3 libffi-2.00 has not been released yet! This is a development snapshot!
5 libffi-1.20 was released on [SOME FUTURE DAY]. Check the libffi web
6 page for updates: <URL:http://sourceware.cygnus.com/libffi/>.
12 Compilers for high level languages generate code that follow certain
13 conventions. These conventions are necessary, in part, for separate
14 compilation to work. One such convention is the "calling
15 convention". The "calling convention" is essentially a set of
16 assumptions made by the compiler about where function arguments will
17 be found on entry to a function. A "calling convention" also specifies
18 where the return value for a function is found.
20 Some programs may not know at the time of compilation what arguments
21 are to be passed to a function. For instance, an interpreter may be
22 told at run-time about the number and types of arguments used to call
23 a given function. Libffi can be used in such programs to provide a
24 bridge from the interpreter program to compiled code.
26 The libffi library provides a portable, high level programming
27 interface to various calling conventions. This allows a programmer to
28 call any function specified by a call interface description at run
31 Ffi stands for Foreign Function Interface. A foreign function
32 interface is the popular name for the interface that allows code
33 written in one language to call code written in another language. The
34 libffi library really only provides the lowest, machine dependent
35 layer of a fully featured foreign function interface. A layer must
36 exist above libffi that handles type conversions for values passed
37 between the two languages.
40 Supported Platforms and Prerequisites
41 =====================================
43 Libffi has been ported to:
45 SunOS 4.1.3 & Solaris 2.x (Sparc v8)
47 Irix 5.3 & 6.2 (System V/o32 & n32)
49 Intel x86 - Linux (System V ABI)
51 Alpha - Linux and OSF/1
53 m68k - Linux (System V ABI)
55 PowerPC - Linux (System V ABI)
57 ARM - Linux (System V ABI)
59 Libffi has been tested with the egcs 1.0.2 gcc compiler. Chances are
60 that other versions will work. Libffi has also been built and tested
61 with the SGI compiler tools.
63 On PowerPC, the tests failed (see the note below).
65 You must use GNU make to build libffi. SGI's make will not work.
66 Sun's probably won't either.
68 If you port libffi to another platform, please let me know! I assume
69 that some will be easy (x86 NetBSD), and others will be more difficult
76 [Note: before actually performing any of these installation steps,
77 you may wish to read the "Platform Specific Notes" below.]
79 First you must configure the distribution for your particular
80 system. Go to the directory you wish to build libffi in and run the
81 "configure" program found in the root directory of the libffi source
84 You may want to tell configure where to install the libffi library and
85 header files. To do that, use the --prefix configure switch. Libffi
86 will install under /usr/local by default.
88 If you want to enable extra run-time debugging checks use the the
89 --enable-debug configure switch. This is useful when your program dies
90 mysteriously while using libffi.
92 Another useful configure switch is --enable-purify-safety. Using this
93 will add some extra code which will suppress certain warnings when you
94 are using Purify with libffi. Only use this switch when using
95 Purify, as it will slow down the library.
97 Configure has many other options. Use "configure --help" to see them all.
99 Once configure has finished, type "make". Note that you must be using
100 GNU make. SGI's make will not work. Sun's probably won't either.
101 You can ftp GNU make from prep.ai.mit.edu:/pub/gnu.
103 To ensure that libffi is working as advertised, type "make test".
105 To install the library and header files, type "make install".
114 Libffi assumes that you have a pointer to the function you wish to
115 call and that you know the number and types of arguments to pass it,
116 as well as the return type of the function.
118 The first thing you must do is create an ffi_cif object that matches
119 the signature of the function you wish to call. The cif in ffi_cif
120 stands for Call InterFace. To prepare a call interface object, use the
123 ffi_status ffi_prep_cif(ffi_cif *cif, ffi_abi abi,
125 ffi_type *rtype, ffi_type **atypes);
127 CIF is a pointer to the call interface object you wish
130 ABI is an enum that specifies the calling convention
131 to use for the call. FFI_DEFAULT_ABI defaults
132 to the system's native calling convention. Other
133 ABI's may be used with care. They are system
136 NARGS is the number of arguments this function accepts.
137 libffi does not yet support vararg functions.
139 RTYPE is a pointer to an ffi_type structure that represents
140 the return type of the function. Ffi_type objects
141 describe the types of values. libffi provides
142 ffi_type objects for many of the native C types:
143 signed int, unsigned int, signed char, unsigned char,
144 etc. There is also a pointer ffi_type object and
145 a void ffi_type. Use &ffi_type_void for functions that
148 ATYPES is a vector of ffi_type pointers. ARGS must be NARGS long.
149 If NARGS is 0, this is ignored.
152 ffi_prep_cif will return a status code that you are responsible
153 for checking. It will be one of the following:
155 FFI_OK - All is good.
157 FFI_BAD_TYPEDEF - One of the ffi_type objects that ffi_prep_cif
161 Before making the call, the VALUES vector should be initialized
162 with pointers to the appropriate argument values.
164 To call the the function using the initialized ffi_cif, use the
167 void ffi_call(ffi_cif *cif, void *fn, void *rvalue, void **avalues);
169 CIF is a pointer to the ffi_cif initialized specifically
172 FN is a pointer to the function you want to call.
174 RVALUE is a pointer to a chunk of memory that is to hold the
175 result of the function call. Currently, it must be
176 at least one word in size (except for the n32 version
177 under Irix 6.x, which must be a pointer to an 8 byte
178 aligned value (a long long). It must also be at least
179 word aligned (depending on the return type, and the
180 system's alignment requirements). If RTYPE is
181 &ffi_type_void, this is ignored. If RVALUE is NULL,
182 the return value is discarded.
184 AVALUES is a vector of void* that point to the memory locations
185 holding the argument values for a call.
186 If NARGS is 0, this is ignored.
189 If you are expecting a return value from FN it will have been stored
197 Here is a trivial example that calls puts() a few times.
210 /* Initialize the argument info vectors */
211 args[0] = &ffi_type_uint;
214 /* Initialize the cif */
215 if (ffi_prep_cif(&cif, FFI_DEFAULT_ABI, 1,
216 &ffi_type_uint, args) == FFI_OK)
219 ffi_call(&cif, puts, &rc, values);
220 /* rc now holds the result of the call to puts */
222 /* values holds a pointer to the function's arg, so to
223 call puts() again all we need to do is change the
226 ffi_call(&cif, puts, &rc, values);
237 Although libffi has no special support for unions or bit-fields, it is
238 perfectly happy passing structures back and forth. You must first
239 describe the structure to libffi by creating a new ffi_type object
240 for it. Here is the definition of ffi_type:
242 typedef struct _ffi_type
247 struct _ffi_type **elements;
250 All structures must have type set to FFI_TYPE_STRUCT. You may set
251 size and alignment to 0. These will be calculated and reset to the
252 appropriate values by ffi_prep_cif().
254 elements is a NULL terminated array of pointers to ffi_type objects
255 that describe the type of the structure elements. These may, in turn,
256 be structure elements.
258 The following example initializes a ffi_type object representing the
259 tm struct from Linux's time.h:
271 /* Those are for future use. */
272 long int __tm_gmtoff__;
273 __const char *__tm_zone__;
278 ffi_type *tm_type_elements[12];
281 tm_type.size = tm_type.alignment = 0;
282 tm_type.elements = &tm_type_elements;
284 for (i = 0; i < 9; i++)
285 tm_type_elements[i] = &ffi_type_sint;
287 tm_type_elements[9] = &ffi_type_slong;
288 tm_type_elements[10] = &ffi_type_pointer;
289 tm_type_elements[11] = NULL;
291 /* tm_type can now be used to represent tm argument types and
292 return types for ffi_prep_cif() */
297 Platform Specific Notes
298 =======================
303 There are no known problems with the x86 port.
305 Sun Sparc - SunOS 4.1.3 & Solaris 2.x
306 -------------------------------------
308 There's a bug in the structure passing code for sparc processors.
309 Struct arguments that are passed in value actually end up being passed
310 by reference. This will be fixed Real Soon Now.
312 "long long" values are not supported yet.
314 You must use GNU Make to build libffi on Sun platforms.
316 MIPS - Irix 5.3 & 6.x
317 ---------------------
319 Irix 6.2 and better supports three different calling conventions: o32,
320 n32 and n64. Currently, libffi only supports both o32 and n32 under
321 Irix 6.x, but only o32 under Irix 5.3. Libffi will automatically be
322 configured for whichever calling convention it was built for.
324 By default, the configure script will try to build libffi with the GNU
325 development tools. To build libffi with the SGI development tools, set
326 the environment variable CC to either "cc -32" or "cc -n32" before
327 running configure under Irix 6.x (depending on whether you want an o32
328 or n32 library), or just "cc" for Irix 5.3.
330 With the n32 calling convention, when returning structures smaller
331 than 16 bytes, be sure to provide an RVALUE that is 8 byte aligned.
332 Here's one way of forcing this:
334 double struct_storage[2];
335 my_small_struct *s = (my_small_struct *) struct_storage;
336 /* Use s for RVALUE */
338 If you don't do this you are liable to get spurious bus errors.
340 "long long" values are not supported yet.
342 You must use GNU Make to build libffi on SGI platforms.
347 The ARM port was performed on a NetWinder running ARM Linux ELF
348 (2.0.31) and gcc 2.8.1.
355 There are two `System V ABI's which libffi implements for PowerPC.
356 They differ only in how small structures are returned from functions.
358 In the FFI_SYSV version, structures that are 8 bytes or smaller are
359 returned in registers. This is what GCC does when it is configured
360 for solaris, and is what the System V ABI I have (dated September
363 In the FFI_GCC_SYSV version, all structures are returned the same way:
364 by passing a pointer as the first argument to the function. This is
365 what GCC does when it is configured for linux or a generic sysv
368 EGCS 1.0.1 (and probably other versions of EGCS/GCC) also has a
369 inconsistency with the SysV ABI: When a procedure is called with many
370 floating-point arguments, some of them get put on the stack. They are
371 all supposed to be stored in double-precision format, even if they are
372 only single-precision, but EGCS stores single-precision arguments as
373 single-precision anyway. This causes one test to fail (the `many
377 What's With The Crazy Comments?
378 ===============================
380 You might notice a number of cryptic comments in the code, delimited
381 by /*@ and @*/. These are annotations read by the program LCLint, a
382 tool for statically checking C programs. You can read all about it at
383 <http://larch-www.lcs.mit.edu:8001/larch/lclint/index.html>.
390 Raffaele Sena produces ARM port.
393 Fixed x86 long double and long long return support.
394 m68k bug fixes from Andreas Schwab.
395 Patch for DU assembler compatibility for the Alpha from Richard
399 Bug fixes and MIPS configuration changes.
402 Bug fixes and m68k port from Andreas Schwab. PowerPC port from
403 Geoffrey Keating. Various bug x86, Sparc and MIPS bug fixes.
406 Richard Henderson produces Alpha port.
409 Fixed an n32 ABI bug. New libtool, auto* support.
412 libtool is now used to generate shared and static libraries.
413 Fixed a minor portability problem reported by Russ McManus
417 Added --enable-purify-safety to keep Purify from complaining
418 about certain low level code.
419 Sparc fix for calling functions with < 6 args.
423 Added missing ffi_type_void, needed for supporting void return
424 types. Fixed test case for non MIPS machines. Cygnus Support
425 is now Cygnus Solutions.
428 Added notes about GNU make.
431 Added configuration fix for non GNU compilers.
434 Added --enable-debug configure switch. Clean-ups based on LCLint
435 feedback. ffi_mips.h is always installed. Many configuration
436 fixes. Fixed ffitest.c for sparc builds.
439 Fixed n32 problem. Many clean-ups.
442 Gordon Irlam rewrites v8.S again. Bug fixes.
445 Gordon Irlam improved the sparc port.
448 Interface changes based on feedback.
451 Sparc port complete (modulo struct passing bug).
454 Passing struct args, and returning struct values works for
455 all architectures/calling conventions. Expanded tests.
458 Added SGI n32 support. Fixed bugs in both o32 and Linux support.
462 Fixed float passing bug in mips version. Restructured some
463 of the code. Builds cleanly with SGI tools.
466 First release. No public announcement.
472 libffi was written by Anthony Green <green@cygnus.com>.
474 Portions of libffi were derived from Gianni Mariani's free gencall
475 library for Silicon Graphics machines.
477 The closure mechanism was designed and implemented by Kresten Krab
480 The Sparc port was derived from code contributed by the fine folks at
481 Visible Decisions Inc <http://www.vdi.com>. Further enhancements were
482 made by Gordon Irlam at Cygnus Solutions <http://www.cygnus.com>.
484 The Alpha port was written by Richard Henderson at Cygnus Solutions.
486 Andreas Schwab ported libffi to m68k Linux and provided a number of
489 Geoffrey Keating ported libffi to the PowerPC.
491 Raffaele Sena ported libffi to the ARM.
493 Jesper Skov and Andrew Haley both did more than their fair share of
494 stepping through the code and tracking down bugs.
496 Thanks also to Tom Tromey for bug fixes and configuration help.
498 Thanks to Jim Blandy, who provided some useful feedback on the libffi
501 If you have a problem, or have found a bug, please send a note to