1 Copyright (C) 2000-2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
3 This file is intended to contain a few notes about writing C code
4 within GCC so that it compiles without error on the full range of
5 compilers GCC needs to be able to compile on.
7 The problem is that many ISO-standard constructs are not accepted by
8 either old or buggy compilers, and we keep getting bitten by them.
9 This knowledge until now has been sparsely spread around, so I
10 thought I'd collect it in one useful place. Please add and correct
11 any problems as you come across them.
13 I'm going to start from a base of the ISO C90 standard, since that is
14 probably what most people code to naturally. Obviously using
15 constructs introduced after that is not a good idea.
17 For the complete coding style conventions used in GCC, please read
18 http://gcc.gnu.org/codingconventions.html
24 Some compilers like MSVC++ have fairly low limits on the maximum
25 length of a string literal; 509 is the lowest we've come across. You
26 may need to break up a long printf statement into many smaller ones.
32 ISO C (6.8.3 in the 1990 standard) specifies the following:
34 If (before argument substitution) any argument consists of no
35 preprocessing tokens, the behavior is undefined.
37 This was relaxed by ISO C99, but some older compilers emit an error,
43 needs to be coded in some other way.
46 Avoid unnecessary test before free
47 ----------------------------------
49 Since SunOS 4 stopped being a reasonable portability target,
50 (which happened around 2007) there has been no need to guard
51 against "free (NULL)". Thus, any guard like the following
52 constitutes a redundant test:
57 It is better to avoid the test.[*]
58 Instead, simply free P, regardless of whether it is NULL.
60 [*] However, if your profiling exposes a test like this in a
61 performance-critical loop, say where P is nearly always NULL, and
62 the cost of calling free on a NULL pointer would be prohibitively
63 high, consider using __builtin_expect, e.g., like this:
65 if (__builtin_expect (ptr != NULL, 0))
73 You weren't going to use them anyway, but some otherwise ISO C
74 compliant compilers do not accept trigraphs.
77 Suffixes on Integer Constants
78 -----------------------------
80 You should never use a 'l' suffix on integer constants ('L' is fine),
81 since it can easily be confused with the number '1'.
84 Common Coding Pitfalls
85 ======================
90 errno might be declared as a macro.
96 In C, the 'int' keyword can often be omitted from type declarations.
97 For instance, you can write
103 unsigned int variable;
105 There are several places where this can cause trouble. First, suppose
106 'variable' is a long; then you might think
110 would convert it to unsigned long. It does not. It converts to
111 unsigned int. This mostly causes problems on 64-bit platforms, where
112 long and int are not the same size.
114 Second, if you write a function definition with no return type at
117 operate (int a, int b)
122 that function is expected to return int, *not* void. GCC will warn
125 Implicit function declarations always have return type int. So if you
126 correct the above definition to
129 operate (int a, int b)
132 but operate() is called above its definition, you will get an error
133 about a "type mismatch with previous implicit declaration". The cure
134 is to prototype all functions at the top of the file, or in an
137 Char vs unsigned char vs int
138 ----------------------------
140 In C, unqualified 'char' may be either signed or unsigned; it is the
141 implementation's choice. When you are processing 7-bit ASCII, it does
142 not matter. But when your program must handle arbitrary binary data,
143 or fully 8-bit character sets, you have a problem. The most obvious
144 issue is if you have a look-up table indexed by characters.
146 For instance, the character '\341' in ISO Latin 1 is SMALL LETTER A
147 WITH ACUTE ACCENT. In the proper locale, isalpha('\341') will be
148 true. But if you read '\341' from a file and store it in a plain
149 char, isalpha(c) may look up character 225, or it may look up
150 character -31. And the ctype table has no entry at offset -31, so
151 your program will crash. (If you're lucky.)
153 It is wise to use unsigned char everywhere you possibly can. This
154 avoids all these problems. Unfortunately, the routines in <string.h>
155 take plain char arguments, so you have to remember to cast them back
156 and forth - or avoid the use of strxxx() functions, which is probably
159 Another common mistake is to use either char or unsigned char to
160 receive the result of getc() or related stdio functions. They may
161 return EOF, which is outside the range of values representable by
162 char. If you use char, some legal character value may be confused
163 with EOF, such as '\377' (SMALL LETTER Y WITH UMLAUT, in Latin-1).
164 The correct choice is int.
166 A more subtle version of the same mistake might look like this:
168 unsigned char pushback[NPUSHBACK];
170 #define unget(c) (assert(pbidx < NPUSHBACK), pushback[pbidx++] = (c))
171 #define get(c) (pbidx ? pushback[--pbidx] : getchar())
175 which will mysteriously turn a pushed-back EOF into a SMALL LETTER Y
179 Other common pitfalls
180 ---------------------
182 o Expecting 'plain' char to be either sign or unsigned extending.
184 o Shifting an item by a negative amount or by greater than or equal to
185 the number of bits in a type (expecting shifts by 32 to be sensible
186 has caused quite a number of bugs at least in the early days).
188 o Expecting ints shifted right to be sign extended.
190 o Modifying the same value twice within one sequence point.
192 o Host vs. target floating point representation, including emitting NaNs
193 and Infinities in a form that the assembler handles.
195 o qsort being an unstable sort function (unstable in the sense that
196 multiple items that sort the same may be sorted in different orders
197 by different qsort functions).
199 o Passing incorrect types to fprintf and friends.
201 o Adding a function declaration for a module declared in another file to
202 a .c file instead of to a .h file.