1 This file describes the implementation notes of the GNU C Compiler for
2 the National Semiconductor 32032 chip (and 32000 family).
4 The 32032 machine description and configuration file for this compiler
5 is, for NS32000 family machine, primarily machine independent.
6 However, since this release still depends on vendor-supplied
7 assemblers and linkers, the compiler must obey the existing
8 conventions of the actual machine to which this compiler is targeted.
9 In this case, the actual machine which this compiler was targeted to
10 is a Sequent Balance 8000, running DYNIX 2.1.
12 The assembler for DYNIX 2.1 (and DYNIX 3.0, alas) does not cope with
13 the full generality of the addressing mode REGISTER RELATIVE.
14 Specifically, it generates incorrect code for operands of the
19 Where `rn' is one of the general registers. Correct code is generated
20 for operands of the form
24 where `pn' is one of the special processor registers (sb, fp, or sp).
26 An equivalent operand can be generated by the form
30 although this addressing mode is about twice as slow on the 32032.
32 The more efficient addressing mode is controlled by defining the
33 constant SEQUENT_ADDRESS_BUG to 0. It is currently defined to be 1.
35 Another bug in the assembler makes it impossible to compute with
36 explicit addresses. In order to compute with a symbolic address, it
37 is necessary to load that address into a register using the "addr"
38 instruction. For example, it is not possible to say
48 The ns32032 chip has a number of known bugs. Any attempt to make the
49 compiler unaware of these deficiencies will surely bring disaster.
50 The current list of know bugs are as follows (list provided by Richard
53 1) instructions with two overlapping operands in memory
54 (unlikely in C code, perhaps impossible).
56 2) floating point conversion instructions with constant
57 operands (these may never happen, but I'm not certain).
59 3) operands crossing a page boundary. These can be prevented
60 by setting the flag in tm.h that requires strict alignment.
62 4) Scaled indexing in an insn following an insn that has a read-write
63 operand in memory. This can be prevented by placing a no-op in
64 between. I, Michael Tiemann, do not understand what exactly is meant
65 by `read-write operand in memory'. If this is referring to the special
66 TOS mode, for example "addd 5,tos" then one need not fear, since this
67 will never be generated. However, is this includes "addd 5,-4(fp)"
68 then there is room for disaster. The Sequent compiler does not insert
69 a no-op for code involving the latter, and I have been informed that
70 Sequent is aware of this list of bugs, so I must assume that it is not
73 5) The 32032 cannot shift by 32 bits. It shifts modulo the word size
74 of the operand. Therefore, for 32-bit operations, 32-bit shifts are
75 interpreted as zero bit shifts. 32-bit shifts have been removed from
76 the compiler, but future hackers must be careful not to reintroduce
79 6) The ns32032 is a very slow chip; however, some instructions are
80 still very much slower than one might expect. For example, it is
81 almost always faster to double a quantity by adding it to itself than
82 by shifting it by one, even if that quantity is deep in memory. The
83 MOVM instruction has a 20-cycle setup time, after which it moves data
84 at about the speed that normal moves would. It is also faster to use
85 address generation instructions than shift instructions for left
86 shifts less than 4. I do not claim that I generate optimal code for all
87 given patterns, but where I did escape from National's "clean
88 architecture", I did so because the timing specification from the data
89 book says that I will win if I do. I suppose this is called the
93 Signed bitfield extraction has not been implemented. It is not
94 provided by the NS32032, and while it is most certainly possible to do
95 better than the standard shift-left/shift-right sequence, it is also
96 quite hairy. Also, since signed bitfields do not yet exist in C, this
97 omission seems relatively harmless.
100 Zero extractions could be better implemented if it were possible in
101 GCC to provide sized zero extractions: i.e. a byte zero extraction
102 would be allowed to yield a byte result. The current implementation
103 of GCC manifests 68000-ist thinking, where bitfields are extracted
104 into a register, and automatically sign/zero extended to fill the
105 register. See comments in ns32k.md around the "extzv" insn for more
109 It should be noted that while the NS32000 family was designed to
110 provide odd-aligned addressing capability for multi-byte data (also
111 provided by the 68020, but not by the 68000 or 68010), many machines
112 do not opt to take advantage of this. For example, on the sequent,
113 although there is no advantage to long-word aligning word data, shorts
114 must be int-aligned in structs. This is an example of another
115 machine-specific machine dependency.
118 Because the ns32032 is has a coherent byte-order/bit-order
119 architecture, many instructions which would be different for
120 68000-style machines, fold into the same instruction for the 32032.
121 The classic case is push effective address, where it does not matter
122 whether one is pushing a long, word, or byte address. They all will
123 push the same address.
126 The macro FUNCTION_VALUE_REGNO_P is probably not sufficient, what is
127 needed is FUNCTION_VALUE_P, which also takes a MODE parameter. In
128 this way it will be possible to determine more exactly whether a
129 register is really a function value register, or just one that happens