[5/77] Small tweak to array_value_type

[official-gcc.git] / libgo / go / context / context.go

// Copyright 2014 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

// Package context defines the Context type, which carries deadlines,
// cancelation signals, and other request-scoped values across API boundaries
// and between processes.
//
// Incoming requests to a server should create a Context, and outgoing
// calls to servers should accept a Context. The chain of function
// calls between them must propagate the Context, optionally replacing
// it with a derived Context created using WithCancel, WithDeadline,
// WithTimeout, or WithValue. When a Context is canceled, all
// Contexts derived from it are also canceled.
//
// The WithCancel, WithDeadline, and WithTimeout functions take a
// Context (the parent) and return a derived Context (the child) and a
// CancelFunc. Calling the CancelFunc cancels the child and its
// children, removes the parent's reference to the child, and stops
// any associated timers. Failing to call the CancelFunc leaks the
// child and its children until the parent is canceled or the timer
// fires. The go vet tool checks that CancelFuncs are used on all
// control-flow paths.
//
// Programs that use Contexts should follow these rules to keep interfaces
// consistent across packages and enable static analysis tools to check context
// propagation:
//
// Do not store Contexts inside a struct type; instead, pass a Context
// explicitly to each function that needs it. The Context should be the first
// parameter, typically named ctx:
//
//      func DoSomething(ctx context.Context, arg Arg) error {
//              // ... use ctx ...
//      }
//
// Do not pass a nil Context, even if a function permits it. Pass context.TODO
// if you are unsure about which Context to use.
//
// Use context Values only for request-scoped data that transits processes and
// APIs, not for passing optional parameters to functions.
//
// The same Context may be passed to functions running in different goroutines;
// Contexts are safe for simultaneous use by multiple goroutines.
//
// See https://blog.golang.org/context for example code for a server that uses
// Contexts.
package context

import (
        "errors"
        "fmt"
        "reflect"
        "sync"
        "time"
)

// A Context carries a deadline, a cancelation signal, and other values across
// API boundaries.
//
// Context's methods may be called by multiple goroutines simultaneously.
type Context interface {
        // Deadline returns the time when work done on behalf of this context
        // should be canceled. Deadline returns ok==false when no deadline is
        // set. Successive calls to Deadline return the same results.
        Deadline() (deadline time.Time, ok bool)

        // Done returns a channel that's closed when work done on behalf of this
        // context should be canceled. Done may return nil if this context can
        // never be canceled. Successive calls to Done return the same value.
        //
        // WithCancel arranges for Done to be closed when cancel is called;
        // WithDeadline arranges for Done to be closed when the deadline
        // expires; WithTimeout arranges for Done to be closed when the timeout
        // elapses.
        //
        // Done is provided for use in select statements:
        //
        //  // Stream generates values with DoSomething and sends them to out
        //  // until DoSomething returns an error or ctx.Done is closed.
        //  func Stream(ctx context.Context, out chan<- Value) error {
        //      for {
        //              v, err := DoSomething(ctx)
        //              if err != nil {
        //                      return err
        //              }
        //              select {
        //              case <-ctx.Done():
        //                      return ctx.Err()
        //              case out <- v:
        //              }
        //      }
        //  }
        //
        // See https://blog.golang.org/pipelines for more examples of how to use
        // a Done channel for cancelation.
        Done() <-chan struct{}

        // Err returns a non-nil error value after Done is closed. Err returns
        // Canceled if the context was canceled or DeadlineExceeded if the
        // context's deadline passed. No other values for Err are defined.
        // After Done is closed, successive calls to Err return the same value.
        Err() error

        // Value returns the value associated with this context for key, or nil
        // if no value is associated with key. Successive calls to Value with
        // the same key returns the same result.
        //
        // Use context values only for request-scoped data that transits
        // processes and API boundaries, not for passing optional parameters to
        // functions.
        //
        // A key identifies a specific value in a Context. Functions that wish
        // to store values in Context typically allocate a key in a global
        // variable then use that key as the argument to context.WithValue and
        // Context.Value. A key can be any type that supports equality;
        // packages should define keys as an unexported type to avoid
        // collisions.
        //
        // Packages that define a Context key should provide type-safe accessors
        // for the values stored using that key:
        //
        //      // Package user defines a User type that's stored in Contexts.
        //      package user
        //
        //      import "context"
        //
        //      // User is the type of value stored in the Contexts.
        //      type User struct {...}
        //
        //      // key is an unexported type for keys defined in this package.
        //      // This prevents collisions with keys defined in other packages.
        //      type key int
        //
        //      // userKey is the key for user.User values in Contexts. It is
        //      // unexported; clients use user.NewContext and user.FromContext
        //      // instead of using this key directly.
        //      var userKey key = 0
        //
        //      // NewContext returns a new Context that carries value u.
        //      func NewContext(ctx context.Context, u *User) context.Context {
        //              return context.WithValue(ctx, userKey, u)
        //      }
        //
        //      // FromContext returns the User value stored in ctx, if any.
        //      func FromContext(ctx context.Context) (*User, bool) {
        //              u, ok := ctx.Value(userKey).(*User)
        //              return u, ok
        //      }
        Value(key interface{}) interface{}
}

// Canceled is the error returned by Context.Err when the context is canceled.
var Canceled = errors.New("context canceled")

// DeadlineExceeded is the error returned by Context.Err when the context's
// deadline passes.
var DeadlineExceeded error = deadlineExceededError{}

type deadlineExceededError struct{}

func (deadlineExceededError) Error() string   { return "context deadline exceeded" }
func (deadlineExceededError) Timeout() bool   { return true }
func (deadlineExceededError) Temporary() bool { return true }

// An emptyCtx is never canceled, has no values, and has no deadline. It is not
// struct{}, since vars of this type must have distinct addresses.
type emptyCtx int

func (*emptyCtx) Deadline() (deadline time.Time, ok bool) {
        return
}

func (*emptyCtx) Done() <-chan struct{} {
        return nil
}

func (*emptyCtx) Err() error {
        return nil
}

func (*emptyCtx) Value(key interface{}) interface{} {
        return nil
}

func (e *emptyCtx) String() string {
        switch e {
        case background:
                return "context.Background"
        case todo:
                return "context.TODO"
        }
        return "unknown empty Context"
}

var (
        background = new(emptyCtx)
        todo       = new(emptyCtx)
)

// Background returns a non-nil, empty Context. It is never canceled, has no
// values, and has no deadline. It is typically used by the main function,
// initialization, and tests, and as the top-level Context for incoming
// requests.
func Background() Context {
        return background
}

// TODO returns a non-nil, empty Context. Code should use context.TODO when
// it's unclear which Context to use or it is not yet available (because the
// surrounding function has not yet been extended to accept a Context
// parameter). TODO is recognized by static analysis tools that determine
// whether Contexts are propagated correctly in a program.
func TODO() Context {
        return todo
}

// A CancelFunc tells an operation to abandon its work.
// A CancelFunc does not wait for the work to stop.
// After the first call, subsequent calls to a CancelFunc do nothing.
type CancelFunc func()

// WithCancel returns a copy of parent with a new Done channel. The returned
// context's Done channel is closed when the returned cancel function is called
// or when the parent context's Done channel is closed, whichever happens first.
//
// Canceling this context releases resources associated with it, so code should
// call cancel as soon as the operations running in this Context complete.
func WithCancel(parent Context) (ctx Context, cancel CancelFunc) {
        c := newCancelCtx(parent)
        propagateCancel(parent, &c)
        return &c, func() { c.cancel(true, Canceled) }
}

// newCancelCtx returns an initialized cancelCtx.
func newCancelCtx(parent Context) cancelCtx {
        return cancelCtx{
                Context: parent,
                done:    make(chan struct{}),
        }
}

// propagateCancel arranges for child to be canceled when parent is.
func propagateCancel(parent Context, child canceler) {
        if parent.Done() == nil {
                return // parent is never canceled
        }
        if p, ok := parentCancelCtx(parent); ok {
                p.mu.Lock()
                if p.err != nil {
                        // parent has already been canceled
                        child.cancel(false, p.err)
                } else {
                        if p.children == nil {
                                p.children = make(map[canceler]struct{})
                        }
                        p.children[child] = struct{}{}
                }
                p.mu.Unlock()
        } else {
                go func() {
                        select {
                        case <-parent.Done():
                                child.cancel(false, parent.Err())
                        case <-child.Done():
                        }
                }()
        }
}

// parentCancelCtx follows a chain of parent references until it finds a
// *cancelCtx. This function understands how each of the concrete types in this
// package represents its parent.
func parentCancelCtx(parent Context) (*cancelCtx, bool) {
        for {
                switch c := parent.(type) {
                case *cancelCtx:
                        return c, true
                case *timerCtx:
                        return &c.cancelCtx, true
                case *valueCtx:
                        parent = c.Context
                default:
                        return nil, false
                }
        }
}

// removeChild removes a context from its parent.
func removeChild(parent Context, child canceler) {
        p, ok := parentCancelCtx(parent)
        if !ok {
                return
        }
        p.mu.Lock()
        if p.children != nil {
                delete(p.children, child)
        }
        p.mu.Unlock()
}

// A canceler is a context type that can be canceled directly. The
// implementations are *cancelCtx and *timerCtx.
type canceler interface {
        cancel(removeFromParent bool, err error)
        Done() <-chan struct{}
}

// A cancelCtx can be canceled. When canceled, it also cancels any children
// that implement canceler.
type cancelCtx struct {
        Context

        done chan struct{} // closed by the first cancel call.

        mu       sync.Mutex
        children map[canceler]struct{} // set to nil by the first cancel call
        err      error                 // set to non-nil by the first cancel call
}

func (c *cancelCtx) Done() <-chan struct{} {
        return c.done
}

func (c *cancelCtx) Err() error {
        c.mu.Lock()
        defer c.mu.Unlock()
        return c.err
}

func (c *cancelCtx) String() string {
        return fmt.Sprintf("%v.WithCancel", c.Context)
}

// cancel closes c.done, cancels each of c's children, and, if
// removeFromParent is true, removes c from its parent's children.
func (c *cancelCtx) cancel(removeFromParent bool, err error) {
        if err == nil {
                panic("context: internal error: missing cancel error")
        }
        c.mu.Lock()
        if c.err != nil {
                c.mu.Unlock()
                return // already canceled
        }
        c.err = err
        close(c.done)
        for child := range c.children {
                // NOTE: acquiring the child's lock while holding parent's lock.
                child.cancel(false, err)
        }
        c.children = nil
        c.mu.Unlock()

        if removeFromParent {
                removeChild(c.Context, c)
        }
}

// WithDeadline returns a copy of the parent context with the deadline adjusted
// to be no later than d. If the parent's deadline is already earlier than d,
// WithDeadline(parent, d) is semantically equivalent to parent. The returned
// context's Done channel is closed when the deadline expires, when the returned
// cancel function is called, or when the parent context's Done channel is
// closed, whichever happens first.
//
// Canceling this context releases resources associated with it, so code should
// call cancel as soon as the operations running in this Context complete.
func WithDeadline(parent Context, deadline time.Time) (Context, CancelFunc) {
        if cur, ok := parent.Deadline(); ok && cur.Before(deadline) {
                // The current deadline is already sooner than the new one.
                return WithCancel(parent)
        }
        c := &timerCtx{
                cancelCtx: newCancelCtx(parent),
                deadline:  deadline,
        }
        propagateCancel(parent, c)
        d := time.Until(deadline)
        if d <= 0 {
                c.cancel(true, DeadlineExceeded) // deadline has already passed
                return c, func() { c.cancel(true, Canceled) }
        }
        c.mu.Lock()
        defer c.mu.Unlock()
        if c.err == nil {
                c.timer = time.AfterFunc(d, func() {
                        c.cancel(true, DeadlineExceeded)
                })
        }
        return c, func() { c.cancel(true, Canceled) }
}

// A timerCtx carries a timer and a deadline. It embeds a cancelCtx to
// implement Done and Err. It implements cancel by stopping its timer then
// delegating to cancelCtx.cancel.
type timerCtx struct {
        cancelCtx
        timer *time.Timer // Under cancelCtx.mu.

        deadline time.Time
}

func (c *timerCtx) Deadline() (deadline time.Time, ok bool) {
        return c.deadline, true
}

func (c *timerCtx) String() string {
        return fmt.Sprintf("%v.WithDeadline(%s [%s])", c.cancelCtx.Context, c.deadline, time.Until(c.deadline))
}

func (c *timerCtx) cancel(removeFromParent bool, err error) {
        c.cancelCtx.cancel(false, err)
        if removeFromParent {
                // Remove this timerCtx from its parent cancelCtx's children.
                removeChild(c.cancelCtx.Context, c)
        }
        c.mu.Lock()
        if c.timer != nil {
                c.timer.Stop()
                c.timer = nil
        }
        c.mu.Unlock()
}

// WithTimeout returns WithDeadline(parent, time.Now().Add(timeout)).
//
// Canceling this context releases resources associated with it, so code should
// call cancel as soon as the operations running in this Context complete:
//
//      func slowOperationWithTimeout(ctx context.Context) (Result, error) {
//              ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 100*time.Millisecond)
//              defer cancel()  // releases resources if slowOperation completes before timeout elapses
//              return slowOperation(ctx)
//      }
func WithTimeout(parent Context, timeout time.Duration) (Context, CancelFunc) {
        return WithDeadline(parent, time.Now().Add(timeout))
}

// WithValue returns a copy of parent in which the value associated with key is
// val.
//
// Use context Values only for request-scoped data that transits processes and
// APIs, not for passing optional parameters to functions.
//
// The provided key must be comparable and should not be of type
// string or any other built-in type to avoid collisions between
// packages using context. Users of WithValue should define their own
// types for keys. To avoid allocating when assigning to an
// interface{}, context keys often have concrete type
// struct{}. Alternatively, exported context key variables' static
// type should be a pointer or interface.
func WithValue(parent Context, key, val interface{}) Context {
        if key == nil {
                panic("nil key")
        }
        if !reflect.TypeOf(key).Comparable() {
                panic("key is not comparable")
        }
        return &valueCtx{parent, key, val}
}

// A valueCtx carries a key-value pair. It implements Value for that key and
// delegates all other calls to the embedded Context.
type valueCtx struct {
        Context
        key, val interface{}
}

func (c *valueCtx) String() string {
        return fmt.Sprintf("%v.WithValue(%#v, %#v)", c.Context, c.key, c.val)
}

func (c *valueCtx) Value(key interface{}) interface{} {
        if c.key == key {
                return c.val
        }
        return c.Context.Value(key)
}