1 @c Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998,
2 @c 1999, 2000, 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
3 @c This is part of the GCC manual.
4 @c For copying conditions, see the file gcc.texi.
7 @chapter Using GCC on VMS
9 @c prevent bad page break with this line
10 Here is how to use GCC on VMS@.
13 * Global Declarations:: How to do globaldef, globalref and globalvalue with
15 * VMS Misc:: Misc information.
18 @node Global Declarations
19 @section Global Declarations and VMS
23 @findex GLOBALVALUEDEF
24 @findex GLOBALVALUEREF
25 GCC does not provide the @code{globalref}, @code{globaldef} and
26 @code{globalvalue} keywords of VAX-C@. You can get the same effect with
27 an obscure feature of GAS, the GNU assembler. (This requires GAS
28 version 1.39 or later.) The following macros allow you to use this
29 feature in a fairly natural way:
33 #define GLOBALREF(TYPE,NAME) \
35 asm ("_$$PsectAttributes_GLOBALSYMBOL$$" #NAME)
36 #define GLOBALDEF(TYPE,NAME,VALUE) \
38 asm ("_$$PsectAttributes_GLOBALSYMBOL$$" #NAME) \
40 #define GLOBALVALUEREF(TYPE,NAME) \
42 asm ("_$$PsectAttributes_GLOBALVALUE$$" #NAME)
43 #define GLOBALVALUEDEF(TYPE,NAME,VALUE) \
45 asm ("_$$PsectAttributes_GLOBALVALUE$$" #NAME) \
48 #define GLOBALREF(TYPE,NAME) \
50 #define GLOBALDEF(TYPE,NAME,VALUE) \
51 globaldef TYPE NAME = VALUE
52 #define GLOBALVALUEDEF(TYPE,NAME,VALUE) \
53 globalvalue TYPE NAME = VALUE
54 #define GLOBALVALUEREF(TYPE,NAME) \
60 (The @code{_$$PsectAttributes_GLOBALSYMBOL} prefix at the start of the
61 name is removed by the assembler, after it has modified the attributes
62 of the symbol). These macros are provided in the VMS binaries
63 distribution in a header file @file{GNU_HACKS.H}. An example of the
68 GLOBALDEF (int, jkl, 0);
71 The macros @code{GLOBALREF} and @code{GLOBALDEF} cannot be used
72 straightforwardly for arrays, since there is no way to insert the array
73 dimension into the declaration at the right place. However, you can
74 declare an array with these macros if you first define a typedef for the
75 array type, like this:
78 typedef int intvector[10];
79 GLOBALREF (intvector, foo);
82 Array and structure initializers will also break the macros; you can
83 define the initializer to be a macro of its own, or you can expand the
84 @code{GLOBALDEF} macro by hand. You may find a case where you wish to
85 use the @code{GLOBALDEF} macro with a large array, but you are not
86 interested in explicitly initializing each element of the array. In
87 such cases you can use an initializer like: @code{@{0,@}}, which will
88 initialize the entire array to @code{0}.
90 A shortcoming of this implementation is that a variable declared with
91 @code{GLOBALVALUEREF} or @code{GLOBALVALUEDEF} is always an array. For
92 example, the declaration:
95 GLOBALVALUEREF(int, ijk);
99 declares the variable @code{ijk} as an array of type @code{int [1]}.
100 This is done because a globalvalue is actually a constant; its ``value''
101 is what the linker would normally consider an address. That is not how
102 an integer value works in C, but it is how an array works. So treating
103 the symbol as an array name gives consistent results---with the
104 exception that the value seems to have the wrong type. @strong{Don't
105 try to access an element of the array.} It doesn't have any elements.
106 The array ``address'' may not be the address of actual storage.
108 The fact that the symbol is an array may lead to warnings where the
109 variable is used. Insert type casts to avoid the warnings. Here is an
110 example; it takes advantage of the ISO C feature allowing macros that
111 expand to use the same name as the macro itself.
114 GLOBALVALUEREF (int, ss$_normal);
115 GLOBALVALUEDEF (int, xyzzy,123);
117 #define ss$_normal ((int) ss$_normal)
118 #define xyzzy ((int) xyzzy)
122 Don't use @code{globaldef} or @code{globalref} with a variable whose
123 type is an enumeration type; this is not implemented. Instead, make the
124 variable an integer, and use a @code{globalvaluedef} for each of the
125 enumeration values. An example of this would be:
129 GLOBALDEF (int, color, 0);
130 GLOBALVALUEDEF (int, RED, 0);
131 GLOBALVALUEDEF (int, BLUE, 1);
132 GLOBALVALUEDEF (int, GREEN, 3);
134 enum globaldef color @{RED, BLUE, GREEN = 3@};
139 @section Other VMS Issues
141 @cindex exit status and VMS
142 @cindex return value of @code{main}
143 @cindex @code{main} and the exit status
144 GCC automatically arranges for @code{main} to return 1 by default if
145 you fail to specify an explicit return value. This will be interpreted
146 by VMS as a status code indicating a normal successful completion.
147 Version 1 of GCC did not provide this default.
149 GCC on VMS works only with the GNU assembler, GAS@. You need version
150 1.37 or later of GAS in order to produce value debugging information for
151 the VMS debugger. Use the ordinary VMS linker with the object files
154 @cindex shared VMS run time system
155 @cindex @file{VAXCRTL}
156 Under previous versions of GCC, the generated code would occasionally
157 give strange results when linked to the sharable @file{VAXCRTL} library.
158 Now this should work.
160 A caveat for use of @code{const} global variables: the @code{const}
161 modifier must be specified in every external declaration of the variable
162 in all of the source files that use that variable. Otherwise the linker
163 will issue warnings about conflicting attributes for the variable. Your
164 program will still work despite the warnings, but the variable will be
165 placed in writable storage.
167 @cindex name augmentation
168 @cindex case sensitivity and VMS
169 @cindex VMS and case sensitivity
170 Although the VMS linker does distinguish between upper and lower case
171 letters in global symbols, most VMS compilers convert all such symbols
172 into upper case and most run-time library routines also have upper case
173 names. To be able to reliably call such routines, GCC (by means of
174 the assembler GAS) converts global symbols into upper case like other
175 VMS compilers. However, since the usual practice in C is to distinguish
176 case, GCC (via GAS) tries to preserve usual C behavior by augmenting
177 each name that is not all lower case. This means truncating the name
178 to at most 23 characters and then adding more characters at the end
179 which encode the case pattern of those 23. Names which contain at
180 least one dollar sign are an exception; they are converted directly into
181 upper case without augmentation.
183 Name augmentation yields bad results for programs that use precompiled
184 libraries (such as Xlib) which were generated by another compiler. You
185 can use the compiler option @samp{/NOCASE_HACK} to inhibit augmentation;
186 it makes external C functions and variables case-independent as is usual
187 on VMS@. Alternatively, you could write all references to the functions
188 and variables in such libraries using lower case; this will work on VMS,
189 but is not portable to other systems. The compiler option @samp{/NAMES}
190 also provides control over global name handling.
192 Function and variable names are handled somewhat differently with G++.
193 The GNU C++ compiler performs @dfn{name mangling} on function
194 names, which means that it adds information to the function name to
195 describe the data types of the arguments that the function takes. One
196 result of this is that the name of a function can become very long.
197 Since the VMS linker only recognizes the first 31 characters in a name,
198 special action is taken to ensure that each function and variable has a
199 unique name that can be represented in 31 characters.
201 If the name (plus a name augmentation, if required) is less than 32
202 characters in length, then no special action is performed. If the name
203 is longer than 31 characters, the assembler (GAS) will generate a
204 hash string based upon the function name, truncate the function name to
205 23 characters, and append the hash string to the truncated name. If the
206 @samp{/VERBOSE} compiler option is used, the assembler will print both
207 the full and truncated names of each symbol that is truncated.
209 The @samp{/NOCASE_HACK} compiler option should not be used when you are
210 compiling programs that use libg++. libg++ has several instances of
211 objects (i.e. @code{Filebuf} and @code{filebuf}) which become
212 indistinguishable in a case-insensitive environment. This leads to
213 cases where you need to inhibit augmentation selectively (if you were
214 using libg++ and Xlib in the same program, for example). There is no
215 special feature for doing this, but you can get the result by defining a
216 macro for each mixed case symbol for which you wish to inhibit
217 augmentation. The macro should expand into the lower case equivalent of
221 #define StuDlyCapS studlycaps
224 These macro definitions can be placed in a header file to minimize the
225 number of changes to your source code.