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  12 Node:<a name="GNU%20Free%20Documentation%20License">GNU Free Documentation License</a>,
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  19 <h2 class="appendix">GNU Free Documentation License</h2>
  20
  21 <div align="center">Version 1.1, March 2000</div>
  22 <pre class="display">     Copyright (C) 2000  Free Software Foundation, Inc.
  23      59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA
  24
  25      Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
  26      of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
  27      </pre>
  28
  29 <br><p>
  30      <ol type=1 start=0>
  31 <li>PREAMBLE
  32
  33      <p>The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
  34 written document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone
  35 the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without
  36 modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.  Secondarily,
  37 this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get
  38 credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for
  39 modifications made by others.
  40
  41      <p>This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
  42 works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.  It
  43 complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
  44 license designed for free software.
  45
  46      <p>We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
  47 software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
  48 program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
  49 software does.  But this License is not limited to software manuals;
  50 it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
  51 whether it is published as a printed book.  We recommend this License
  52 principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
  53
  54 <br><p>
  55      </p><li>APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
  56
  57      <p>This License applies to any manual or other work that contains a
  58 notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed
  59 under the terms of this License.  The "Document", below, refers to any
  60 such manual or work.  Any member of the public is a licensee, and is
  61 addressed as "you."
  62
  63      <p>A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
  64 Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
  65 modifications and/or translated into another language.
  66
  67      <p>A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of
  68 the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
  69 publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject
  70 (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly
  71 within that overall subject.  (For example, if the Document is in part a
  72 textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any
  73 mathematics.)  The relationship could be a matter of historical
  74 connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
  75 commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
  76 them.
  77
  78      <p>The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
  79 are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
  80 that says that the Document is released under this License.
  81
  82      <p>The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed,
  83 as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
  84 the Document is released under this License.
  85
  86      <p>A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
  87 represented in a format whose specification is available to the
  88 general public, whose contents can be viewed and edited directly and
  89 straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
  90 pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available
  91 drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or
  92 for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input
  93 to text formatters.  A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file
  94 format whose markup has been designed to thwart or discourage
  95 subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent.  A copy that is
  96 not "Transparent" is called "Opaque."
  97
  98      <p>Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
  99 ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML
 100 or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple
 101 HTML designed for human modification.  Opaque formats include
 102 PostScript, PDF, proprietary formats that can be read and edited only
 103 by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or
 104 processing tools are not generally available, and the
 105 machine-generated HTML produced by some word processors for output
 106 purposes only.
 107
 108      <p>The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
 109 plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material
 110 this License requires to appear in the title page.  For works in
 111 formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means
 112 the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,
 113 preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
 114 <br><p>
 115      </p><li>VERBATIM COPYING
 116
 117      <p>You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
 118 commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
 119 copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
 120 to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other
 121 conditions whatsoever to those of this License.  You may not use
 122 technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
 123 copying of the copies you make or distribute.  However, you may accept
 124 compensation in exchange for copies.  If you distribute a large enough
 125 number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
 126
 127      <p>You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
 128 you may publicly display copies.
 129 <br><p>
 130      </p><li>COPYING IN QUANTITY
 131
 132      <p>If you publish printed copies of the Document numbering more than 100,
 133 and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose
 134 the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
 135 Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
 136 the back cover.  Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
 137 you as the publisher of these copies.  The front cover must present
 138 the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and
 139 visible.  You may add other material on the covers in addition.
 140 Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve
 141 the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated
 142 as verbatim copying in other respects.
 143
 144      <p>If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
 145 legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
 146 reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
 147 pages.
 148
 149      <p>If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
 150 more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
 151 copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
 152 a publicly-accessible computer-network location containing a complete
 153 Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material, which the
 154 general network-using public has access to download anonymously at no
 155 charge using public-standard network protocols.  If you use the latter
 156 option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin
 157 distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this
 158 Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location
 159 until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque
 160 copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to
 161 the public.
 162
 163      <p>It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
 164 Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give
 165 them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
 166 <br><p>
 167      </p><li>MODIFICATIONS
 168
 169      <p>You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
 170 the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release
 171 the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
 172 Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
 173 and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy
 174 of it.  In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
 175
 176      <p>A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
 177    from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
 178    (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
 179    of the Document).  You may use the same title as a previous version
 180    if the original publisher of that version gives permission.<br>
 181 B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
 182    responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
 183    Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the
 184    Document (all of its principal authors, if it has less than five).<br>
 185 C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
 186    Modified Version, as the publisher.<br>
 187 D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.<br>
 188 E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
 189    adjacent to the other copyright notices.<br>
 190 F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
 191    giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
 192    terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.<br>
 193 G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
 194    and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.<br>
 195 H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.<br>
 196 I. Preserve the section entitled "History", and its title, and add to
 197    it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
 198    publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page.  If
 199    there is no section entitled "History" in the Document, create one
 200    stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
 201    given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
 202    Version as stated in the previous sentence.<br>
 203 J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
 204    public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
 205    the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
 206    it was based on.  These may be placed in the "History" section.
 207    You may omit a network location for a work that was published at
 208    least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
 209    publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.<br>
 210 K. In any section entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
 211    preserve the section's title, and preserve in the section all the
 212    substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements
 213    and/or dedications given therein.<br>
 214 L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
 215    unaltered in their text and in their titles.  Section numbers
 216    or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.<br>
 217 M. Delete any section entitled "Endorsements."  Such a section
 218    may not be included in the Modified Version.<br>
 219 N. Do not retitle any existing section as "Endorsements"
 220    or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.<br>
 221 <br><p>
 222      <p>If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
 223 appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
 224 copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
 225 of these sections as invariant.  To do this, add their titles to the
 226 list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
 227 These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
 228
 229      <p>You may add a section entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
 230 nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
 231 parties-for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
 232 been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
 233 standard.
 234
 235      <p>You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
 236 passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
 237 of Cover Texts in the Modified Version.  Only one passage of
 238 Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
 239 through arrangements made by) any one entity.  If the Document already
 240 includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or
 241 by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,
 242 you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
 243 permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
 244
 245      <p>The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
 246 give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
 247 imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
 248 <br><p>
 249      </p><li>COMBINING DOCUMENTS
 250
 251      <p>You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
 252 License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
 253 versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
 254 Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
 255 list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
 256 license notice.
 257
 258      <p>The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
 259 multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
 260 copy.  If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
 261 different contents, make the title of each such section unique by
 262 adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
 263 author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
 264 Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
 265 Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
 266
 267      <p>In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled "History"
 268 in the various original documents, forming one section entitled
 269 "History"; likewise combine any sections entitled "Acknowledgements",
 270 and any sections entitled "Dedications."  You must delete all sections
 271 entitled "Endorsements."
 272 <br><p>
 273      </p><li>COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
 274
 275      <p>You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents
 276 released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this
 277 License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in
 278 the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for
 279 verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
 280
 281      <p>You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute
 282 it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this
 283 License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all
 284 other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
 285 <br><p>
 286      </p><li>AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
 287
 288      <p>A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
 289 and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
 290 distribution medium, does not as a whole count as a Modified Version
 291 of the Document, provided no compilation copyright is claimed for the
 292 compilation.  Such a compilation is called an "aggregate", and this
 293 License does not apply to the other self-contained works thus compiled
 294 with the Document, on account of their being thus compiled, if they
 295 are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
 296
 297      <p>If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
 298 copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one quarter
 299 of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
 300 covers that surround only the Document within the aggregate.
 301 Otherwise they must appear on covers around the whole aggregate.
 302 <br><p>
 303      </p><li>TRANSLATION
 304
 305      <p>Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
 306 distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.
 307 Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
 308 permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
 309 translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
 310 original versions of these Invariant Sections.  You may include a
 311 translation of this License provided that you also include the
 312 original English version of this License.  In case of a disagreement
 313 between the translation and the original English version of this
 314 License, the original English version will prevail.
 315 <br><p>
 316      </p><li>TERMINATION
 317
 318      <p>You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except
 319 as expressly provided for under this License.  Any other attempt to
 320 copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will
 321 automatically terminate your rights under this License.  However,
 322 parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this
 323 License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
 324 parties remain in full compliance.
 325 <br><p>
 326      </p><li>FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
 327
 328      <p>The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions
 329 of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time.  Such new
 330 versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
 331 differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.  See
 332 http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
 333
 334      <p>Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
 335 If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
 336 License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of
 337 following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
 338 of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
 339 Free Software Foundation.  If the Document does not specify a version
 340 number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
 341 as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
 342
 343         </ol>
 344
 345 <h3 class="unnumberedsec">ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents</h3>
 346
 347    <p>To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
 348 the License in the document and put the following copyright and
 349 license notices just after the title page:
 350
 351 <pre class="smallexample">     Copyright (C)  <var>year</var>  <var>your name</var>.
 352      Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
 353      under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
 354      or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
 355      with the Invariant Sections being <var>list their titles</var>, with the
 356      Front-Cover Texts being <var>list</var>, and with the Back-Cover Texts being <var>list</var>.
 357      A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
 358      Free Documentation License."
 359      </pre>
 360
 361    <p>If you have no Invariant Sections, write "with no Invariant Sections"
 362 instead of saying which ones are invariant.  If you have no
 363 Front-Cover Texts, write "no Front-Cover Texts" instead of
 364 "Front-Cover Texts being <var>list</var>"; likewise for Back-Cover Texts.
 365
 366    <p>If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
 367 recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
 368 free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,
 369 to permit their use in free software.
 370
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 372