gcc/cp/except.c

   1 /* Handle exceptional things in C++.
   2    Copyright (C) 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999,
   3    2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005  Free Software Foundation, Inc.
   4    Contributed by Michael Tiemann <tiemann@cygnus.com>
   5    Rewritten by Mike Stump <mrs@cygnus.com>, based upon an
   6    initial re-implementation courtesy Tad Hunt.
   7
   8 This file is part of GCC.
   9
  10 GCC is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
  11 it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
  12 the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
  13 any later version.
  14
  15 GCC is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
  16 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  17 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
  18 GNU General Public License for more details.
  19
  20 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  21 along with GCC; see the file COPYING.  If not, write to
  22 the Free Software Foundation, 59 Temple Place - Suite 330,
  23 Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.  */
  24
  25
  26 #include "config.h"
  27 #include "system.h"
  28 #include "coretypes.h"
  29 #include "tm.h"
  30 #include "tree.h"
  31 #include "rtl.h"
  32 #include "expr.h"
  33 #include "libfuncs.h"
  34 #include "cp-tree.h"
  35 #include "flags.h"
  36 #include "output.h"
  37 #include "except.h"
  38 #include "toplev.h"
  39 #include "tree-inline.h"
  40 #include "tree-iterator.h"
  41
  42 static void push_eh_cleanup (tree);
  43 static tree prepare_eh_type (tree);
  44 static tree build_eh_type_type (tree);
  45 static tree do_begin_catch (void);
  46 static int dtor_nothrow (tree);
  47 static tree do_end_catch (tree);
  48 static bool decl_is_java_type (tree decl, int err);
  49 static void initialize_handler_parm (tree, tree);
  50 static tree do_allocate_exception (tree);
  51 static tree wrap_cleanups_r (tree *, int *, void *);
  52 static int complete_ptr_ref_or_void_ptr_p (tree, tree);
  53 static bool is_admissible_throw_operand (tree);
  54 static int can_convert_eh (tree, tree);
  55 static tree cp_protect_cleanup_actions (void);
  56
  57 /* Sets up all the global eh stuff that needs to be initialized at the
  58    start of compilation.  */
  59
  60 void
  61 init_exception_processing (void)
  62 {
  63   tree tmp;
  64
  65   /* void std::terminate (); */
  66   push_namespace (std_identifier);
  67   tmp = build_function_type (void_type_node, void_list_node);
  68   terminate_node = build_cp_library_fn_ptr ("terminate", tmp);
  69   TREE_THIS_VOLATILE (terminate_node) = 1;
  70   TREE_NOTHROW (terminate_node) = 1;
  71   pop_namespace ();
  72
  73   /* void __cxa_call_unexpected(void *); */
  74   tmp = tree_cons (NULL_TREE, ptr_type_node, void_list_node);
  75   tmp = build_function_type (void_type_node, tmp);
  76   call_unexpected_node
  77     = push_throw_library_fn (get_identifier ("__cxa_call_unexpected"), tmp);
  78
  79   eh_personality_libfunc = init_one_libfunc (USING_SJLJ_EXCEPTIONS
  80                                              ? "__gxx_personality_sj0"
  81                                              : "__gxx_personality_v0");
  82
  83   lang_eh_runtime_type = build_eh_type_type;
  84   lang_protect_cleanup_actions = &cp_protect_cleanup_actions;
  85 }
  86
  87 /* Returns an expression to be executed if an unhandled exception is
  88    propagated out of a cleanup region.  */
  89
  90 static tree
  91 cp_protect_cleanup_actions (void)
  92 {
  93   /* [except.terminate]
  94
  95      When the destruction of an object during stack unwinding exits
  96      using an exception ... void terminate(); is called.  */
  97   return build_call (terminate_node, NULL_TREE);
  98 }
  99
 100 static tree
 101 prepare_eh_type (tree type)
 102 {
 103   if (type == NULL_TREE)
 104     return type;
 105   if (type == error_mark_node)
 106     return error_mark_node;
 107
 108   /* peel back references, so they match.  */
 109   type = non_reference (type);
 110
 111   /* Peel off cv qualifiers.  */
 112   type = TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (type);
 113
 114   return type;
 115 }
 116
 117 /* Return the type info for TYPE as used by EH machinery.  */
 118 tree
 119 eh_type_info (tree type)
 120 {
 121   tree exp;
 122
 123   if (type == NULL_TREE || type == error_mark_node)
 124     return type;
 125
 126   if (decl_is_java_type (type, 0))
 127     exp = build_java_class_ref (TREE_TYPE (type));
 128   else
 129     exp = get_tinfo_decl (type);
 130
 131   return exp;
 132 }
 133
 134 /* Build the address of a typeinfo decl for use in the runtime
 135    matching field of the exception model.  */
 136
 137 static tree
 138 build_eh_type_type (tree type)
 139 {
 140   tree exp = eh_type_info (type);
 141
 142   if (!exp)
 143     return NULL;
 144
 145   mark_used (exp);
 146
 147   return convert (ptr_type_node, build_address (exp));
 148 }
 149
 150 tree
 151 build_exc_ptr (void)
 152 {
 153   return build0 (EXC_PTR_EXPR, ptr_type_node);
 154 }
 155
 156 /* Build up a call to __cxa_get_exception_ptr so that we can build a
 157    copy constructor for the thrown object.  */
 158
 159 static tree
 160 do_get_exception_ptr (void)
 161 {
 162   tree fn;
 163
 164   fn = get_identifier ("__cxa_get_exception_ptr");
 165   if (!get_global_value_if_present (fn, &fn))
 166     {
 167       /* Declare void* __cxa_get_exception_ptr (void *).  */
 168       tree tmp = tree_cons (NULL_TREE, ptr_type_node, void_list_node);
 169       fn = push_library_fn (fn, build_function_type (ptr_type_node, tmp));
 170     }
 171
 172   return build_function_call (fn, tree_cons (NULL_TREE, build_exc_ptr (),
 173                                              NULL_TREE));
 174 }
 175
 176 /* Build up a call to __cxa_begin_catch, to tell the runtime that the
 177    exception has been handled.  */
 178
 179 static tree
 180 do_begin_catch (void)
 181 {
 182   tree fn;
 183
 184   fn = get_identifier ("__cxa_begin_catch");
 185   if (!get_global_value_if_present (fn, &fn))
 186     {
 187       /* Declare void* __cxa_begin_catch (void *).  */
 188       tree tmp = tree_cons (NULL_TREE, ptr_type_node, void_list_node);
 189       fn = push_library_fn (fn, build_function_type (ptr_type_node, tmp));
 190     }
 191
 192   return build_function_call (fn, tree_cons (NULL_TREE, build_exc_ptr (),
 193                                              NULL_TREE));
 194 }
 195
 196 /* Returns nonzero if cleaning up an exception of type TYPE (which can be
 197    NULL_TREE for a ... handler) will not throw an exception.  */
 198
 199 static int
 200 dtor_nothrow (tree type)
 201 {
 202   if (type == NULL_TREE)
 203     return 0;
 204
 205   if (!CLASS_TYPE_P (type))
 206     return 1;
 207
 208   if (CLASSTYPE_LAZY_DESTRUCTOR (type))
 209     lazily_declare_fn (sfk_destructor, type);
 210
 211   return TREE_NOTHROW (CLASSTYPE_DESTRUCTORS (type));
 212 }
 213
 214 /* Build up a call to __cxa_end_catch, to destroy the exception object
 215    for the current catch block if no others are currently using it.  */
 216
 217 static tree
 218 do_end_catch (tree type)
 219 {
 220   tree fn, cleanup;
 221
 222   fn = get_identifier ("__cxa_end_catch");
 223   if (!get_global_value_if_present (fn, &fn))
 224     {
 225       /* Declare void __cxa_end_catch ().  */
 226       fn = push_void_library_fn (fn, void_list_node);
 227       /* This can throw if the destructor for the exception throws.  */
 228       TREE_NOTHROW (fn) = 0;
 229     }
 230
 231   cleanup = build_function_call (fn, NULL_TREE);
 232   TREE_NOTHROW (cleanup) = dtor_nothrow (type);
 233
 234   return cleanup;
 235 }
 236
 237 /* This routine creates the cleanup for the current exception.  */
 238
 239 static void
 240 push_eh_cleanup (tree type)
 241 {
 242   finish_decl_cleanup (NULL_TREE, do_end_catch (type));
 243 }
 244
 245 /* Return nonzero value if DECL is a Java type suitable for catch or
 246    throw.  */
 247
 248 static bool
 249 decl_is_java_type (tree decl, int err)
 250 {
 251   bool r = (TREE_CODE (decl) == POINTER_TYPE
 252             && TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (decl)) == RECORD_TYPE
 253             && TYPE_FOR_JAVA (TREE_TYPE (decl)));
 254
 255   if (err)
 256     {
 257       if (TREE_CODE (decl) == REFERENCE_TYPE
 258           && TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (decl)) == RECORD_TYPE
 259           && TYPE_FOR_JAVA (TREE_TYPE (decl)))
 260         {
 261           /* Can't throw a reference.  */
 262           error ("type %qT is disallowed in Java %<throw%> or %<catch%>",
 263                  decl);
 264         }
 265
 266       if (r)
 267         {
 268           tree jthrow_node
 269             = IDENTIFIER_GLOBAL_VALUE (get_identifier ("jthrowable"));
 270
 271           if (jthrow_node == NULL_TREE)
 272             fatal_error
 273               ("call to Java %<catch%> or %<throw%> with %<jthrowable%> undefined");
 274
 275           jthrow_node = TREE_TYPE (TREE_TYPE (jthrow_node));
 276
 277           if (! DERIVED_FROM_P (jthrow_node, TREE_TYPE (decl)))
 278             {
 279               /* Thrown object must be a Throwable.  */
 280               error ("type %qT is not derived from %<java::lang::Throwable%>",
 281                      TREE_TYPE (decl));
 282             }
 283         }
 284     }
 285
 286   return r;
 287 }
 288
 289 /* Select the personality routine to be used for exception handling,
 290    or issue an error if we need two different ones in the same
 291    translation unit.
 292    ??? At present eh_personality_libfunc is set to
 293    __gxx_personality_(sj|v)0 in init_exception_processing - should it
 294    be done here instead?  */
 295 void
 296 choose_personality_routine (enum languages lang)
 297 {
 298   static enum {
 299     chose_none,
 300     chose_cpp,
 301     chose_java,
 302     gave_error
 303   } state;
 304
 305   switch (state)
 306     {
 307     case gave_error:
 308       return;
 309
 310     case chose_cpp:
 311       if (lang != lang_cplusplus)
 312         goto give_error;
 313       return;
 314
 315     case chose_java:
 316       if (lang != lang_java)
 317         goto give_error;
 318       return;
 319
 320     case chose_none:
 321       ; /* Proceed to language selection.  */
 322     }
 323
 324   switch (lang)
 325     {
 326     case lang_cplusplus:
 327       state = chose_cpp;
 328       break;
 329
 330     case lang_java:
 331       state = chose_java;
 332       eh_personality_libfunc = init_one_libfunc (USING_SJLJ_EXCEPTIONS
 333                                                  ? "__gcj_personality_sj0"
 334                                                  : "__gcj_personality_v0");
 335       break;
 336
 337     default:
 338       gcc_unreachable ();
 339     }
 340   return;
 341
 342  give_error:
 343   error ("mixing C++ and Java catches in a single translation unit");
 344   state = gave_error;
 345 }
 346
 347 /* Initialize the catch parameter DECL.  */
 348
 349 static void
 350 initialize_handler_parm (tree decl, tree exp)
 351 {
 352   tree init;
 353   tree init_type;
 354
 355   /* Make sure we mark the catch param as used, otherwise we'll get a
 356      warning about an unused ((anonymous)).  */
 357   TREE_USED (decl) = 1;
 358
 359   /* Figure out the type that the initializer is.  Pointers are returned
 360      adjusted by value from __cxa_begin_catch.  Others are returned by
 361      reference.  */
 362   init_type = TREE_TYPE (decl);
 363   if (!POINTER_TYPE_P (init_type))
 364     init_type = build_reference_type (init_type);
 365
 366   choose_personality_routine (decl_is_java_type (init_type, 0)
 367                               ? lang_java : lang_cplusplus);
 368
 369   /* Since pointers are passed by value, initialize a reference to
 370      pointer catch parm with the address of the temporary.  */
 371   if (TREE_CODE (init_type) == REFERENCE_TYPE
 372       && TYPE_PTR_P (TREE_TYPE (init_type)))
 373     exp = build_unary_op (ADDR_EXPR, exp, 1);
 374
 375   exp = ocp_convert (init_type, exp, CONV_IMPLICIT|CONV_FORCE_TEMP, 0);
 376
 377   init = convert_from_reference (exp);
 378
 379   /* If the constructor for the catch parm exits via an exception, we
 380      must call terminate.  See eh23.C.  */
 381   if (TYPE_NEEDS_CONSTRUCTING (TREE_TYPE (decl)))
 382     {
 383       /* Generate the copy constructor call directly so we can wrap it.
 384          See also expand_default_init.  */
 385       init = ocp_convert (TREE_TYPE (decl), init,
 386                           CONV_IMPLICIT|CONV_FORCE_TEMP, 0);
 387       init = build1 (MUST_NOT_THROW_EXPR, TREE_TYPE (init), init);
 388     }
 389
 390   /* Let `cp_finish_decl' know that this initializer is ok.  */
 391   DECL_INITIAL (decl) = error_mark_node;
 392   decl = pushdecl (decl);
 393
 394   start_decl_1 (decl);
 395   cp_finish_decl (decl, init, NULL_TREE,
 396                   LOOKUP_ONLYCONVERTING|DIRECT_BIND);
 397 }
 398
 399 /* Call this to start a catch block.  DECL is the catch parameter.  */
 400
 401 tree
 402 expand_start_catch_block (tree decl)
 403 {
 404   tree exp;
 405   tree type;
 406
 407   if (! doing_eh (1))
 408     return NULL_TREE;
 409
 410   /* Make sure this declaration is reasonable.  */
 411   if (decl && !complete_ptr_ref_or_void_ptr_p (TREE_TYPE (decl), NULL_TREE))
 412     decl = NULL_TREE;
 413
 414   if (decl)
 415     type = prepare_eh_type (TREE_TYPE (decl));
 416   else
 417     type = NULL_TREE;
 418
 419   if (decl && decl_is_java_type (type, 1))
 420     {
 421       /* Java only passes object via pointer and doesn't require
 422          adjusting.  The java object is immediately before the
 423          generic exception header.  */
 424       exp = build_exc_ptr ();
 425       exp = build1 (NOP_EXPR, build_pointer_type (type), exp);
 426       exp = build2 (MINUS_EXPR, TREE_TYPE (exp), exp,
 427                     TYPE_SIZE_UNIT (TREE_TYPE (exp)));
 428       exp = build_indirect_ref (exp, NULL);
 429       initialize_handler_parm (decl, exp);
 430       return type;
 431     }
 432
 433   /* Call __cxa_end_catch at the end of processing the exception.  */
 434   push_eh_cleanup (type);
 435
 436   /* If there's no decl at all, then all we need to do is make sure
 437      to tell the runtime that we've begun handling the exception.  */
 438   if (decl == NULL)
 439     finish_expr_stmt (do_begin_catch ());
 440
 441   /* If the C++ object needs constructing, we need to do that before
 442      calling __cxa_begin_catch, so that std::uncaught_exception gets
 443      the right value during the copy constructor.  */
 444   else if (TYPE_NEEDS_CONSTRUCTING (TREE_TYPE (decl)))
 445     {
 446       exp = do_get_exception_ptr ();
 447       initialize_handler_parm (decl, exp);
 448       finish_expr_stmt (do_begin_catch ());
 449     }
 450
 451   /* Otherwise the type uses a bitwise copy, and we don't have to worry
 452      about the value of std::uncaught_exception and therefore can do the
 453      copy with the return value of __cxa_end_catch instead.  */
 454   else
 455     {
 456       tree init = do_begin_catch ();
 457       exp = create_temporary_var (ptr_type_node);
 458       DECL_REGISTER (exp) = 1;
 459       cp_finish_decl (exp, init, NULL_TREE, LOOKUP_ONLYCONVERTING);
 460       finish_expr_stmt (build_modify_expr (exp, INIT_EXPR, init));
 461       initialize_handler_parm (decl, exp);
 462     }
 463
 464   return type;
 465 }
 466
 467
 468 /* Call this to end a catch block.  Its responsible for emitting the
 469    code to handle jumping back to the correct place, and for emitting
 470    the label to jump to if this catch block didn't match.  */
 471
 472 void
 473 expand_end_catch_block (void)
 474 {
 475   if (! doing_eh (1))
 476     return;
 477
 478   /* The exception being handled is rethrown if control reaches the end of
 479      a handler of the function-try-block of a constructor or destructor.  */
 480   if (in_function_try_handler
 481       && (DECL_CONSTRUCTOR_P (current_function_decl)
 482           || DECL_DESTRUCTOR_P (current_function_decl)))
 483     finish_expr_stmt (build_throw (NULL_TREE));
 484 }
 485
 486 tree
 487 begin_eh_spec_block (void)
 488 {
 489   tree r = build_stmt (EH_SPEC_BLOCK, NULL_TREE, NULL_TREE);
 490   add_stmt (r);
 491   EH_SPEC_STMTS (r) = push_stmt_list ();
 492   return r;
 493 }
 494
 495 void
 496 finish_eh_spec_block (tree raw_raises, tree eh_spec_block)
 497 {
 498   tree raises;
 499
 500   EH_SPEC_STMTS (eh_spec_block) = pop_stmt_list (EH_SPEC_STMTS (eh_spec_block));
 501
 502   /* Strip cv quals, etc, from the specification types.  */
 503   for (raises = NULL_TREE;
 504        raw_raises && TREE_VALUE (raw_raises);
 505        raw_raises = TREE_CHAIN (raw_raises))
 506     {
 507       tree type = prepare_eh_type (TREE_VALUE (raw_raises));
 508       tree tinfo = eh_type_info (type);
 509
 510       mark_used (tinfo);
 511       raises = tree_cons (NULL_TREE, type, raises);
 512     }
 513
 514   EH_SPEC_RAISES (eh_spec_block) = raises;
 515 }
 516
 517 /* Return a pointer to a buffer for an exception object of type TYPE.  */
 518
 519 static tree
 520 do_allocate_exception (tree type)
 521 {
 522   tree fn;
 523
 524   fn = get_identifier ("__cxa_allocate_exception");
 525   if (!get_global_value_if_present (fn, &fn))
 526     {
 527       /* Declare void *__cxa_allocate_exception(size_t).  */
 528       tree tmp = tree_cons (NULL_TREE, size_type_node, void_list_node);
 529       fn = push_library_fn (fn, build_function_type (ptr_type_node, tmp));
 530     }
 531
 532   return build_function_call (fn, tree_cons (NULL_TREE, size_in_bytes (type),
 533                                              NULL_TREE));
 534 }
 535
 536 /* Call __cxa_free_exception from a cleanup.  This is never invoked
 537    directly, but see the comment for stabilize_throw_expr.  */
 538
 539 static tree
 540 do_free_exception (tree ptr)
 541 {
 542   tree fn;
 543
 544   fn = get_identifier ("__cxa_free_exception");
 545   if (!get_global_value_if_present (fn, &fn))
 546     {
 547       /* Declare void __cxa_free_exception (void *).  */
 548       fn = push_void_library_fn (fn, tree_cons (NULL_TREE, ptr_type_node,
 549                                                 void_list_node));
 550     }
 551
 552   return build_function_call (fn, tree_cons (NULL_TREE, ptr, NULL_TREE));
 553 }
 554
 555 /* Wrap all cleanups for TARGET_EXPRs in MUST_NOT_THROW_EXPR.
 556    Called from build_throw via walk_tree_without_duplicates.  */
 557
 558 static tree
 559 wrap_cleanups_r (tree *tp, int *walk_subtrees ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED,
 560                  void *data ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED)
 561 {
 562   tree exp = *tp;
 563   tree cleanup;
 564
 565   /* Don't walk into types.  */
 566   if (TYPE_P (exp))
 567     {
 568       *walk_subtrees = 0;
 569       return NULL_TREE;
 570     }
 571   if (TREE_CODE (exp) != TARGET_EXPR)
 572     return NULL_TREE;
 573
 574   cleanup = TARGET_EXPR_CLEANUP (exp);
 575   if (cleanup)
 576     {
 577       cleanup = build1 (MUST_NOT_THROW_EXPR, void_type_node, cleanup);
 578       TARGET_EXPR_CLEANUP (exp) = cleanup;
 579     }
 580
 581   /* Keep iterating.  */
 582   return NULL_TREE;
 583 }
 584
 585 /* Build a throw expression.  */
 586
 587 tree
 588 build_throw (tree exp)
 589 {
 590   tree fn;
 591
 592   if (exp == error_mark_node)
 593     return exp;
 594
 595   if (processing_template_decl)
 596     {
 597       current_function_returns_abnormally = 1;
 598       return build_min (THROW_EXPR, void_type_node, exp);
 599     }
 600
 601   if (exp == null_node)
 602     warning (0, "throwing NULL, which has integral, not pointer type");
 603
 604   if (exp != NULL_TREE)
 605     {
 606       if (!is_admissible_throw_operand (exp))
 607         return error_mark_node;
 608     }
 609
 610   if (! doing_eh (1))
 611     return error_mark_node;
 612
 613   if (exp && decl_is_java_type (TREE_TYPE (exp), 1))
 614     {
 615       tree fn = get_identifier ("_Jv_Throw");
 616       if (!get_global_value_if_present (fn, &fn))
 617         {
 618           /* Declare void _Jv_Throw (void *).  */
 619           tree tmp = tree_cons (NULL_TREE, ptr_type_node, void_list_node);
 620           tmp = build_function_type (ptr_type_node, tmp);
 621           fn = push_throw_library_fn (fn, tmp);
 622         }
 623       else if (really_overloaded_fn (fn))
 624         {
 625           error ("%qD should never be overloaded", fn);
 626           return error_mark_node;
 627         }
 628       fn = OVL_CURRENT (fn);
 629       exp = build_function_call (fn, tree_cons (NULL_TREE, exp, NULL_TREE));
 630     }
 631   else if (exp)
 632     {
 633       tree throw_type;
 634       tree cleanup;
 635       tree object, ptr;
 636       tree tmp;
 637       tree temp_expr, allocate_expr;
 638       bool elided;
 639
 640       /* The CLEANUP_TYPE is the internal type of a destructor.  */
 641       if (!cleanup_type)
 642         {
 643           tmp = void_list_node;
 644           tmp = tree_cons (NULL_TREE, ptr_type_node, tmp);
 645           tmp = build_function_type (void_type_node, tmp);
 646           cleanup_type = build_pointer_type (tmp);
 647         }
 648
 649       fn = get_identifier ("__cxa_throw");
 650       if (!get_global_value_if_present (fn, &fn))
 651         {
 652           /* Declare void __cxa_throw (void*, void*, void (*)(void*)).  */
 653           /* ??? Second argument is supposed to be "std::type_info*".  */
 654           tmp = void_list_node;
 655           tmp = tree_cons (NULL_TREE, cleanup_type, tmp);
 656           tmp = tree_cons (NULL_TREE, ptr_type_node, tmp);
 657           tmp = tree_cons (NULL_TREE, ptr_type_node, tmp);
 658           tmp = build_function_type (void_type_node, tmp);
 659           fn = push_throw_library_fn (fn, tmp);
 660         }
 661
 662       /* throw expression */
 663       /* First, decay it.  */
 664       exp = decay_conversion (exp);
 665
 666       /* OK, this is kind of wacky.  The standard says that we call
 667          terminate when the exception handling mechanism, after
 668          completing evaluation of the expression to be thrown but
 669          before the exception is caught (_except.throw_), calls a
 670          user function that exits via an uncaught exception.
 671
 672          So we have to protect the actual initialization of the
 673          exception object with terminate(), but evaluate the
 674          expression first.  Since there could be temps in the
 675          expression, we need to handle that, too.  We also expand
 676          the call to __cxa_allocate_exception first (which doesn't
 677          matter, since it can't throw).  */
 678
 679       /* Allocate the space for the exception.  */
 680       allocate_expr = do_allocate_exception (TREE_TYPE (exp));
 681       allocate_expr = get_target_expr (allocate_expr);
 682       ptr = TARGET_EXPR_SLOT (allocate_expr);
 683       object = build1 (NOP_EXPR, build_pointer_type (TREE_TYPE (exp)), ptr);
 684       object = build_indirect_ref (object, NULL);
 685
 686       elided = (TREE_CODE (exp) == TARGET_EXPR);
 687
 688       /* And initialize the exception object.  */
 689       exp = build_init (object, exp, LOOKUP_ONLYCONVERTING);
 690       if (exp == error_mark_node)
 691         {
 692           error ("  in thrown expression");
 693           return error_mark_node;
 694         }
 695
 696       /* Pre-evaluate the thrown expression first, since if we allocated
 697          the space first we would have to deal with cleaning it up if
 698          evaluating this expression throws.
 699
 700          The case where EXP the initializer is a call to a constructor or a
 701          function returning a class is a bit of a grey area in the
 702          standard; it's unclear whether or not it should be allowed to
 703          throw.  We used to say no, as that allowed us to optimize this
 704          case without worrying about deallocating the exception object if
 705          it does.  But that conflicted with expectations (PR 13944) and the
 706          EDG compiler; now we wrap the initialization in a TRY_CATCH_EXPR
 707          to call do_free_exception rather than in a MUST_NOT_THROW_EXPR,
 708          for this case only.
 709
 710          Note that we don't check the return value from stabilize_init
 711          because it will only return false in cases where elided is true,
 712          and therefore we don't need to work around the failure to
 713          preevaluate.  */
 714       temp_expr = NULL_TREE;
 715       stabilize_init (exp, &temp_expr);
 716
 717       if (elided)
 718         exp = build2 (TRY_CATCH_EXPR, void_type_node, exp,
 719                       do_free_exception (ptr));
 720       else
 721         exp = build1 (MUST_NOT_THROW_EXPR, void_type_node, exp);
 722
 723       /* Prepend the allocation.  */
 724       exp = build2 (COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE (exp), allocate_expr, exp);
 725       if (temp_expr)
 726         {
 727           /* Prepend the calculation of the throw expression.  Also, force
 728              any cleanups from the expression to be evaluated here so that
 729              we don't have to do them during unwinding.  But first wrap
 730              them in MUST_NOT_THROW_EXPR, since they are run after the
 731              exception object is initialized.  */
 732           walk_tree_without_duplicates (&temp_expr, wrap_cleanups_r, 0);
 733           exp = build2 (COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE (exp), temp_expr, exp);
 734           exp = build1 (CLEANUP_POINT_EXPR, TREE_TYPE (exp), exp);
 735         }
 736
 737       throw_type = build_eh_type_type (prepare_eh_type (TREE_TYPE (object)));
 738
 739       if (TYPE_HAS_NONTRIVIAL_DESTRUCTOR (TREE_TYPE (object)))
 740         {
 741           cleanup = lookup_fnfields (TYPE_BINFO (TREE_TYPE (object)),
 742                                      complete_dtor_identifier, 0);
 743           cleanup = BASELINK_FUNCTIONS (cleanup);
 744           mark_used (cleanup);
 745           cxx_mark_addressable (cleanup);
 746           /* Pretend it's a normal function.  */
 747           cleanup = build1 (ADDR_EXPR, cleanup_type, cleanup);
 748         }
 749       else
 750         cleanup = build_int_cst (cleanup_type, 0);
 751
 752       tmp = tree_cons (NULL_TREE, cleanup, NULL_TREE);
 753       tmp = tree_cons (NULL_TREE, throw_type, tmp);
 754       tmp = tree_cons (NULL_TREE, ptr, tmp);
 755       /* ??? Indicate that this function call throws throw_type.  */
 756       tmp = build_function_call (fn, tmp);
 757
 758       /* Tack on the initialization stuff.  */
 759       exp = build2 (COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE (tmp), exp, tmp);
 760     }
 761   else
 762     {
 763       /* Rethrow current exception.  */
 764
 765       tree fn = get_identifier ("__cxa_rethrow");
 766       if (!get_global_value_if_present (fn, &fn))
 767         {
 768           /* Declare void __cxa_rethrow (void).  */
 769           fn = push_throw_library_fn
 770             (fn, build_function_type (void_type_node, void_list_node));
 771         }
 772
 773       /* ??? Indicate that this function call allows exceptions of the type
 774          of the enclosing catch block (if known).  */
 775       exp = build_function_call (fn, NULL_TREE);
 776     }
 777
 778   exp = build1 (THROW_EXPR, void_type_node, exp);
 779
 780   return exp;
 781 }
 782
 783 /* Make sure TYPE is complete, pointer to complete, reference to
 784    complete, or pointer to cv void. Issue diagnostic on failure.
 785    Return the zero on failure and nonzero on success. FROM can be
 786    the expr or decl from whence TYPE came, if available.  */
 787
 788 static int
 789 complete_ptr_ref_or_void_ptr_p (tree type, tree from)
 790 {
 791   int is_ptr;
 792
 793   /* Check complete.  */
 794   type = complete_type_or_else (type, from);
 795   if (!type)
 796     return 0;
 797
 798   /* Or a pointer or ref to one, or cv void *.  */
 799   is_ptr = TREE_CODE (type) == POINTER_TYPE;
 800   if (is_ptr || TREE_CODE (type) == REFERENCE_TYPE)
 801     {
 802       tree core = TREE_TYPE (type);
 803
 804       if (is_ptr && VOID_TYPE_P (core))
 805         /* OK */;
 806       else if (!complete_type_or_else (core, from))
 807         return 0;
 808     }
 809   return 1;
 810 }
 811
 812 /* Return truth-value if EXPRESSION is admissible in throw-expression,
 813    i.e. if it is not of incomplete type or a pointer/reference to such
 814    a type or of an abstract class type.  */
 815
 816 static bool
 817 is_admissible_throw_operand (tree expr)
 818 {
 819   tree type = TREE_TYPE (expr);
 820
 821   /* 15.1/4 [...] The type of the throw-expression shall not be an
 822             incomplete type, or a pointer or a reference to an incomplete
 823             type, other than void*, const void*, volatile void*, or
 824             const volatile void*.  Except for these restriction and the
 825             restrictions on type matching mentioned in 15.3, the operand
 826             of throw is treated exactly as a function argument in a call
 827             (5.2.2) or the operand of a return statement.  */
 828   if (!complete_ptr_ref_or_void_ptr_p (type, expr))
 829     return false;
 830
 831   /* 10.4/3 An abstract class shall not be used as a parameter type,
 832             as a function return type or as type of an explicit
 833             conversion.  */
 834   else if (CLASS_TYPE_P (type) && CLASSTYPE_PURE_VIRTUALS (type))
 835     {
 836       error ("expression %qE of abstract class type %qT cannot "
 837              "be used in throw-expression", expr, type);
 838       return false;
 839     }
 840
 841   return true;
 842 }
 843
 844 /* Returns nonzero if FN is a declaration of a standard C library
 845    function which is known not to throw.
 846
 847    [lib.res.on.exception.handling]: None of the functions from the
 848    Standard C library shall report an error by throwing an
 849    exception, unless it calls a program-supplied function that
 850    throws an exception.  */
 851
 852 #include "cfns.h"
 853
 854 int
 855 nothrow_libfn_p (tree fn)
 856 {
 857   tree id;
 858
 859   if (TREE_PUBLIC (fn)
 860       && DECL_EXTERNAL (fn)
 861       && DECL_NAMESPACE_SCOPE_P (fn)
 862       && DECL_EXTERN_C_P (fn))
 863     /* OK */;
 864   else
 865     /* Can't be a C library function.  */
 866     return 0;
 867
 868   /* Being a C library function, DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME == DECL_NAME
 869      unless the system headers are playing rename tricks, and if
 870      they are, we don't want to be confused by them.  */
 871   id = DECL_NAME (fn);
 872   return !!libc_name_p (IDENTIFIER_POINTER (id), IDENTIFIER_LENGTH (id));
 873 }
 874
 875 /* Returns nonzero if an exception of type FROM will be caught by a
 876    handler for type TO, as per [except.handle].  */
 877
 878 static int
 879 can_convert_eh (tree to, tree from)
 880 {
 881   to = non_reference (to);
 882   from = non_reference (from);
 883
 884   if (TREE_CODE (to) == POINTER_TYPE && TREE_CODE (from) == POINTER_TYPE)
 885     {
 886       to = TREE_TYPE (to);
 887       from = TREE_TYPE (from);
 888
 889       if (! at_least_as_qualified_p (to, from))
 890         return 0;
 891
 892       if (TREE_CODE (to) == VOID_TYPE)
 893         return 1;
 894
 895       /* Else fall through.  */
 896     }
 897
 898   if (CLASS_TYPE_P (to) && CLASS_TYPE_P (from)
 899       && PUBLICLY_UNIQUELY_DERIVED_P (to, from))
 900     return 1;
 901
 902   return 0;
 903 }
 904
 905 /* Check whether any of the handlers in I are shadowed by another handler
 906    accepting TYPE.  Note that the shadowing may not be complete; even if
 907    an exception of type B would be caught by a handler for A, there could
 908    be a derived class C for which A is an ambiguous base but B is not, so
 909    the handler for B would catch an exception of type C.  */
 910
 911 static void
 912 check_handlers_1 (tree master, tree_stmt_iterator i)
 913 {
 914   tree type = TREE_TYPE (master);
 915
 916   for (; !tsi_end_p (i); tsi_next (&i))
 917     {
 918       tree handler = tsi_stmt (i);
 919       if (TREE_TYPE (handler) && can_convert_eh (type, TREE_TYPE (handler)))
 920         {
 921           warning (0, "%Hexception of type %qT will be caught",
 922                    EXPR_LOCUS (handler), TREE_TYPE (handler));
 923           warning (0, "%H   by earlier handler for %qT",
 924                    EXPR_LOCUS (master), type);
 925           break;
 926         }
 927     }
 928 }
 929
 930 /* Given a STATEMENT_LIST of HANDLERs, make sure that they're OK.  */
 931
 932 void
 933 check_handlers (tree handlers)
 934 {
 935   tree_stmt_iterator i;
 936
 937   /* If we don't have a STATEMENT_LIST, then we've just got one
 938      handler, and thus nothing to warn about.  */
 939   if (TREE_CODE (handlers) != STATEMENT_LIST)
 940     return;
 941
 942   i = tsi_start (handlers);
 943   if (!tsi_end_p (i))
 944     while (1)
 945       {
 946         tree handler = tsi_stmt (i);
 947         tsi_next (&i);
 948
 949         /* No more handlers; nothing to shadow.  */
 950         if (tsi_end_p (i))
 951           break;
 952         if (TREE_TYPE (handler) == NULL_TREE)
 953           pedwarn ("%H%<...%> handler must be the last handler for"
 954                    " its try block", EXPR_LOCUS (handler));
 955         else
 956           check_handlers_1 (handler, i);
 957       }
 958 }