /* This function exists in static storage.
     (This does not mean `static' in the C sense!)  */
  TREE_STATIC (decl1) = 1;

  /* We must call push_template_decl after current_class_type is set
     up.  (If we are processing inline definitions after exiting a
     class scope, current_class_type will be NULL_TREE until set above
     by push_nested_class.)  */
  if (processing_template_decl)
    decl1 = push_template_decl (decl1);

  /* We are now in the scope of the function being defined.  */
  current_function_decl = decl1;

  /* Save the parm names or decls from this function's declarator
     where store_parm_decls will find them.  */
  current_function_parms = last_function_parms;
  current_function_parm_tags = last_function_parm_tags;

  /* Make sure the parameter and return types are reasonable.  When
     you declare a function, these types can be incomplete, but they
     must be complete when you define the function.  */
  if (! processing_template_decl)
    check_function_type (decl1);

  /* Build the return declaration for the function.  */
  restype = TREE_TYPE (fntype);
  if (!processing_template_decl)
    {
      if (!DECL_RESULT (decl1))
        {
          DECL_RESULT (decl1)
            = build_decl (RESULT_DECL, 0, TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (restype));
          c_apply_type_quals_to_decl (CP_TYPE_QUALS (restype), 
                                      DECL_RESULT (decl1)); 
        }
    }
  else
    /* Just use `void'.  Nobody will ever look at this anyhow.  */
    DECL_RESULT (decl1) = build_decl (RESULT_DECL, 0, void_type_node);

  /* Initialize RTL machinery.  We cannot do this until
     CURRENT_FUNCTION_DECL and DECL_RESULT are set up.  We do this
     even when processing a template; this is how we get
     CURRENT_FUNCTION set up, and our per-function variables
     initialized.  */
  bl = current_binding_level;
  init_function_start (decl1, input_filename, lineno);
  current_binding_level = bl;
  expanding_p = (flags & SF_EXPAND) != 0;

  /* Even though we're inside a function body, we still don't want to
     call expand_expr to calculate the size of a variable-sized array.
     We haven't necessarily assigned RTL to all variables yet, so it's
     not safe to try to expand expressions involving them.  */
  immediate_size_expand = 0;
  get_pending_sizes ();

  /* Let the user know we're compiling this function.  */
  if (!building_stmt_tree ())
    announce_function (decl1);

  /* Record the decl so that the function name is defined.
     If we already have a decl for this name, and it is a FUNCTION_DECL,
     use the old decl.  */
  if (!processing_template_decl && !(flags & SF_PRE_PARSED))
    {
      /* A specialization is not used to guide overload resolution.  */
      if ((flag_guiding_decls 
           || !DECL_TEMPLATE_SPECIALIZATION (decl1))
          && ! DECL_FUNCTION_MEMBER_P (decl1))
        decl1 = pushdecl (decl1);
      else
        {
          /* We need to set the DECL_CONTEXT. */
          if (!DECL_CONTEXT (decl1) && DECL_TEMPLATE_INFO (decl1))
            DECL_CONTEXT (decl1) = DECL_CONTEXT (DECL_TI_TEMPLATE (decl1));
          /* And make sure we have enough default args.  */
          check_default_args (decl1);
        }
      DECL_MAIN_VARIANT (decl1) = decl1;
      fntype = TREE_TYPE (decl1);
    }

  /* Reset these in case the call to pushdecl changed them.  */
  current_function_decl = decl1;
  current_function->decl = decl1;

  if (DECL_INTERFACE_KNOWN (decl1))
    {
      tree ctx = hack_decl_function_context (decl1);

      if (DECL_NOT_REALLY_EXTERN (decl1))
        DECL_EXTERNAL (decl1) = 0;

      if (ctx != NULL_TREE && DECL_THIS_INLINE (ctx) 
          && TREE_PUBLIC (ctx))
        /* This is a function in a local class in an extern inline
           function.  */
        comdat_linkage (decl1);
    }
  /* If this function belongs to an interface, it is public.
     If it belongs to someone else's interface, it is also external.
     This only affects inlines and template instantiations.  */
  else if (interface_unknown == 0
           && (! DECL_TEMPLATE_INSTANTIATION (decl1)
               || flag_alt_external_templates))
    {
      if (DECL_THIS_INLINE (decl1) || DECL_TEMPLATE_INSTANTIATION (decl1)
          || processing_template_decl)
        {
          DECL_EXTERNAL (decl1)
            = (interface_only
               || (DECL_THIS_INLINE (decl1) && ! flag_implement_inlines
                   && !DECL_VINDEX (decl1)));

          /* For WIN32 we also want to put these in linkonce sections.  */
          maybe_make_one_only (decl1);
        }
      else
        DECL_EXTERNAL (decl1) = 0;
      DECL_NOT_REALLY_EXTERN (decl1) = 0;
      DECL_INTERFACE_KNOWN (decl1) = 1;
    }
  else if (interface_unknown && interface_only
           && (! DECL_TEMPLATE_INSTANTIATION (decl1)
               || flag_alt_external_templates))
    {
      /* If MULTIPLE_SYMBOL_SPACES is defined and we saw a #pragma
         interface, we will have interface_only set but not
         interface_known.  In that case, we don't want to use the normal
         heuristics because someone will supply a #pragma implementation
         elsewhere, and deducing it here would produce a conflict.  */
      comdat_linkage (decl1);
      DECL_EXTERNAL (decl1) = 0;
      DECL_INTERFACE_KNOWN (decl1) = 1;
      DECL_DEFER_OUTPUT (decl1) = 1;
    }
  else
    {
      /* This is a definition, not a reference.
         So clear DECL_EXTERNAL.  */
      DECL_EXTERNAL (decl1) = 0;

      if ((DECL_THIS_INLINE (decl1) || DECL_TEMPLATE_INSTANTIATION (decl1))
          && ! DECL_INTERFACE_KNOWN (decl1)
          /* Don't try to defer nested functions for now.  */
          && ! hack_decl_function_context (decl1))
        DECL_DEFER_OUTPUT (decl1) = 1;
      else
        DECL_INTERFACE_KNOWN (decl1) = 1;
    }

  if (ctype != NULL_TREE && DECL_STATIC_FUNCTION_P (decl1))
    {
      if (TREE_CODE (fntype) == METHOD_TYPE)
        TREE_TYPE (decl1) = fntype
          = build_function_type (TREE_TYPE (fntype),
                                 TREE_CHAIN (TYPE_ARG_TYPES (fntype)));
      current_function_parms = TREE_CHAIN (current_function_parms);
      DECL_ARGUMENTS (decl1) = current_function_parms;
      ctype = NULL_TREE;
    }

  my_friendly_assert (current_class_ptr == NULL_TREE, 19990908);
  my_friendly_assert (current_class_ref == NULL_TREE, 19990908);
  if (ctype)
    {
      /* If we're compiling a friend function, neither of the variables
         current_class_ptr nor current_class_type will have values.  */
      if (! doing_friend)
        {
          /* We know that this was set up by `grokclassfn'.
             We do not wait until `store_parm_decls', since evil
             parse errors may never get us to that point.  Here
             we keep the consistency between `current_class_type'
             and `current_class_ptr'.  */
          tree t = current_function_parms;
          int i;
              
          my_friendly_assert (t != NULL_TREE
                              && TREE_CODE (t) == PARM_DECL, 162);
          my_friendly_assert (TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (t)) == POINTER_TYPE,
                              19990811);
          
          if (! hack_decl_function_context (decl1))
            temporary_allocation ();
          i = suspend_momentary ();
          
          /* Normally, build_indirect_ref returns current_class_ref
             whenever current_class_ptr is dereferenced.  This time,
             however, we want it to *create* current_class_ref, so we
             temporarily clear current_class_ptr to fool it.  */
          cp_function_chain->x_current_class_ref 
            = build_indirect_ref (t, NULL_PTR);
          cp_function_chain->x_current_class_ptr = t;
          
          resume_momentary (i);
          if (! hack_decl_function_context (decl1))
            end_temporary_allocation ();
        }
    }

  pushlevel (0);
  current_binding_level->parm_flag = 1;

  if (attrs)
    cplus_decl_attributes (decl1, NULL_TREE, attrs);
  
  if (!building_stmt_tree ())
    {
      GNU_xref_function (decl1, current_function_parms);
      make_function_rtl (decl1);
    }

  /* Promote the value to int before returning it.  */
  if (C_PROMOTING_INTEGER_TYPE_P (restype))
    restype = type_promotes_to (restype);

  /* If this fcn was already referenced via a block-scope `extern' decl
     (or an implicit decl), propagate certain information about the usage.  */
  if (TREE_ADDRESSABLE (DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME (decl1)))
    TREE_ADDRESSABLE (decl1) = 1;

  if (DECL_RESULT (decl1) == NULL_TREE)
    {
      DECL_RESULT (decl1)
        = build_decl (RESULT_DECL, 0, TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (restype));
      TREE_READONLY (DECL_RESULT (decl1)) = CP_TYPE_CONST_P (restype);
      TREE_THIS_VOLATILE (DECL_RESULT (decl1)) = CP_TYPE_VOLATILE_P (restype);
    }

  /* Allocate further tree nodes temporarily during compilation
     of this function only.  Tiemann moved up here from bottom of fn.  */
  /* If this is a nested function, then we must continue to allocate RTL
     on the permanent obstack in case we need to inline it later.  */
  if (! hack_decl_function_context (decl1))
    temporary_allocation ();
  
  /* Make sure that we always have a momntary obstack while we're in a
     function body.  */
  push_momentary ();

  if (building_stmt_tree ())
    begin_stmt_tree (decl1);

  ++function_depth;

  if (DESTRUCTOR_NAME_P (DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME (decl1))
      && DECL_LANGUAGE (decl1) == lang_cplusplus)
    {
      dtor_label = build_decl (LABEL_DECL, NULL_TREE, NULL_TREE);
      ctor_label = NULL_TREE;
    }
  else
    {
      dtor_label = NULL_TREE;
      if (DECL_CONSTRUCTOR_P (decl1))
        ctor_label = build_decl (LABEL_DECL, NULL_TREE, NULL_TREE);
    }

  return 1;
}
\f
/* Called after store_parm_decls for a function-try-block.  We need to update
   last_parm_cleanup_insn so that the base initializers for a constructor
   are run within this block, not before it.  */

void
expand_start_early_try_stmts ()
{
  expand_start_try_stmts ();
  last_parm_cleanup_insn = get_last_insn ();
}

/* Store the parameter declarations into the current function declaration.
   This is called after parsing the parameter declarations, before
   digesting the body of the function.

   Also install to binding contour return value identifier, if any.  */

void
store_parm_decls ()
{
  register tree fndecl = current_function_decl;
  register tree parm;
  int parms_have_cleanups = 0;
  tree cleanups = NULL_TREE;

  /* This is either a chain of PARM_DECLs (when a prototype is used).  */
  tree specparms = current_function_parms;

  /* This is a list of types declared among parms in a prototype.  */
  tree parmtags = current_function_parm_tags;

  /* This is a chain of any other decls that came in among the parm
     declarations.  If a parm is declared with  enum {foo, bar} x;
     then CONST_DECLs for foo and bar are put here.  */
  tree nonparms = NULL_TREE;

  if (toplevel_bindings_p ())
    fatal ("parse errors have confused me too much");

  /* Create a binding level for the parms.  */
  expand_start_bindings (0);

  if (specparms != NULL_TREE)
    {
      /* This case is when the function was defined with an ANSI prototype.
         The parms already have decls, so we need not do anything here
         except record them as in effect
         and complain if any redundant old-style parm decls were written.  */

      register tree next;

      /* Must clear this because it might contain TYPE_DECLs declared
         at class level.  */
      storedecls (NULL_TREE);

      for (parm = nreverse (specparms); parm; parm = next)
        {
          next = TREE_CHAIN (parm);
          if (TREE_CODE (parm) == PARM_DECL)
            {
              tree cleanup;
              if (DECL_NAME (parm) == NULL_TREE)
                {
                  pushdecl (parm);
                }
              else if (TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (parm)) == VOID_TYPE)
                cp_error ("parameter `%D' declared void", parm);
              else
                pushdecl (parm);
              if (! building_stmt_tree ()
                  && (cleanup = maybe_build_cleanup (parm), cleanup))
                {
                  expand_decl (parm);
                  parms_have_cleanups = 1;

                  /* Keep track of the cleanups.  */
                  cleanups = tree_cons (parm, cleanup, cleanups);
                }
            }
          else
            {
              /* If we find an enum constant or a type tag,
                 put it aside for the moment.  */
              TREE_CHAIN (parm) = NULL_TREE;
              nonparms = chainon (nonparms, parm);
            }
        }

      /* Get the decls in their original chain order
         and record in the function.  This is all and only the
         PARM_DECLs that were pushed into scope by the loop above.  */
      DECL_ARGUMENTS (fndecl) = getdecls ();

      storetags (chainon (parmtags, gettags ()));
    }
  else
    DECL_ARGUMENTS (fndecl) = NULL_TREE;

  /* Now store the final chain of decls for the arguments
     as the decl-chain of the current lexical scope.
     Put the enumerators in as well, at the front so that
     DECL_ARGUMENTS is not modified.  */

  storedecls (chainon (nonparms, DECL_ARGUMENTS (fndecl)));

  /* Declare __FUNCTION__ and __PRETTY_FUNCTION__ for this function.  */
  declare_function_name ();

  /* Initialize the RTL code for the function.  */
  DECL_SAVED_INSNS (fndecl) = 0;
  if (! building_stmt_tree ())
    expand_function_start (fndecl, parms_have_cleanups);

  current_function_parms_stored = 1;

  /* If this function is `main', emit a call to `__main'
     to run global initializers, etc.  */
  if (DECL_MAIN_P (fndecl) && !building_stmt_tree ())
    expand_main_function ();

  /* Now that we have initialized the parms, we can start their
     cleanups.  We cannot do this before, since expand_decl_cleanup
     should not be called before the parm can be used.  */
  if (cleanups && !building_stmt_tree ())
    {
      for (cleanups = nreverse (cleanups); 
           cleanups; 
           cleanups = TREE_CHAIN (cleanups))
        {
          if (! expand_decl_cleanup (TREE_PURPOSE (cleanups), 
                                     TREE_VALUE (cleanups)))
            cp_error ("parser lost in parsing declaration of `%D'",
                      TREE_PURPOSE (cleanups));
        }
    }

  /* Create a binding contour which can be used to catch
     cleanup-generated temporaries.  Also, if the return value needs or
     has initialization, deal with that now.  */
  if (parms_have_cleanups)
    {
      pushlevel (0);
      if (!building_stmt_tree ())
        expand_start_bindings (0);
    }

  if (! building_stmt_tree () && flag_exceptions)
    {
      /* Do the starting of the exception specifications, if we have any.  */
      if (TYPE_RAISES_EXCEPTIONS (TREE_TYPE (current_function_decl)))
        expand_start_eh_spec ();
    }

  last_parm_cleanup_insn = get_last_insn ();
  last_dtor_insn = get_last_insn ();
}

/* Bind a name and initialization to the return value of
   the current function.  */

void
store_return_init (decl)
     tree decl;
{
  /* If this named return value comes in a register, put it in a
     pseudo-register.  */
  if (DECL_REGISTER (decl))
    {
      original_result_rtx = DECL_RTL (decl);
      DECL_RTL (decl) = gen_reg_rtx (DECL_MODE (decl));
    }
}

\f
/* Finish up a function declaration and compile that function
   all the way to assembler language output.  The free the storage
   for the function definition.

   This is called after parsing the body of the function definition.
   LINENO is the current line number.

   FLAGS is a bitwise or of the following values: 
     1 - CALL_POPLEVEL 
       An extra call to poplevel (and expand_end_bindings) must be
       made to take care of the binding contour for the base
       initializers.  This is only relevant for constructors.
     2 - INCLASS_INLINE
       We just finished processing the body of an in-class inline
       function definition.  (This processing will have taken place
       after the class definition is complete.)  */

tree
finish_function (lineno, flags)
     int lineno;
     int flags;
{
  register tree fndecl = current_function_decl;
  tree fntype, ctype = NULL_TREE;
  rtx fn_last_parm_insn, insns;
  /* Label to use if this function is supposed to return a value.  */
  tree no_return_label = NULL_TREE;
  tree decls = NULL_TREE;
  int call_poplevel = (flags & 1) != 0;
  int inclass_inline = (flags & 2) != 0;
  int expand_p;
  int nested;

  /* When we get some parse errors, we can end up without a
     current_function_decl, so cope.  */
  if (fndecl == NULL_TREE)
    return error_mark_node;

  nested = function_depth > 1;
  fntype = TREE_TYPE (fndecl);

/*  TREE_READONLY (fndecl) = 1;
    This caused &foo to be of type ptr-to-const-function
    which then got a warning when stored in a ptr-to-function variable.  */

  /* This happens on strange parse errors.  */
  if (! current_function_parms_stored)
    {
      call_poplevel = 0;
      store_parm_decls ();
    }

  if (building_stmt_tree ())
    {
      if (DECL_CONSTRUCTOR_P (fndecl) && call_poplevel)
        {
          decls = getdecls ();
          expand_end_bindings (decls, decls != NULL_TREE, 0);
          poplevel (decls != NULL_TREE, 0, 0);
        }

      /* Because we do not call expand_function_end, we won't call
         expand_end_bindings to match the call to
         expand_start_bindings we did in store_parm_decls.  Therefore,
         we explicitly call expand_end_bindings here.  However, we
         really shouldn't be calling expand_start_bindings at all when
         building_stmt_tree; it's conceptually an RTL-generation
         function, rather than a front-end function.  */
      expand_end_bindings (0, 0, 0);
    }
  else
    {
      if (write_symbols != NO_DEBUG /*&& TREE_CODE (fntype) != METHOD_TYPE*/)
        {
          tree ttype = target_type (fntype);
          tree parmdecl;

          if (IS_AGGR_TYPE (ttype))
            /* Let debugger know it should output info for this type.  */
            note_debug_info_needed (ttype);

          for (parmdecl = DECL_ARGUMENTS (fndecl); parmdecl; parmdecl = TREE_CHAIN (parmdecl))
            {
              ttype = target_type (TREE_TYPE (parmdecl));
              if (IS_AGGR_TYPE (ttype))
                /* Let debugger know it should output info for this type.  */
                note_debug_info_needed (ttype);
            }
        }

      /* Clean house because we will need to reorder insns here.  */
      do_pending_stack_adjust ();

      if (dtor_label)
        {
          tree binfo = TYPE_BINFO (current_class_type);
          tree cond = integer_one_node;
          tree exprstmt;
          tree in_charge_node = lookup_name (in_charge_identifier, 0);
          tree virtual_size;
          int ok_to_optimize_dtor = 0;
          int empty_dtor = get_last_insn () == last_dtor_insn;

          if (current_function_assigns_this)
            cond = build (NE_EXPR, boolean_type_node,
                          current_class_ptr, integer_zero_node);
          else
            {
              int n_baseclasses = CLASSTYPE_N_BASECLASSES (current_class_type);

              /* If this destructor is empty, then we don't need to check
                 whether `this' is NULL in some cases.  */
              if ((flag_this_is_variable & 1) == 0)
                ok_to_optimize_dtor = 1;
              else if (empty_dtor)
                ok_to_optimize_dtor
                  = (n_baseclasses == 0
                     || (n_baseclasses == 1
                         && TYPE_HAS_DESTRUCTOR (TYPE_BINFO_BASETYPE (current_class_type, 0))));
            }

          /* These initializations might go inline.  Protect
             the binding level of the parms.  */
          pushlevel (0);
          expand_start_bindings (0);

          if (current_function_assigns_this)
            {
              current_function_assigns_this = 0;
              current_function_just_assigned_this = 0;
            }

          /* Generate the code to call destructor on base class.
             If this destructor belongs to a class with virtual
             functions, then set the virtual function table
             pointer to represent the type of our base class.  */

          /* This side-effect makes call to `build_delete' generate the
             code we have to have at the end of this destructor.
             `build_delete' will set the flag again.  */
          TYPE_HAS_DESTRUCTOR (current_class_type) = 0;

          /* These are two cases where we cannot delegate deletion.  */
          if (TYPE_USES_VIRTUAL_BASECLASSES (current_class_type)
              || TYPE_GETS_REG_DELETE (current_class_type))
            exprstmt = build_delete (current_class_type, current_class_ref, integer_zero_node,
                                     LOOKUP_NONVIRTUAL|LOOKUP_DESTRUCTOR|LOOKUP_NORMAL, 0);
          else
            exprstmt = build_delete (current_class_type, current_class_ref, in_charge_node,
                                     LOOKUP_NONVIRTUAL|LOOKUP_DESTRUCTOR|LOOKUP_NORMAL, 0);

          /* If we did not assign to this, then `this' is non-zero at
             the end of a destructor.  As a special optimization, don't
             emit test if this is an empty destructor.  If it does nothing,
             it does nothing.  If it calls a base destructor, the base
             destructor will perform the test.  */

          if (exprstmt != error_mark_node
              && (TREE_CODE (exprstmt) != NOP_EXPR
                  || TREE_OPERAND (exprstmt, 0) != integer_zero_node
                  || TYPE_USES_VIRTUAL_BASECLASSES (current_class_type)))
            {
              expand_label (dtor_label);
              if (cond != integer_one_node)
                expand_start_cond (cond, 0);
              if (exprstmt != void_zero_node)
                /* Don't call `expand_expr_stmt' if we're not going to do
                   anything, since -Wall will give a diagnostic.  */
                expand_expr_stmt (exprstmt);

              /* Run destructor on all virtual baseclasses.  */
              if (TYPE_USES_VIRTUAL_BASECLASSES (current_class_type))
                {
                  tree vbases = nreverse (copy_list (CLASSTYPE_VBASECLASSES (current_class_type)));
                  expand_start_cond (build (BIT_AND_EXPR, integer_type_node,
                                            in_charge_node, integer_two_node), 0);
                  while (vbases)
                    {
                      if (TYPE_NEEDS_DESTRUCTOR (BINFO_TYPE (vbases)))
                        {
                          tree vb = get_vbase
                            (BINFO_TYPE (vbases),
                             TYPE_BINFO (current_class_type));
                          expand_expr_stmt
                            (build_scoped_method_call
                             (current_class_ref, vb, dtor_identifier,
                              build_expr_list (NULL_TREE, integer_zero_node)));
                        }
                      vbases = TREE_CHAIN (vbases);
                    }
                  expand_end_cond ();
                }

              do_pending_stack_adjust ();
              if (cond != integer_one_node)
                expand_end_cond ();
            }

          virtual_size = c_sizeof (current_class_type);

          /* At the end, call delete if that's what's requested.  */

          /* FDIS sez: At the point of definition of a virtual destructor
               (including an implicit definition), non-placement operator
               delete shall be looked up in the scope of the destructor's
               class and if found shall be accessible and unambiguous.

             This is somewhat unclear, but I take it to mean that if the
             class only defines placement deletes we don't do anything here.
             So we pass LOOKUP_SPECULATIVELY; delete_sanity will complain
             for us if they ever try to delete one of these.  */

          if (TYPE_GETS_REG_DELETE (current_class_type)
              || TYPE_USES_VIRTUAL_BASECLASSES (current_class_type))
            exprstmt = build_op_delete_call
              (DELETE_EXPR, current_class_ptr, virtual_size,
               LOOKUP_NORMAL | LOOKUP_SPECULATIVELY, NULL_TREE);
          else
            exprstmt = NULL_TREE;

          if (exprstmt)
            {
              cond = build (BIT_AND_EXPR, integer_type_node,
                            in_charge_node, integer_one_node);
              expand_start_cond (cond, 0);
              expand_expr_stmt (exprstmt);
              expand_end_cond ();
            }

          /* End of destructor.  */
          expand_end_bindings (NULL_TREE, getdecls () != NULL_TREE, 0);
          poplevel (getdecls () != NULL_TREE, 0, 0);

          /* Back to the top of destructor.  */
          /* Don't execute destructor code if `this' is NULL.  */

          start_sequence ();

          /* If the dtor is empty, and we know there is not possible way we
             could use any vtable entries, before they are possibly set by
             a base class dtor, we don't have to setup the vtables, as we
             know that any base class dtoring will set up any vtables it
             needs.  We avoid MI, because one base class dtor can do a
             virtual dispatch to an overridden function that would need to
             have a non-related vtable set up, we cannot avoid setting up
             vtables in that case.  We could change this to see if there is
             just one vtable.  */
          if (! empty_dtor || TYPE_USES_COMPLEX_INHERITANCE (current_class_type))
            {
              /* Make all virtual function table pointers in non-virtual base
                 classes point to CURRENT_CLASS_TYPE's virtual function
                 tables.  */
              expand_direct_vtbls_init (binfo, binfo, 1, 0, current_class_ptr);

              if (TYPE_USES_VIRTUAL_BASECLASSES (current_class_type))
                expand_indirect_vtbls_init (binfo, current_class_ref, current_class_ptr);
            }
          
          if (! ok_to_optimize_dtor)
            {
              cond = build_binary_op (NE_EXPR,
                                      current_class_ptr, integer_zero_node);
              expand_start_cond (cond, 0);
            }

          insns = get_insns ();
          end_sequence ();

          fn_last_parm_insn = get_first_nonparm_insn ();
          if (fn_last_parm_insn == NULL_RTX)
            fn_last_parm_insn = get_last_insn ();
          else
            fn_last_parm_insn = previous_insn (fn_last_parm_insn);

          emit_insns_after (insns, fn_last_parm_insn);

          if (! ok_to_optimize_dtor)
            expand_end_cond ();
        }
      else if (current_function_assigns_this)
        {
          /* Does not need to call emit_base_init, because
             that is done (if needed) just after assignment to this
             is seen.  */

          if (DECL_CONSTRUCTOR_P (current_function_decl))
            {
              end_protect_partials ();
              expand_label (ctor_label);
              ctor_label = NULL_TREE;

              if (call_poplevel)
                {
                  decls = getdecls ();
                  expand_end_bindings (decls, decls != NULL_TREE, 0);
                  poplevel (decls != NULL_TREE, 0, 0);
                }
              /* c_expand_return knows to return 'this' from a constructor.  */
              c_expand_return (NULL_TREE);
            }
          else if (TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (DECL_RESULT (current_function_decl))) != VOID_TYPE
                   && return_label != NULL_RTX)
            no_return_label = build_decl (LABEL_DECL, NULL_TREE, NULL_TREE);

          current_function_assigns_this = 0;
          current_function_just_assigned_this = 0;
          base_init_expr = NULL_TREE;
        }
      else if (DECL_CONSTRUCTOR_P (fndecl))
        {
          tree cond = NULL_TREE, thenclause = NULL_TREE;
          /* Allow constructor for a type to get a new instance of the object
             using `build_new'.  */
          tree abstract_virtuals = CLASSTYPE_ABSTRACT_VIRTUALS (current_class_type);
          CLASSTYPE_ABSTRACT_VIRTUALS (current_class_type) = NULL_TREE;

          if (flag_this_is_variable > 0)
            {
              cond = build_binary_op (EQ_EXPR,
                                      current_class_ptr, integer_zero_node);
              thenclause = build_modify_expr (current_class_ptr, NOP_EXPR,
                                              build_new (NULL_TREE, current_class_type, void_type_node, 0));
            }

          CLASSTYPE_ABSTRACT_VIRTUALS (current_class_type) = abstract_virtuals;

          start_sequence ();

          if (flag_this_is_variable > 0)
            {
              expand_start_cond (cond, 0);
              expand_expr_stmt (thenclause);
              expand_end_cond ();
            }

          /* Emit insns from `emit_base_init' which sets up virtual
             function table pointer(s).  */
          if (base_init_expr)
            {
              expand_expr_stmt (base_init_expr);
              base_init_expr = NULL_TREE;
            }

          insns = get_insns ();
          end_sequence ();

          /* This is where the body of the constructor begins.  */

          emit_insns_after (insns, last_parm_cleanup_insn);

          end_protect_partials ();

          /* This is where the body of the constructor ends.  */
          expand_label (ctor_label);
          ctor_label = NULL_TREE;

          if (call_poplevel)
            {
              decls = getdecls ();
              expand_end_bindings (decls, decls != NULL_TREE, 0);
              poplevel (decls != NULL_TREE, 1, 0);
            }

          /* c_expand_return knows to return 'this' from a constructor.  */
          c_expand_return (NULL_TREE);

          current_function_assigns_this = 0;
          current_function_just_assigned_this = 0;
        }
      else if (DECL_MAIN_P (fndecl))
        {
          /* Make it so that `main' always returns 0 by default.  */
#ifdef VMS
          c_expand_return (integer_one_node);
#else
          c_expand_return (integer_zero_node);
#endif
        }
      else if (return_label != NULL_RTX
               && current_function_return_value == NULL_TREE
               && ! DECL_NAME (DECL_RESULT (current_function_decl)))
        no_return_label = build_decl (LABEL_DECL, NULL_TREE, NULL_TREE);

      if (flag_exceptions)
        expand_exception_blocks ();

      /* If this function is supposed to return a value, ensure that
         we do not fall into the cleanups by mistake.  The end of our
         function will look like this:
         
         user code (may have return stmt somewhere)
         goto no_return_label
         cleanup_label:
         cleanups
         goto return_label
         no_return_label:
         NOTE_INSN_FUNCTION_END
         return_label:
         things for return
         
         If the user omits a return stmt in the USER CODE section, we
         will have a control path which reaches NOTE_INSN_FUNCTION_END.
         Otherwise, we won't.  */
      if (no_return_label)
        {
          DECL_CONTEXT (no_return_label) = fndecl;
          DECL_INITIAL (no_return_label) = error_mark_node;
          DECL_SOURCE_FILE (no_return_label) = input_filename;
          DECL_SOURCE_LINE (no_return_label) = lineno;
          expand_goto (no_return_label);
        }

      if (cleanup_label)
        {
          /* Remove the binding contour which is used
             to catch cleanup-generated temporaries.  */
          expand_end_bindings (0, 0, 0);
          poplevel (0, 0, 0);

          /* Emit label at beginning of cleanup code for parameters.  */
          emit_label (cleanup_label);
        }

      /* Get return value into register if that's where it's supposed
         to be.  */
      if (original_result_rtx)
        fixup_result_decl (DECL_RESULT (fndecl), original_result_rtx);

      /* Finish building code that will trigger warnings if users forget
         to make their functions return values.  */
      if (no_return_label || cleanup_label)
        emit_jump (return_label);
      if (no_return_label)
        {
          /* We don't need to call `expand_*_return' here because we
             don't need any cleanups here--this path of code is only
             for error checking purposes.  */
          expand_label (no_return_label);
        }

      /* We hard-wired immediate_size_expand to zero in
         start_function.  Expand_function_end will decrement this
         variable.  So, we set the variable to one here, so that after
         the decrement it will remain zero.  */
      immediate_size_expand = 1;

      /* Generate rtl for function exit.  */
      expand_function_end (input_filename, lineno, 1);
    }

  /* We have to save this value here in case
     maybe_end_member_template_processing decides to pop all the
     template parameters.  */
  expand_p = !building_stmt_tree ();
  
  /* If we're saving up tree structure, tie off the function now.  */
  if (!expand_p)
    finish_stmt_tree (fndecl);

  /* This must come after expand_function_end because cleanups might
     have declarations (from inline functions) that need to go into
     this function's blocks.  */
  if (current_binding_level->parm_flag != 1)
    my_friendly_abort (122);
  poplevel (1, 0, 1);

  /* Remember that we were in class scope.  */
  if (current_class_name)
    ctype = current_class_type;

  /* Must mark the RESULT_DECL as being in this function.  */
  DECL_CONTEXT (DECL_RESULT (fndecl)) = fndecl;

  /* Set the BLOCK_SUPERCONTEXT of the outermost function scope to point
     to the FUNCTION_DECL node itself.  */
  BLOCK_SUPERCONTEXT (DECL_INITIAL (fndecl)) = fndecl;

  /* Undo the call to push_momentary in start_function.  */
  pop_momentary ();

  if (expand_p)
    {
      int returns_null;
      int returns_value;
      int saved_flag_keep_inline_functions =
        flag_keep_inline_functions;

      /* So we can tell if jump_optimize sets it to 1.  */
      can_reach_end = 0;

      if (DECL_CONTEXT (fndecl) != NULL_TREE
          && hack_decl_function_context (fndecl))
        /* Trick rest_of_compilation into not deferring output of this
           function, even if it is inline, since the rtl_obstack for
           this function is the function_obstack of the enclosing
           function and will be deallocated when the enclosing
           function is gone.  See save_tree_status.  */
        flag_keep_inline_functions = 1;

      /* Before we call rest_of_compilation (which will pop the
         CURRENT_FUNCTION), we must save these values.  */
      returns_null = current_function_returns_null;
      returns_value = current_function_returns_value;

      /* If this is a nested function (like a template instantiation
         that we're compiling in the midst of compiling something
         else), push a new GC context.  That will keep local variables
         on the stack from being collected while we're doing the
         compilation of this function.  */
      if (function_depth > 1)
        ggc_push_context ();

      /* Run the optimizers and output the assembler code for this
         function.  */
      if (DECL_ARTIFICIAL (fndecl))
        {
          /* Do we really *want* to inline this synthesized method?  */

          int save_fif = flag_inline_functions;
          flag_inline_functions = 1;

          /* Turn off DECL_INLINE for the moment so function_cannot_inline_p
             will check our size.  */
          DECL_INLINE (fndecl) = 0;

          rest_of_compilation (fndecl);
          flag_inline_functions = save_fif;
        }
      else
        rest_of_compilation (fndecl);

      /* Undo the call to ggc_push_context above.  */
      if (function_depth > 1)
        ggc_pop_context ();

      flag_keep_inline_functions = saved_flag_keep_inline_functions;

      if (DECL_SAVED_INSNS (fndecl) && ! TREE_ASM_WRITTEN (fndecl))
        {
          /* Set DECL_EXTERNAL so that assemble_external will be called as
             necessary.  We'll clear it again in finish_file.  */
          if (! DECL_EXTERNAL (fndecl))
            DECL_NOT_REALLY_EXTERN (fndecl) = 1;
          DECL_EXTERNAL (fndecl) = 1;
          mark_inline_for_output (fndecl);
        }

      if (ctype && TREE_ASM_WRITTEN (fndecl))
        note_debug_info_needed (ctype);

      returns_null |= can_reach_end;

      /* Since we don't normally go through c_expand_return for constructors,
         this normally gets the wrong value.
         Also, named return values have their return codes emitted after
         NOTE_INSN_FUNCTION_END, confusing jump.c.  */
      if (DECL_CONSTRUCTOR_P (fndecl)
          || DECL_NAME (DECL_RESULT (fndecl)) != NULL_TREE)
        returns_null = 0;

      if (TREE_THIS_VOLATILE (fndecl) && returns_null)
        cp_warning ("`noreturn' function `%D' does return", fndecl);
      else if ((warn_return_type || pedantic)
               && returns_null
               && TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (fntype)) != VOID_TYPE)
        {
          /* If this function returns non-void and control can drop through,
             complain.  */
          cp_warning ("control reaches end of non-void function `%D'", fndecl);
        }
      /* With just -W, complain only if function returns both with
         and without a value.  */
      else if (extra_warnings && returns_value && returns_null)
        warning ("this function may return with or without a value");
    }
  else
    {
      /* Since we never call rest_of_compilation, we never clear
         CURRENT_FUNCTION.  Do so explicitly.  */
      free_after_compilation (current_function);
      current_function = NULL;
    }

  /* If this is a in-class inline definition, we may have to pop the
     bindings for the template parameters that we added in
     maybe_begin_member_template_processing when start_function was
     called.  */
  if (inclass_inline)
    maybe_end_member_template_processing ();

  /* Leave the scope of the class.  */
  if (ctype)
    pop_nested_class ();

  --function_depth;

  /* Free all the tree nodes making up this function.  */
  /* Switch back to allocating nodes permanently
     until we start another function.  */
  if (! nested)
    permanent_allocation (1);

  if (DECL_SAVED_INSNS (fndecl) == 0)
    {
      tree t;

      /* Stop pointing to the local nodes about to be freed.  */
      /* But DECL_INITIAL must remain nonzero so we know this
         was an actual function definition.  */
      DECL_INITIAL (fndecl) = error_mark_node;
      for (t = DECL_ARGUMENTS (fndecl); t; t = TREE_CHAIN (t))
        DECL_RTL (t) = DECL_INCOMING_RTL (t) = NULL_RTX;
    }

  if (DECL_STATIC_CONSTRUCTOR (fndecl))
    static_ctors = tree_cons (NULL_TREE, fndecl, static_ctors);
  if (DECL_STATIC_DESTRUCTOR (fndecl))
    static_dtors = tree_cons (NULL_TREE, fndecl, static_dtors);

  /* Clean up.  */
  if (! nested)
    {
      /* Let the error reporting routines know that we're outside a
         function.  For a nested function, this value is used in
         pop_cp_function_context and then reset via pop_function_context.  */
      current_function_decl = NULL_TREE;
    }

  return fndecl;
}
\f
/* Create the FUNCTION_DECL for a function definition.
   DECLSPECS and DECLARATOR are the parts of the declaration;
   they describe the return type and the name of the function,
   but twisted together in a fashion that parallels the syntax of C.

   This function creates a binding context for the function body
   as well as setting up the FUNCTION_DECL in current_function_decl.

   Returns a FUNCTION_DECL on success.

   If the DECLARATOR is not suitable for a function (it defines a datum
   instead), we return 0, which tells yyparse to report a parse error.

   May return void_type_node indicating that this method is actually
   a friend.  See grokfield for more details.

   Came here with a `.pushlevel' .

   DO NOT MAKE ANY CHANGES TO THIS CODE WITHOUT MAKING CORRESPONDING
   CHANGES TO CODE IN `grokfield'.  */

tree
start_method (declspecs, declarator, attrlist)
     tree declarator, declspecs, attrlist;
{
  tree fndecl = grokdeclarator (declarator, declspecs, MEMFUNCDEF, 0,
                                attrlist);

  /* Something too ugly to handle.  */
  if (fndecl == NULL_TREE)
    return NULL_TREE;

  /* Pass friends other than inline friend functions back.  */
  if (fndecl == void_type_node)
    return fndecl;

  if (TREE_CODE (fndecl) != FUNCTION_DECL)
    /* Not a function, tell parser to report parse error.  */
    return NULL_TREE;

  if (DECL_IN_AGGR_P (fndecl))
    {
      if (IDENTIFIER_ERROR_LOCUS (DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME (fndecl)) != current_class_type)
        {
          if (DECL_CONTEXT (fndecl) 
              && TREE_CODE( DECL_CONTEXT (fndecl)) != NAMESPACE_DECL)
            cp_error ("`%D' is already defined in class %s", fndecl,
                             TYPE_NAME_STRING (DECL_CONTEXT (fndecl)));
        }
      return void_type_node;
    }

  check_template_shadow (fndecl);

  DECL_THIS_INLINE (fndecl) = 1;

  if (flag_default_inline)
    DECL_INLINE (fndecl) = 1;

  /* We process method specializations in finish_struct_1.  */
  if (processing_template_decl && !DECL_TEMPLATE_SPECIALIZATION (fndecl))
    fndecl = push_template_decl (fndecl);

  /* We read in the parameters on the maybepermanent_obstack,
     but we won't be getting back to them until after we
     may have clobbered them.  So the call to preserve_data
     will keep them safe.  */
  preserve_data ();

  if (! DECL_FRIEND_P (fndecl))
    {
      if (TREE_CHAIN (fndecl))
        {
          fndecl = copy_node (fndecl);
          TREE_CHAIN (fndecl) = NULL_TREE;
        }

      if (DECL_CONSTRUCTOR_P (fndecl))
        {
          if (! grok_ctor_properties (current_class_type, fndecl))
            return void_type_node;
        }
      else if (IDENTIFIER_OPNAME_P (DECL_NAME (fndecl)))
        grok_op_properties (fndecl, DECL_VIRTUAL_P (fndecl), 0);
    }

  cp_finish_decl (fndecl, NULL_TREE, NULL_TREE, 0, 0);

  /* Make a place for the parms */
  pushlevel (0);
  current_binding_level->parm_flag = 1;
  
  DECL_IN_AGGR_P (fndecl) = 1;
  return fndecl;
}

/* Go through the motions of finishing a function definition.
   We don't compile this method until after the whole class has
   been processed.

   FINISH_METHOD must return something that looks as though it
   came from GROKFIELD (since we are defining a method, after all).

   This is called after parsing the body of the function definition.
   STMTS is the chain of statements that makes up the function body.

   DECL is the ..._DECL that `start_method' provided.  */

tree
finish_method (decl)
     tree decl;
{
  register tree fndecl = decl;
  tree old_initial;

  register tree link;

  if (decl == void_type_node)
    return decl;

  old_initial = DECL_INITIAL (fndecl);

  /* Undo the level for the parms (from start_method).
     This is like poplevel, but it causes nothing to be
     saved.  Saving information here confuses symbol-table
     output routines.  Besides, this information will
     be correctly output when this method is actually
     compiled.  */

  /* Clear out the meanings of the local variables of this level;
     also record in each decl which block it belongs to.  */

  for (link = current_binding_level->names; link; link = TREE_CHAIN (link))
    {
      if (DECL_NAME (link) != NULL_TREE)
        pop_binding (DECL_NAME (link), link);
      my_friendly_assert (TREE_CODE (link) != FUNCTION_DECL, 163);
      DECL_CONTEXT (link) = NULL_TREE;
    }

  GNU_xref_end_scope ((HOST_WIDE_INT) current_binding_level,
                      (HOST_WIDE_INT) current_binding_level->level_chain,
                      current_binding_level->parm_flag,
                      current_binding_level->keep);

  poplevel (0, 0, 0);

  DECL_INITIAL (fndecl) = old_initial;

  /* We used to check if the context of FNDECL was different from
     current_class_type as another way to get inside here.  This didn't work
     for String.cc in libg++.  */
  if (DECL_FRIEND_P (fndecl))
    {
      CLASSTYPE_INLINE_FRIENDS (current_class_type)
        = tree_cons (NULL_TREE, fndecl, CLASSTYPE_INLINE_FRIENDS (current_class_type));
      decl = void_type_node;
    }

  return decl;
}
\f
/* Called when a new struct TYPE is defined.
   If this structure or union completes the type of any previous
   variable declaration, lay it out and output its rtl.  */

void
hack_incomplete_structures (type)
     tree type;
{
  tree *list;

  if (current_binding_level->incomplete == NULL_TREE)
    return;

  if (!type) /* Don't do this for class templates.  */
    return;

  for (list = &current_binding_level->incomplete; *list; )
    {
      tree decl = TREE_VALUE (*list);
      if ((decl && TREE_TYPE (decl) == type)
          || (TREE_TYPE (decl)
              && TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (decl)) == ARRAY_TYPE
              && TREE_TYPE (TREE_TYPE (decl)) == type))
        {
          int toplevel = toplevel_bindings_p ();
          if (TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (decl)) == ARRAY_TYPE
              && TREE_TYPE (TREE_TYPE (decl)) == type)
            layout_type (TREE_TYPE (decl));
          layout_decl (decl, 0);
          rest_of_decl_compilation (decl, NULL_PTR, toplevel, 0);
          if (! toplevel)
            {
              tree cleanup;
              expand_decl (decl);
              cleanup = maybe_build_cleanup (decl);
              expand_decl_init (decl);
              if (! expand_decl_cleanup (decl, cleanup))
                cp_error ("parser lost in parsing declaration of `%D'",
                          decl);
            }
          *list = TREE_CHAIN (*list);
        }
      else
        list = &TREE_CHAIN (*list);
    }
}

/* If DECL is of a type which needs a cleanup, build that cleanup here.
   See build_delete for information about AUTO_DELETE.

   Don't build these on the momentary obstack; they must live
   the life of the binding contour.  */

static tree
maybe_build_cleanup_1 (decl, auto_delete)
     tree decl, auto_delete;
{
  tree type = TREE_TYPE (decl);
  if (type != error_mark_node && TYPE_NEEDS_DESTRUCTOR (type))
    {
      int temp = 0, flags = LOOKUP_NORMAL|LOOKUP_DESTRUCTOR;
      tree rval;

      if (TREE_CODE (decl) != PARM_DECL)
        temp = suspend_momentary ();

      if (TREE_CODE (type) == ARRAY_TYPE)
        rval = decl;
      else
        {
          mark_addressable (decl);
          rval = build_unary_op (ADDR_EXPR, decl, 0);
        }

      /* Optimize for space over speed here.  */
      if (! TYPE_USES_VIRTUAL_BASECLASSES (type)
          || flag_expensive_optimizations)
        flags |= LOOKUP_NONVIRTUAL;

      rval = build_delete (TREE_TYPE (rval), rval, auto_delete, flags, 0);

      if (TYPE_USES_VIRTUAL_BASECLASSES (type)
          && ! TYPE_HAS_DESTRUCTOR (type))
        rval = build_compound_expr (tree_cons (NULL_TREE, rval,
                                               build_expr_list (NULL_TREE, build_vbase_delete (type, decl))));

      if (TREE_CODE (decl) != PARM_DECL)
        resume_momentary (temp);

      return rval;
    }
  return 0;
}

/* If DECL is of a type which needs a cleanup, build that cleanup
   here.  The cleanup does free the storage with a call to delete.  */

tree
maybe_build_cleanup_and_delete (decl)
     tree decl;
{
  return maybe_build_cleanup_1 (decl, integer_three_node);
}

/* If DECL is of a type which needs a cleanup, build that cleanup
   here.  The cleanup does not free the storage with a call a delete.  */

tree
maybe_build_cleanup (decl)
     tree decl;
{
  return maybe_build_cleanup_1 (decl, integer_two_node);
}
\f
/* Expand a C++ expression at the statement level.
   This is needed to ferret out nodes which have UNKNOWN_TYPE.
   The C++ type checker should get all of these out when
   expressions are combined with other, type-providing, expressions,
   leaving only orphan expressions, such as:

   &class::bar;         / / takes its address, but does nothing with it.  */

void
cplus_expand_expr_stmt (exp)
     tree exp;
{
  if (stmts_are_full_exprs_p)
    exp = convert_to_void (exp, "statement");
  
#if 0
  /* We should do this eventually, but right now this causes regex.o from
     libg++ to miscompile, and tString to core dump.  */
  exp = build1 (CLEANUP_POINT_EXPR, TREE_TYPE (exp), exp);
#endif

  /* If we don't do this, we end up down inside expand_expr
     trying to do TYPE_MODE on the ERROR_MARK, and really
     go outside the bounds of the type.  */
  if (exp != error_mark_node)
    expand_expr_stmt (break_out_cleanups (exp));
}

/* When a stmt has been parsed, this function is called.  */

void
finish_stmt ()
{
  if (!current_function_assigns_this
      && current_function_just_assigned_this)
    {
      if (DECL_CONSTRUCTOR_P (current_function_decl))
        {
          /* Constructors must wait until we are out of control
             zones before calling base constructors.  */
          if (in_control_zone_p ())
            return;
          expand_expr_stmt (base_init_expr);
          check_base_init (current_class_type);
        }
      current_function_assigns_this = 1;
    }

  /* Always assume this statement was not an expression statement.  If
     it actually was an expression statement, its our callers
     responsibility to fix this up.  */
  last_expr_type = NULL_TREE;
}

/* Change a static member function definition into a FUNCTION_TYPE, instead
   of the METHOD_TYPE that we create when it's originally parsed.

   WARNING: DO NOT pass &TREE_TYPE (decl) to FN or &TYPE_ARG_TYPES
   (TREE_TYPE (decl)) to ARGTYPES, as doing so will corrupt the types of
   other decls.  Either pass the addresses of local variables or NULL.  */

void
revert_static_member_fn (decl, fn, argtypes)
     tree *decl, *fn, *argtypes;
{
  tree tmp;
  tree function = fn ? *fn : TREE_TYPE (*decl);
  tree args = argtypes ? *argtypes : TYPE_ARG_TYPES (function);

  if (CP_TYPE_QUALS (TREE_TYPE (TREE_VALUE (args))) 
      != TYPE_UNQUALIFIED)
    cp_error ("static member function `%#D' declared with type qualifiers", 
              *decl);

  args = TREE_CHAIN (args);
  tmp = build_function_type (TREE_TYPE (function), args);
  tmp = build_qualified_type (tmp, CP_TYPE_QUALS (function));
  tmp = build_exception_variant (tmp,
                                 TYPE_RAISES_EXCEPTIONS (function));
  TREE_TYPE (*decl) = tmp;
  if (DECL_ARGUMENTS (*decl))
    DECL_ARGUMENTS (*decl) = TREE_CHAIN (DECL_ARGUMENTS (*decl));
  DECL_STATIC_FUNCTION_P (*decl) = 1;
  if (fn)
    *fn = tmp;
  if (argtypes)
    *argtypes = args;
}

/* Initialize the variables used during compilation of a C++ 
   function.  */ 

static void
push_cp_function_context (f)
     struct function *f;
{
  struct language_function *p 
    = ((struct language_function *) 
       xcalloc (1, sizeof (struct language_function)));
  f->language = p;

  /* For now, we always assume we're expanding all the way to RTL
     unless we're explicitly doing otherwise.  */
  expanding_p = 1;

  /* Whenever we start a new function, we destroy temporaries in the
     usual way.  */
  stmts_are_full_exprs_p = 1;
}

/* Free the language-specific parts of F, now that we've finished
   compiling the function.  */

static void
pop_cp_function_context (f)
     struct function *f;
{
  free (f->language);
  f->language = 0;
}

void
mark_cp_function_context (f)
     struct function *f;
{
  struct language_function *p = f->language;

  if (!p)
    return;

  ggc_mark_tree (p->x_named_labels);
  ggc_mark_tree (p->x_ctor_label);
  ggc_mark_tree (p->x_dtor_label);
  ggc_mark_tree (p->x_base_init_list);
  ggc_mark_tree (p->x_member_init_list);
  ggc_mark_tree (p->x_base_init_expr);
  ggc_mark_tree (p->x_current_class_ptr);
  ggc_mark_tree (p->x_current_class_ref);
  ggc_mark_tree (p->x_last_tree);
  ggc_mark_tree (p->x_last_expr_type);

  ggc_mark_rtx (p->x_last_dtor_insn);
  ggc_mark_rtx (p->x_last_parm_cleanup_insn);
  ggc_mark_rtx (p->x_result_rtx);

  mark_binding_level (&p->bindings);
}


int
in_function_p ()
{
  return function_depth != 0;
}


void
lang_mark_false_label_stack (l)
     struct label_node *l;
{
  /* C++ doesn't use false_label_stack.  It better be NULL.  */
  my_friendly_assert (l == NULL, 19990904);
}

void
lang_mark_tree (t)
     tree t;
{
  enum tree_code code = TREE_CODE (t);
  if (code == IDENTIFIER_NODE)
    {
      struct lang_identifier *li = (struct lang_identifier *) t;
      struct lang_id2 *li2 = li->x;
      ggc_mark_tree (li->namespace_bindings);
      ggc_mark_tree (li->bindings);
      ggc_mark_tree (li->class_value);
      ggc_mark_tree (li->class_template_info);

      if (li2)
        {
          ggc_mark_tree (li2->label_value);
          ggc_mark_tree (li2->implicit_decl);
          ggc_mark_tree (li2->error_locus);
        }
    }
  else if (code == CPLUS_BINDING)
    {
      if (BINDING_HAS_LEVEL_P (t))
        mark_binding_level (&BINDING_LEVEL (t));
      else
        ggc_mark_tree (BINDING_SCOPE (t));
      ggc_mark_tree (BINDING_VALUE (t));
    }
  else if (code == OVERLOAD)
    ggc_mark_tree (OVL_FUNCTION (t));
  else if (code == TEMPLATE_PARM_INDEX)
    ggc_mark_tree (TEMPLATE_PARM_DECL (t));
  else if (TREE_CODE_CLASS (code) == 'd')
    {
      struct lang_decl *ld = DECL_LANG_SPECIFIC (t);

      if (ld)
        {
          ggc_mark (ld);
          ggc_mark_tree (ld->decl_flags.access);
          ggc_mark_tree (ld->decl_flags.context);
          if (TREE_CODE (t) != NAMESPACE_DECL)
            ggc_mark_tree (ld->decl_flags.u.template_info);
          if (CAN_HAVE_FULL_LANG_DECL_P (t))
            {
              ggc_mark_tree (ld->main_decl_variant);
              ggc_mark_tree (ld->befriending_classes);
              ggc_mark_tree (ld->saved_tree);
              if (TREE_CODE (t) == TYPE_DECL)
                ggc_mark_tree (ld->u.sorted_fields);
            }
        }
    }
  else if (TREE_CODE_CLASS (code) == 't')
    {
      struct lang_type *lt = TYPE_LANG_SPECIFIC (t);

      if (lt && !(TREE_CODE (t) == POINTER_TYPE 
                  && TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (t)) == METHOD_TYPE))
        {
          ggc_mark (lt);
          ggc_mark_tree (lt->vfields);
          ggc_mark_tree (lt->vbases);
          ggc_mark_tree (lt->tags);
          ggc_mark_tree (lt->search_slot);
          ggc_mark_tree (lt->size);
          ggc_mark_tree (lt->abstract_virtuals);
          ggc_mark_tree (lt->friend_classes);
          ggc_mark_tree (lt->rtti);
          ggc_mark_tree (lt->methods);
          ggc_mark_tree (lt->template_info);
          ggc_mark_tree (lt->befriending_classes);
        }
      else if (lt)
        /* In the case of pointer-to-member function types, the
           TYPE_LANG_SPECIFIC is really just a tree.  */
        ggc_mark_tree ((tree) lt);
    }
}