1 @c Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998,
2 @c 1999, 2000, 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
3 @c This is part of the GCC manual.
4 @c For copying conditions, see the file gcc.texi.
7 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
9 @chapter GNU Objective-C runtime features
11 This document is meant to describe some of the GNU Objective-C runtime
12 features. It is not intended to teach you Objective-C, there are several
13 resources on the Internet that present the language. Questions and
14 comments about this document to Ovidiu Predescu
15 @email{ovidiu@@cup.hp.com}.
18 * Executing code before main::
20 * Garbage Collection::
21 * Constant string objects::
24 @node Executing code before main, Type encoding, Objective C, Objective C
25 @section @code{+load}: Executing code before main
28 The GNU Objective-C runtime provides a way that allows you to execute
29 code before the execution of the program enters the @code{main}
30 function. The code is executed on a per-class and a per-category basis,
31 through a special class method @code{+load}.
33 This facility is very useful if you want to initialize global variables
34 which can be accessed by the program directly, without sending a message
35 to the class first. The usual way to initialize global variables, in the
36 @code{+initialize} method, might not be useful because
37 @code{+initialize} is only called when the first message is sent to a
38 class object, which in some cases could be too late.
40 Suppose for example you have a @code{FileStream} class that declares
41 @code{Stdin}, @code{Stdout} and @code{Stderr} as global variables, like
46 FileStream *Stdin = nil;
47 FileStream *Stdout = nil;
48 FileStream *Stderr = nil;
50 @@implementation FileStream
54 Stdin = [[FileStream new] initWithFd:0];
55 Stdout = [[FileStream new] initWithFd:1];
56 Stderr = [[FileStream new] initWithFd:2];
59 /* Other methods here */
64 In this example, the initialization of @code{Stdin}, @code{Stdout} and
65 @code{Stderr} in @code{+initialize} occurs too late. The programmer can
66 send a message to one of these objects before the variables are actually
67 initialized, thus sending messages to the @code{nil} object. The
68 @code{+initialize} method which actually initializes the global
69 variables is not invoked until the first message is sent to the class
70 object. The solution would require these variables to be initialized
71 just before entering @code{main}.
73 The correct solution of the above problem is to use the @code{+load}
74 method instead of @code{+initialize}:
78 @@implementation FileStream
82 Stdin = [[FileStream new] initWithFd:0];
83 Stdout = [[FileStream new] initWithFd:1];
84 Stderr = [[FileStream new] initWithFd:2];
87 /* Other methods here */
92 The @code{+load} is a method that is not overridden by categories. If a
93 class and a category of it both implement @code{+load}, both methods are
94 invoked. This allows some additional initializations to be performed in
97 This mechanism is not intended to be a replacement for @code{+initialize}.
98 You should be aware of its limitations when you decide to use it
99 instead of @code{+initialize}.
102 * What you can and what you cannot do in +load::
106 @node What you can and what you cannot do in +load, , Executing code before main, Executing code before main
107 @subsection What you can and what you cannot do in @code{+load}
109 The @code{+load} implementation in the GNU runtime guarantees you the following
115 you can write whatever C code you like;
118 you can send messages to Objective-C constant strings (@@"this is a
122 you can allocate and send messages to objects whose class is implemented
126 the @code{+load} implementation of all super classes of a class are executed before the @code{+load} of that class is executed;
129 the @code{+load} implementation of a class is executed before the
130 @code{+load} implementation of any category.
134 In particular, the following things, even if they can work in a
135 particular case, are not guaranteed:
140 allocation of or sending messages to arbitrary objects;
143 allocation of or sending messages to objects whose classes have a
144 category implemented in the same file;
148 You should make no assumptions about receiving @code{+load} in sibling
149 classes when you write @code{+load} of a class. The order in which
150 sibling classes receive @code{+load} is not guaranteed.
152 The order in which @code{+load} and @code{+initialize} are called could
153 be problematic if this matters. If you don't allocate objects inside
154 @code{+load}, it is guaranteed that @code{+load} is called before
155 @code{+initialize}. If you create an object inside @code{+load} the
156 @code{+initialize} method of object's class is invoked even if
157 @code{+load} was not invoked. Note if you explicitly call @code{+load}
158 on a class, @code{+initialize} will be called first. To avoid possible
159 problems try to implement only one of these methods.
161 The @code{+load} method is also invoked when a bundle is dynamically
162 loaded into your running program. This happens automatically without any
163 intervening operation from you. When you write bundles and you need to
164 write @code{+load} you can safely create and send messages to objects whose
165 classes already exist in the running program. The same restrictions as
166 above apply to classes defined in bundle.
170 @node Type encoding, Garbage Collection, Executing code before main, Objective C
171 @section Type encoding
173 The Objective-C compiler generates type encodings for all the
174 types. These type encodings are used at runtime to find out information
175 about selectors and methods and about objects and classes.
177 The types are encoded in the following way:
181 @multitable @columnfractions .25 .75
184 @item @code{unsigned char}
188 @item @code{unsigned short}
192 @item @code{unsigned int}
196 @item @code{unsigned long}
198 @item @code{long long}
200 @item @code{unsigned long long}
219 @tab @code{b} followed by the starting position of the bitfield, the type of the bitfield and the size of the bitfield (the bitfields encoding was changed from the NeXT's compiler encoding, see below)
224 The encoding of bitfields has changed to allow bitfields to be properly
225 handled by the runtime functions that compute sizes and alignments of
226 types that contain bitfields. The previous encoding contained only the
227 size of the bitfield. Using only this information it is not possible to
228 reliably compute the size occupied by the bitfield. This is very
229 important in the presence of the Boehm's garbage collector because the
230 objects are allocated using the typed memory facility available in this
231 collector. The typed memory allocation requires information about where
232 the pointers are located inside the object.
234 The position in the bitfield is the position, counting in bits, of the
235 bit closest to the beginning of the structure.
237 The non-atomic types are encoded as follows:
241 @multitable @columnfractions .2 .8
243 @tab @code{'^'} followed by the pointed type.
245 @tab @code{'['} followed by the number of elements in the array followed by the type of the elements followed by @code{']'}
247 @tab @code{'@{'} followed by the name of the structure (or '?' if the structure is unnamed), the '=' sign, the type of the members and by @code{'@}'}
249 @tab @code{'('} followed by the name of the structure (or '?' if the union is unnamed), the '=' sign, the type of the members followed by @code{')'}
252 Here are some types and their encodings, as they are generated by the
253 compiler on a i386 machine:
257 @multitable @columnfractions .25 .75
258 @item Objective-C type
259 @tab Compiler encoding
275 @tab @code{@{?=i[3f]b128i3b131i2c@}}
280 In addition to the types the compiler also encodes the type
281 specifiers. The table below describes the encoding of the current
282 Objective-C type specifiers:
286 @multitable @columnfractions .25 .75
305 The type specifiers are encoded just before the type. Unlike types
306 however, the type specifiers are only encoded when they appear in method
310 @node Garbage Collection, Constant string objects, Type encoding, Objective C
311 @section Garbage Collection
313 Support for a new memory management policy has been added by using a
314 powerful conservative garbage collector, known as the
315 Boehm-Demers-Weiser conservative garbage collector. It is available from
316 @w{@uref{http://www.hpl.hp.com/personal/Hans_Boehm/gc/}}.
318 To enable the support for it you have to configure the compiler using an
319 additional argument, @w{@kbd{--enable-objc-gc}}. You need to have
320 garbage collector installed before building the compiler. This will
321 build an additional runtime library which has several enhancements to
322 support the garbage collector. The new library has a new name,
323 @kbd{libobjc_gc.a} to not conflict with the non-garbage-collected
326 When the garbage collector is used, the objects are allocated using the
327 so-called typed memory allocation mechanism available in the
328 Boehm-Demers-Weiser collector. This mode requires precise information on
329 where pointers are located inside objects. This information is computed
330 once per class, immediately after the class has been initialized.
332 There is a new runtime function @code{class_ivar_set_gcinvisible()}
333 which can be used to declare a so-called @strong{weak pointer}
334 reference. Such a pointer is basically hidden for the garbage collector;
335 this can be useful in certain situations, especially when you want to
336 keep track of the allocated objects, yet allow them to be
337 collected. This kind of pointers can only be members of objects, you
338 cannot declare a global pointer as a weak reference. Every type which is
339 a pointer type can be declared a weak pointer, including @code{id},
340 @code{Class} and @code{SEL}.
342 Here is an example of how to use this feature. Suppose you want to
343 implement a class whose instances hold a weak pointer reference; the
344 following class does this:
348 @@interface WeakPointer : Object
350 const void* weakPointer;
353 - initWithPointer:(const void*)p;
354 - (const void*)weakPointer;
358 @@implementation WeakPointer
362 class_ivar_set_gcinvisible (self, "weakPointer", YES);
365 - initWithPointer:(const void*)p
371 - (const void*)weakPointer
380 Weak pointers are supported through a new type character specifier
381 represented by the @code{'!'} character. The
382 @code{class_ivar_set_gcinvisible()} function adds or removes this
383 specifier to the string type description of the instance variable named
386 @c =========================================================================
387 @node Constant string objects
388 @section Constant string objects
390 GNU Objective-C provides constant string objects that are generated
391 directly by the compiler. You declare a constant string object by
392 prefixing a C constant string with the character @code{@@}:
395 id myString = @@"this is a constant string object";
398 The constant string objects are usually instances of the
399 @code{NXConstantString} class which is provided by the GNU Objective-C
400 runtime. To get the definition of this class you must include the
401 @file{objc/NXConstStr.h} header file.
403 User defined libraries may want to implement their own constant string
404 class. To be able to support them, the GNU Objective-C compiler provides
405 a new command line options @code{-fconstant-string-class=<class
406 name>}. The provided class should adhere to a strict structure, the same
407 as @code{NXConstantString}'s structure:
411 @@interface NXConstantString : Object
420 User class libraries may choose to inherit the customized constant
421 string class from a different class than @code{Object}. There is no
422 requirement in the methods the constant string class has to implement.
424 When a file is compiled with the @code{-fconstant-string-class} option,
425 all the constant string objects will be instances of the class specified
426 as argument to this option. It is possible to have multiple compilation
427 units referring to different constant string classes, neither the
428 compiler nor the linker impose any restrictions in doing this.